Name: collecting marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with light traps
Uploaded: 2023-09-25T14:35:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps at JoVE.com

资金由美国国家科学基金会（NSF OCE 2023420和DEB 2231250，P. Sikkel PI）提供。我们感谢菲律宾东内格罗斯杜马格特市允许进行这项研究。我们还感谢许多志愿者的实地援助，以及西利曼大学环境与海洋科学研究所的工作人员和同事的支持。

根据菲律宾法律法规（RA 9147;粮农组织233），并由西利曼大学（SU）动物伦理委员会批准。
1. 光陷阱
<ol><li>建设<ol><li>用最初设计用于管道的商用聚氯乙烯 （PVC） 管构建光陷阱。使用直径10-15厘米的PVC切割成30-40厘米长（图1）。</li>
		<li>在管的两端，添加PVC“盖”，在开口的中心插入透明丙烯酸漏斗，并用透明环氧胶粘合到位（<strong class="...

<ol>
	<li>Sikkel, P. C., Welicky, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ecological+significance+of+parasitic+crustaceans.">The ecological significance of parasitic crustaceans.</a> Parasitic Crustacea. 17 (17), 421-477 (2019).</li><li>Svavarsson, J., Bruce, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+gnathiid+isopod+crustaceans+(Cymothoida)+from+Heron+Island+and+Wistari+Reef,+southern+Great+Barrier+Reef.">New gnathiid isopod crustaceans (Cymothoida) from Heron Island and Wistari Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef.</a> Zootaxa. 4609 (1), 4609 (2019).</li><li>Shodipo, M. O., Sikkel, P. C., Smit, N. J., Hadfield, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+record+and+molecular+characterisation+of+two+Gnathia+species+(Crustacea,+Isopoda,+Gnathiidae)+from+Philippine+coral+reefs,+including+a+summary+of+all+Central-Indo+Pacific+Gnathia+species.">First record and molecular characterisation of two Gnathia species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from Philippine coral reefs, including a summary of all Central-Indo Pacific Gnathia species.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 14, 355-367 (2021).</li><li>Losey, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+symbiosis+in+Puerto+Rico+with+comparison+to+the+tropical+Pacific.">Cleaning symbiosis in Puerto Rico with comparison to the tropical Pacific.</a> 4 (4), 960-970 (1974).</li><li>Grutter, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infestation+increases+on+coral+reefs+without+cleaner+fish.">Parasite infestation increases on coral reefs without cleaner fish.</a> Coral Reefs. 37, 15-24 (2018).</li><li>Smit, N. J., Davies, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+curious+life-style+of+the+parasitic+stages+of+gnathiid+isopods.">The curious life-style of the parasitic stages of gnathiid isopods.</a> Advances in Parasitology. 58. , 289-391 (2004).</li><li>Tanaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+history+of+gnathiid+isopods-current+knowledge+and+future+directions.">Life history of gnathiid isopods-current knowledge and future directions.</a> Plankton and Benthos Research. 2 (1), 1-11 (2007).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Schaumburg, C. S., Mathenia, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diel+infestation+dynamics+of+gnathiid+isopod+larvae+parasitic+on+Caribbean+reef+fish.">Diel infestation dynamics of gnathiid isopod larvae parasitic on Caribbean reef fish.</a> Coral Reefs. 25, 683-689 (2006).</li><li>Santos, T. R. N., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+associations+of+fish-parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+in+a+shallow+reef+system+in+the+central+Philippines.">Habitat associations of fish-parasitic gnathiid isopods in a shallow reef system in the central Philippines.</a> Marine Biodiversity. 4, 83-96 (2019).</li><li>Nagel, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+vision+in+host-finding+behaviour+of+the+ectoparasite+Gnathia+falcipenis+(Crustacea).">The role of vision in host-finding behaviour of the ectoparasite Gnathia falcipenis (Crustacea).</a> Isopoda). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 42 (1), 31-42 (2009).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Sears, W. T., Weldon, B., Tuttle, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+field+test+of+host-finding+mechanisms+in+a+Caribbean+gnathiid+isopod.">An experimental field test of host-finding mechanisms in a Caribbean gnathiid isopod.</a> Marine Biology. 158, 1075-1083 (2011).