Name: infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T13:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Denne studien har følgende finansieringskilder: National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AI 169537 (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), NIH R01AI 140442 (S.R.W.), VA Merit Review CX001717 (N.A.C.), VA Merit Review BX005432 (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and other Emerging Pathogens (S.R.W.), Laffey-McHugh Foundation (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), T32 AI055400 (CJO), T32 AI007324 (AF).

Bruken av neseprøver ble godkjent av University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (protokoll # 800614) og Philadelphia VA Institutional Review Board (protokoll # 00781).
1. Infeksjon av nasale ALI-kulturer
MERK: Oppkjøp av kliniske prøver, samt vekst og differensiering av nasale ALI-kulturer, er utenfor omfanget av denne artikkelen. Spesifikke metoder for dyrking av primære nasale epitelceller finnes i nylig publiserte arbeider som bruker...

<ol>
	<li>Otter, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infection+of+primary+nasal+epithelial+cells+differentiates+among+lethal+and+seasonal+human+coronaviruses.">Infection of primary nasal epithelial cells differentiates among lethal and seasonal human coronaviruses.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (15), 2218083120 (2023).</li><li>Fehr, A., Perlman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronaviruses:+An+overview+of+their+replication+and+pathogenesis.">Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1282, 1-23 (2015).</li><li>Gaunt, E. R., Hardie, A., Claas, E. C. J., Simmonds, P., Templeton, K. 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European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update</a> (2022)</li><li>Cao, Y., Liu, X., Xiong, L., Cai, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+clinical+features+of+patients+with+2019+novel+coronavirus+SARS-CoV-2:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Medical Virology. 92 (9), 1449-1459 (2020).</li><li>Vareille, M., Kieninger, E., Edwards, M. R., Regamey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+airway+epithelium:+Soldier+in+the+fight+against+respiratory+viruses.">The airway epithelium: Soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses.</a> Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (1), 210-229 (2011).</li><li>Farzal, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+simulated+nebulized+and+spray+particle+deposition+in+chronic+rhinosinusitis+patients.">Comparative study of simulated nebulized and spray particle deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis patients.</a> International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology. 9 (7), 746-758 (2019).</li><li>Gaeckle, N. T., Pragman, A. A., Pendleton, K. M., Baldomero, A. K., Criner, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oral-lung+axis:+The+impact+of+oral+health+on+lung+health.">The oral-lung axis: The impact of oral health on lung health.</a> Respiratory Care. 65 (8), 1211-1220 (2020).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+reverse+genetics+reveals+a+variable+infection+gradient+in+the+respiratory+tract.">SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract.</a> Cell. 182, 429-446 (2020).</li><li>Hariri, B. M., Cohen, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+upper+airway+innate+immunity.">New insights into upper airway innate immunity.</a> American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy. 30 (5), 319-323 (2016).</li><li>Hiemstra, P. S., McCray, P. B., Bals, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+innate+immune+function+of+airway+epithelial+cells+in+inflammatory+lung+disease.">The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 45 (4), 1150-1162 (2015).</li><li>Hatton, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+induction+of+type+I+and+III+interferons+mediates+nasal+epithelial+cell+permissiveness+to+SARS-CoV-2.">Delayed induction of type I and III interferons mediates nasal epithelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 7092 (2021).</li><li>Sungnak, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+entry+factors+are+highly+expressed+in+nasal+epithelial+cells+together+with+innate+immune+genes.">SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.</a> Nature Medicine. 26 (5), 681-687 (2020).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+induces+double-stranded+RNA-mediated+innate+immune+responses+in+respiratory+epithelial-derived+cells+and+cardiomyocytes.">SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (16), 2022643118 (2021).</li><li>Comar, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MERS-CoV+endoribonuclease+and+accessory+proteins+jointly+evade+host+innate+immunity+during+infection+of+lung+and+nasal+epithelial+cells.">MERS-CoV endoribonuclease and accessory proteins jointly evade host innate immunity during infection of lung and nasal epithelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (21), 2123208119 (2022).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+D-amino+acids+suppress+sinonasal+innate+immunity+through+sweet+taste+receptors+in+solitary+chemosensory+cells.">Bacterial D-amino acids suppress sinonasal innate immunity through sweet taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells.</a> Science Signaling. 10 (495), (2017).</li><li>Brewington, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brushed+nasal+epithelial+cells+are+a+surrogate+for+bronchial+epithelial+CFTR+studies.">Brushed nasal epithelial cells are a surrogate for bronchial epithelial CFTR studies.</a> JCI Insight. 3 (13), 99385 (2018).</li><li>Comer, D. M., Elborn, J. S., Ennis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+nasal+and+bronchial+epithelial+cells+obtained+from+patients+with+COPD.">Comparison of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with COPD.</a> PLoS One. 7 (3), e32924 (2012).</li><li>Vanders, R. L., Hsu, A., Gibson, P. G., Murphy, V. E., Wark, P. A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasal+epithelial+cells+to+assess+in+vitro+immune+responses+to+respiratory+virus+infection+in+pregnant+women+with+asthma.">Nasal epithelial cells to assess in vitro immune responses to respiratory virus infection in pregnant women with asthma.</a> Respiratory Research. 20 (1), 259 (2019).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+aflatoxins+reduce+respiratory+mucosal+ciliary+function.">Fungal aflatoxins reduce respiratory mucosal ciliary function.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 33221 (2016).</li><li>Patel, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+extracts+stimulate+solitary+chemosensory+cell+expansion+in+noninvasive+fungal+rhinosinusitis.">Fungal extracts stimulate solitary chemosensory cell expansion in noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis.</a> International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology. 9 (7), 730-737 (2019).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+concentration+determination+through+plaque+assays:+Using+traditional+and+novel+overlay+systems.">Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: Using traditional and novel overlay systems.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 93 (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Robinot, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+infection+induces+the+dedifferentiation+of+multiciliated+cells+and+impairs+mucociliary+clearance.">SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 4354 (2021).</li><li>Whitsett, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+epithelial+differentiation+and+mucociliary+clearance.">Airway epithelial differentiation and mucociliary clearance.</a> Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 15, S143-S148 (2018).</li><li>Gao, N., Raduka, A., Rezaee, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+syncytial+virus+disrupts+the+airway+epithelial+barrier+by+decreasing+cortactin+and+destabilizing+F-actin.">Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 135 (16), 259871 (2022).</li><li>Schmidt, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-13+impairs+tight+junctions+in+airway+epithelia.">IL-13 impairs tight junctions in airway epithelia.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (13), 3222 (2019).</li><li>Huang, Z. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-13+alters+tight+junction+proteins+expression+thereby+compromising+barrier+function+and+dampens+rhinovirus+induced+immune+responses+in+nasal+epithelium.">Interleukin-13 alters tight junction proteins expression thereby compromising barrier function and dampens rhinovirus induced immune responses in nasal epithelium.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 572749 (2020).</li><li>Saatian, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-4+and+interleukin-13+cause+barrier+dysfunction+in+human+airway+epithelial+cells.">Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 cause barrier dysfunction in human airway epithelial cells.</a> Tissue Barriers. 1 (2), e24333 (2013).</li><li>Coles, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revised+protocol+for+culture+of+airway+epithelial+cells+as+a+diagnostic+tool+for+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">A revised protocol for culture of airway epithelial cells as a diagnostic tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (11), 3753 (2020).</li><li>Baldassi, D., Gabold, B., Merkel, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air&#8722;liquid+interface+cultures+of+the+healthy+and+diseased+human+respiratory+tract:+Promises,+challenges,+and+future+directions.">Air&#8722;liquid interface cultures of the healthy and diseased human respiratory tract: Promises, challenges, and future directions.</a> Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 1 (6), 2000111 (2021).</li><li>Seibold, M. 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Metodene som er beskrevet her, beskriver et primært epitelkultursystem der pasientavledede nasale epitelceller dyrkes ved et luft-væskegrensesnitt og brukes til studiet av HCoV-vertsinteraksjoner. Når de er differensiert, rekapitulerer disse nasale ALI-kulturene mange funksjoner i in vivo nasalepitelet, inkludert en heterogen cellulær populasjon med cilierte, beger og basale celler representert, samt intakt mucociliary funksjon med robust slående cilia og slimutskillelse. Denne heterogene cellepopulasjonen ...