</li><li>Vondriska, C., Dixson, D. L., Packard, A. J., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+susceptible+host+fishes+exhibit+similar+chemo-attractiveness+to+a+common+coral+reef+ectoparasite.">Differentially susceptible host fishes exhibit similar chemo-attractiveness to a common coral reef ectoparasite.</a> Symbiosis. 81 (3), 247-253 (2020).</li><li>Grutter, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infection+rather+than+tactile+stimulation+is+the+proximate+cause+of+cleaning+behaviour+in+reef+fish.">Parasite infection rather than tactile stimulation is the proximate cause of cleaning behaviour in reef fish.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1474), 1361-1365 (2001).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Cheney, K. L., C&#244;t&#233;, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+evidence+for+ectoparasites+as+a+proximate+cause+of+cleaning+interactions+in+reef+fish.">In situ evidence for ectoparasites as a proximate cause of cleaning interactions in reef fish.</a> Animal Behaviour. 68 (2), 241-247 (2004).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Herzlieb, S. E., Kramer, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compensatory+cleaner-seeking+behavior+following+spawning+in+female+yellowtail+damselfish.">Compensatory cleaner-seeking behavior following spawning in female yellowtail damselfish.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. , 1-11 (2005).</li><li>Triki, Z., Grutter, A. S., Bshary, R., Ros, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+short-term+exposure+to+ectoparasites+on+fish+cortisol+and+hematocrit+levels.">Effects of short-term exposure to ectoparasites on fish cortisol and hematocrit levels.</a> Marine Biology. 163, 1-6 (2016).</li><li>Hayes, P. M., Smit, N. J., Grutter, A. S., Davies, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unexpected+response+of+a+captive+blackeye+thicklip,+Hemigymnus+melapterus+(Bloch),+from+Lizard+Island,+Australia,+exposed+to+juvenile+isopods+Gnathia+aureamaculosa+Ferreira+&amp;+Smit.">Unexpected response of a captive blackeye thicklip, Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch), from Lizard Island, Australia, exposed to juvenile isopods Gnathia aureamaculosa Ferreira &amp; Smit.</a> Journal of Fish Diseases. 34 (7), 563-566 (2011).</li><li>Grutter, A. S., Pickering, J. L., McCallum, H., McCormick, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+micropredatory+gnathiid+isopods+on+young+coral+reef+fishes.">Impact of micropredatory gnathiid isopods on young coral reef fishes.</a> Coral Reefs. 27 (3), 655-661 (2008).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sellers, J. C., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropredation+by+gnathiid+isopods+on+settlement-stage+reef+fish+in+the+eastern+Caribbean+Sea.">Micropredation by gnathiid isopods on settlement-stage reef fish in the eastern Caribbean Sea.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 91 (4), 479-487 (2015).</li><li>Sellers, J. C., Holstein, D. M., Botha, T. L., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lethal+and+sublethal+impacts+of+a+micropredator+on+post-settlement+Caribbean+reef+fishes.">Lethal and sublethal impacts of a micropredator on post-settlement Caribbean reef fishes.</a> Oecologia. 189, 293-305 (2019).</li><li>Allan, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infection+directly+impacts+escape+response+and+stress+levels+in+fish.">Parasite infection directly impacts escape response and stress levels in fish.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (16), (2020).</li><li>Spitzer, C. A., Anderson, T. W., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+associations+and+impacts+on+a+juvenile+fish+host+by+a+temperate+gnathiid+isopod.">Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 17, 65-73 (2022).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nocturnal+migration+reduces+exposure+to+micropredation+in+a+coral+reef+fish.">Nocturnal migration reduces exposure to micropredation in a coral reef fish.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 93 (2), 475-489 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Hook, A., Grippo, R. S., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predation+on+parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+on+coral+reefs:+a+comparison+of+Caribbean+cleaning+gobies+with+non-cleaning+microcarnivores.">Predation on parasitic gnathiid isopods on coral reefs: a comparison of Caribbean cleaning gobies with non-cleaning microcarnivores.</a> Coral Reefs. 36, 1213-1223 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+coral+repels+a+common+reef+fish+ectoparasite.">Live coral repels a common reef fish ectoparasite.</a> Coral Reefs. 32, 487-494 (2013).</li><li>Paula, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+corals+on+the+abundance+of+a+fish+ectoparasite+in+the+Great+Barrier+Reef.">The role of corals on the abundance of a fish ectoparasite in the Great Barrier Reef.</a> Coral Reefs. 40, 535-542 (2021).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+abundance+of+fish-parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+associated+with+warm-water+bleaching+events+on+the+northern+Great+Barrier+Reef.">Changes in abundance of fish-parasitic gnathiid isopods associated with warm-water bleaching events on the northern Great Barrier Reef.</a> Coral Reefs. 38 (4), 721-730 (2019).</li><li>Shodipo, M. O., Duong, B., Graba-Landry, A., Grutter, A. S., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+acute+seawater+temperature+increase+on+the+survival+of+a+fish+ectoparasite.">Effect of acute seawater temperature increase on the survival of a fish ectoparasite.</a> In Oceans. 1 (4), (2020).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Nicholson, M. D., Hendrick, G. C., Brandt, M., Smith, T. B., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abundance+of+a+cryptic+generalist+parasite+reflects+degradation+of+an+ecosystem.">Abundance of a cryptic generalist parasite reflects degradation of an ecosystem.</a> Ecosphere. 11 (10), (2020).</li><li>Richardson, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+continuous+plankton+recorder+data.">Using continuous plankton recorder data.</a> Progress in Oceanography. 68 (1), 27-74 (2006).</li><li>McLeod, L. E., Costello, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+traps+for+sampling+marine+biodiversity.">Light traps for sampling marine biodiversity.</a> Helgoland Marine Research. 71 (1), 1-8 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+sampling+methodologies+and+estimation+of+population+parameters+for+a+temporary+fish+ectoparasite.">Comparison of sampling methodologies and estimation of population parameters for a temporary fish ectoparasite.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 5 (2), 145-157 (2016).</li><li>Pag&#225;n, J. A., Ver&#237;ssimo, A., Sikkel, P. C., Xavier, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hurricane-induced+disturbance+increases+genetic+diversity+and+population+admixture+of+the+direct-brooding+isopod,+Gnathia+marleyi.">Hurricane-induced disturbance increases genetic diversity and population admixture of the direct-brooding isopod, Gnathia marleyi.</a> Scientific reports. 10 (1), (2020).</li><li>Doherty, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-traps:+selective+but+useful+devices+for+quantifying+the+distributions+and+abundances+of+larval+fishes.">Light-traps: selective but useful devices for quantifying the distributions and abundances of larval fishes.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 41, 423-431 (1987).</li><li>Jones, C. M., Nagel, L., Hughes, G. L., Cribb, T. H., Grutter, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+specificity+of+two+species+of+Gnathia+(Isopoda)+determined+by+DNA+sequencing+blood+meals.">Host specificity of two species of Gnathia (Isopoda) determined by DNA sequencing blood meals.</a> International Journal for Parasitology. 37 (8-9), 927-935 (2007).</li><li>Hendrick, G. C., Dolan, M. C., McKay, T., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+DNA+integrity+within+blood+meals+of+hematophagous+larval+gnathiid+isopods+(Crustacea).">Host DNA integrity within blood meals of hematophagous larval gnathiid isopods (Crustacea).</a> Isopoda, Gnathiidae). Parasites &amp; Vectors. 12 (1), 1-9 (2019).</li></ol>