Syv humane koronavirus (HCoVs) har blitt identifisert til dags dato og forårsaker en rekke luftveissykdommer2. De vanlige eller sesongmessige HCoVs (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 og -HKU1) er vanligvis forbundet med øvre luftveispatologi og forårsaker anslagsvis 10% -30% av forkjølelsestilfeller årlig. Selv om dette er den typiske kliniske fenotypen assosiert med de vanlige HCoVs, kan disse virusene forårsake mer signifikant nedre luftveissykdom hos risikopopulasjoner, inkludert barn, eldre voksne og immunkompromitterte individer 3,4. Tre patogene HCoV-er har dukket opp og forårsaket betydelige folkehelsekriser de siste 20 årene, inkludert alvorlig akutt respiratorisk syndrom (SARS)-CoV, Midtøsten respiratorisk syndrom (MERS)-CoV og SARS-CoV-2. Dødelige HCoVs er assosiert med mer alvorlig luftveispatologi, noe som tydelig illustreres av >34% letalitet assosiert med MERS-CoV-tilfeller (894 dødsfall fra over 2,500 tilfeller siden fremveksten i 2012) 5,6. Det er viktig å merke seg at de dødelige HCoV-ene også forårsaker en rekke luftveissykdommer, fra asymptomatiske infeksjoner til dødelig lungebetennelse, som sett med den pågående COVID-19-pandemien7.
HCoVs, som andre respiratoriske patogener, går inn i luftveiene og etablerer en produktiv infeksjon i neseepitelet8. Spredning til nedre luftveier antas å være assosiert med aspirasjon fra munn-/nesehulen til lungen, der HCoVs forårsaker mer signifikant patologi i nedre luftveier 9,10,11. Dermed fungerer nesen som den første portalen for viral oppføring og er den primære barrieren mot infeksjon med sitt robuste mucociliary clearance-maskineri og unike medfødte immunmekanismer som tar sikte på å forhindre ytterligere viral spredning til nedre luftvei12,13. For eksempel har nasale epitelceller blitt rapportert å uttrykke høyere enn gjennomsnittlige basale nivåer av antivirale interferoner og interferonstimulerte gener, noe som indikerer at neseceller kan primes for tidlig respons på respiratoriske virus14,15,16.
Vi har tidligere benyttet pasientavledede primære nasale epitelceller dyrket ved et luft-væskegrensesnitt (ALI) for å modellere HCoV-vertsinteraksjoner i nesen, hvor HCoV-infeksjoner begynner. Nasale ALI-kulturer er ettergivende for både patogene (SARS-CoV-2 og MERS-CoV) og vanlige HCoVs (HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E) og gir forskjellige fordeler i forhold til tradisjonelle luftveisepitelcellelinjer som A549 (en lungeadenokarsinomcellelinje)16,17. Etter differensiering inneholder nasale ALI-kulturer en heterogen cellulær populasjon og viser mange av funksjonene som forventes av in vivo nasalepitel, slik som mukociliær clearance maskineri18. Neseceller gir også fordeler i forhold til lavere luftveiskultursystemer (som humane bronkiale epitelceller, HBECs), da oppkjøpet av neseepitelceller via cytologisk børsting er betydelig mindre invasiv sammenlignet med bruk av teknikker som bronkoskopi for å oppnå HBEC 19,20,21.
Dette papiret beskriver metoder for å utnytte dette nasale ALI-kultursystemet for å karakterisere HCoV-vertsinteraksjoner i neseepitelet. Vi har brukt disse metodene i nylig publiserte arbeider for å sammenligne SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E 1,16,17. Selv om disse metodene og representative resultatene legger vekt på studiet av HCoVs i denne nesecellemodellen, er systemet svært tilpasningsdyktig til andre HCoVs, så vel som andre respiratoriske patogener. Videre kan disse metodene anvendes bredere på andre ALI-dyrkningssystemer for å undersøke virusreplikasjon og cellulær tropisme, samt cytotoksisitet og medfødt immuninduksjon etter infeksjon.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies (488, 594, 647)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (bovine serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytotoxicity detection kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11644793001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Media)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS + calcium + magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endohm-6G measurement chamber</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ENDOHM-6G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAM; CD326)</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>14-9326-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial Volt/Ohm (TEER) Meter (EVOM)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>300523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW software for imaging</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Version 4.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 (Human coronavirus, NL63)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40641-V07E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoescht stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laemmli sample buffer (4x)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1610747</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LLC-MK2 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-7</td>
			<td>To titrate HCoV-NL63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV (Human coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), EMC/2012)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources&#160;</td>
			<td>NR-44260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40068-MM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MUC5AC antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>AMAB91539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Fluoview confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 647 stain</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab176759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosStop easy pack (phosphatase inhibitors)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>PHOSS-RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>HH34000000</td>
			<td>Any plate reader or ELISA reader is sufficient; must be able to read absorbance at 492 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5% deoxycholate; 0.1% SDS; 1% NP40)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>89990</td>
			<td>Can prep in-house or purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Plus Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-Related Coronavirus 2, Isolate USA-WA1/2020)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-52281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Genetex</td>
			<td>GTX135357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type IV &#946;- tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroCCL81 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td>To titrate MERS-CoV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroE6 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1586</td>
			<td>To titrate SARS-CoV-2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions

Tre høypatogene humane koronavirus (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012) og SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - har dukket opp og forårsaket betydelige folkehelsekriser de siste 20 årene. Fire ekstra HCoV-er forårsaker en betydelig del av forkjølelsestilfeller hvert år (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 og -HKU1), noe som understreker viktigheten av å studere disse virusene i fysiologisk relevante systemer. HCoVs går inn i luftveiene og etablerer infeksjon i neseepitelet, det primære stedet som oppstår av alle respiratoriske patogener. Vi bruker et primært nasal epitelkultursystem der pasientavledede neseprøver dyrkes ved et luft-væskegrensesnitt (ALI) for å studere vertspatogen-interaksjoner på dette viktige vaktpoststedet. Disse kulturene rekapitulerer mange funksjoner i in vivo luftveiene, inkludert celletyper tilstede, ciliær funksjon og slimproduksjon. Vi beskriver metoder for å karakterisere virusreplikasjon, vertscelletropisme, virusindusert cytotoksisitet og medfødt immuninduksjon i nasale ALI-kulturer etter HCoV-infeksjon, ved å bruke nylig arbeid som sammenligner dødelige og sesongmessige HCoVs som et eksempel1. En økt forståelse av vertspatogeninteraksjoner i nesen har potensial til å gi nye mål for antivirale terapier mot HCoVs og andre respiratoriske virus som sannsynligvis vil dukke opp i fremtiden.

De representative tallene er delvis tilpasset fra data som finnes i manuskriptet Otter et al.1. Nasale ALI-kulturer avledet fra fire eller seks donorer ble infisert med en av fire HCoVs (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E) i henhold til protokollene beskrevet ovenfor, og de gjennomsnittlige apikale virale titere for hvert virus er vist i figur 1A. Mens alle disse fire HCoV-ene replikerer produktivt i nasale ALI-kulturer, replikerer SARS-CoV-2 og HCoV-229E de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Neseepitelet er det primære barrierestedet som alle respiratoriske patogener møter. Her skisserer vi metoder for å bruke primære nasale epitelceller dyrket som luft-væske-grensesnitt (ALI) kulturer for å karakterisere humane koronavirus-vert-interaksjoner i et fysiologisk relevant system.

Infeksjon av primære nasale epitelceller dyrket ved et luft-væske-grensesnitt for å karakterisere humane koronavirus-vert-interaksjoner

Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - have emerged and caused significant public ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Application of a Mouse Ligated PeyerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Anvendelse av en Mouse Ligated Peyer er Patch Intestinal Loop Assay å evaluere Bakteriell Opptak av M celler

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

En<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Co-infeksjon modell for å studere<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt;-HIV-1 interaksjoner i Human Primary monocytt-deriverte immunceller

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Flowcytometrisk Isolering av Primary Murine Type II alveolære epitelceller for Funksjonell og molekylær studier

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

Isolering av myeloid dendrittiske celler og Epitelceller fra Menneskelig Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

Biomimetiske Materialer som skal prege Bakterier-vert interaksjoner

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

Menneskemorkake og decidual orgel kulturer å studere Infeksjoner ved maternal-føtal Interface

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

Vurdering av Synaptic grensesnittet av primære menneskelige T-celler fra perifert blod og lymfoidvev

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Høy-effektivitet generasjon av antigen-spesifikke primær mus cytotoksisk T celler for funksjonell testing i en autoimmun diabetes modell

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the ...