传统的光诱捕器，例如用于收集幼鱼的诱捕器，很大，悬浮在水柱34中。相比之下，这里描述的光阱很小，部署在海底。这些疏水阀易于运输和快速部署。它们可以通过屏气（自由）潜水放置在浅水区（如本研究中）或深水潜水，并吸引喂食和未喂食 少年阶段。
我们的团队和合作者已将此处描述的用于研究gnathiid的底栖光阱的变体用于各种目的，并且可以...

寄生甲壳类动物在珊瑚鱼类的生态和生活史中很重要。它们从宿主身上去除的生物量和能量相当可观，并影响行为、生理和生存1.Gnathiid等足类甲壳类动物是热带和亚热带珊瑚礁系统中最突出的鱼类寄生虫群，它们既丰富又多样2,3，是清洁鱼类的主要食物4,5。蜥蜴的尺寸一般为1-3毫米。它们有不寻常的生活史，其中只有三个幼年阶段以鱼类的血液和体液为食6,7。它们在夜间最活跃 8,9，虽然视觉似乎发挥了一些作用，但宿主寻找 10 在很大程度上依赖于嗅觉线索来寻找宿主11,12。三个幼鱼摄食阶段中的每一个都以一条寄主鱼为食，每个摄食期由一个蜕皮期分开。最后摄食后，第三阶段幼虫为非摄食的成虫，繁殖后死亡。鉴于觅食只需要与宿主短暂的结合，而每个相互摄食间隔持续数天，蛤蜊动物一生中的大部分时间都在底栖动物中自由生活。
Gnathiids以多种方式影响宿主1.除了作为清洁鱼类与客户之间相互作用的驱动因素13,14,15之外，gnathiids还可以增加成年鱼宿主的皮质醇水平并降低血细胞比容16，并且数量众多，甚至可能导致死亡17。对于幼鱼来说，即使是单一的gnathiid也可能是致命的18,19,20，即使鱼幸存下来，它争夺空间和逃避捕食者的能力也会受到影响20,21,22。避免gnathiids甚至可能是一些珊瑚鱼类夜间迁徙的好处之一23。
除了清洁的鱼类外，gnathiid种群还可能受到其他微型肉食性鱼类24以及珊瑚25,26的影响。海洋变暖和相关的活珊瑚损失似乎对gnathiids产生了相反的影响27,28,29。
鉴于它们明显的生态重要性以及人为环境变化对其种群的可能影响，有令人信服的理由将它们纳入珊瑚礁的生态研究。然而，它们独特的生活史和研究它们的研究人员数量很少，为开发、实施和传播可靠的、可重复的采样方法来收集它们进行研究造成了障碍。
光陷阱长期以来一直用于在夜间收集小型海洋生物30,31。它们利用并基于许多夜间活动生物（包括节肢动物）被光吸引的事实。传统上，它们被用来收集水柱30中的浮游生物。然而，基本原理可以应用于收集在底栖动物附近活跃的自由游泳生物。在这里，我们提出了一种光捕获方法，适用于在菲律宾等偏远珊瑚礁环境中收集海底附近gnathiid等足动物的自由生活阶段。对于在偏远地区收集，这些光阱（图1）比为收集这些生物而开发的其他方法具有一些优势32。它们非常便携和耐用，只需要三个零件，易于获得且价格低廉。它们也是负浮力的，因为当展开时，它们完全充满了海水。因为它们依靠光来吸引，所以它们只在夜间有效地收集夜间活跃的物种。它们还吸引比目标物种更多的物种，需要在解剖范围内对样品进行分类以获得目标生物。到目前为止，我们的团队和合作者已经使用三种方法来收集世界各地珊瑚礁系统中的gnathiids32。这些包括出现陷阱、活鱼诱饵陷阱和轻型陷阱，每种陷阱都有优点和局限性。

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			<td>Buckets, small sample containers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Funnels</td>
			<td>Supplier No. 2209-03</td>
			<td>Funnels: AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC LLC SE&#160;-&#160;75 mm (3&#8221;)&#160;</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/product/8884369/plastic-funnels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Main body of light traps (made from commercially available PVC sanitarty pipes)</td>
			<td>(SKU 145640)&#160;</td>
			<td>Alasco Sanitary uPVC Pipes Series 1000 107mm/4&#39;&#160;</td>
			<td>https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-pipe-series-1000/.&#160; This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling clay&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be found in art suppliy and childreans toy stores</td>
			<td>To seal the funnel after retreival</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plankton mesh (50-100 &#181;m)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any reputable brand and source</td>
			<td>https://www.adkinstruments.in/products/plankton-nets-in-various-mesh-size-1633936883</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw on lids for the light trap</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alasco&#160; Sanitary &#160;Clean-Out&#160; 4&#34;</td>
			<td>https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-clean-out/. This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scuba/snorkel equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any reputable brand and source</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo-microscopes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Scientific suppliers</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underwater touches</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Princeton Tec Ecoflare or&#160;Fantasea Nanospotter 6023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

collecting marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with light traps

提出了一种利用光诱捕器收集海洋等足类鱼类寄生虫的方法。Gnathiid等足类动物是一大类海洋鱼类寄生虫，主要在夜间以宿主鱼类的血液和液体为食。就像陆地上的蜱虫和蚊子一样，它们只是暂时与宿主交往，大部分时间都在底栖生物中自由生活。鉴于它们的高流动性和短暂的，主要是夜间与宿主的联系，它们不容易通过捕获自由生活的宿主来收集。然而，它们很容易被水下光源吸引，从而有机会将它们收集在光阱中。这里概述了部署和处理特殊改装的光阱所涉及的设计和各个步骤，以收集gnathiid等足动物的自由生活阶段。介绍并讨论了样品结果和基本方案的可能修改，以满足各种不同的采样需求。

对于菲律宾中部的采样，使用了概述的疏水阀设计（图1）。当设置36个陷阱过夜（在一个地点）时，每个陷阱收集1至1343个gnathiid（275±54）。这些包括喂养和未喂养的幼年阶段（图2; 表 1、2）。这些结果表明了光阱在研究条件下收集gnathiid等足动物的有效性。 图3 显示了疏水阀在水下的位置。
这?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps at JoVE.com

Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps

我们提出了一种通过屏气潜水或水肺潜水 在 野外地点放置的光陷阱收集海洋gnathiid等足类鱼类寄生虫的方法。

用光诱捕器收集海洋Gnathiid等足类鱼类寄生虫

A method to collect marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with the use of light traps is presented. Gnathiid isopods are a major group of marine fish ...

寄生甲壳类动物是影响珊瑚鱼类生态和生活史的重要因素。由于它们从宿主身上去除的生物量和能量相当可观，并影响行为、生理和生存。Gnathiid等足类甲壳类动物是热带和亚热带珊瑚礁系统中最突出的鱼类寄生虫群，它们既丰富又多样，是清洁鱼类的主要食物。Gnathiids有不同寻常的生活史，其中只有三个幼年阶段以鱼类的血液和体液为食，而在成年阶段，它们不再进食。鉴于觅食只需要与宿主短暂的关联，而每个相互喂食间隔的最后几天，Gnathiids一生中的大部分时间都在底栖动物中自由生活。鉴于Gnathiids影响其宿主的多种方式，有令人信服的理由将它们纳入珊瑚礁的生态研究。然而，它们独特的生活史和研究它们的研究人员数量很少，这为开发、实施和传播可靠的可重复采样方法以收集它们进行研究造成了障碍。长期以来，光陷阱一直用于在夜间收集小型海洋生物。它们利用并基于许多夜间活动生物（包括节肢动物）被光吸引的事实。传统上，它们被用来收集水柱中的浮游生物。然而，基本原理可以应用于收集在底栖生物附近活跃的自由游泳生物。在这里，我们提出了一种光捕获方法，适用于在菲律宾等偏远珊瑚礁环境中收集海底附近Gnathiid等足动物的自由生活阶段。在收集偏远地区时，这些陷阱比为收集这些生物而开发的其他方法具有一些优势。它们非常便携且耐用，只需要三个部件，易于获得且价格低廉。它们也是负浮力的。因为它们依靠光来吸引，所以它们只在夜间有效收集夜间活跃的物种。它们还吸引比目标物种更多的物种，需要在解剖显微镜下对样品进行分类以获得目标生物。光陷阱。建设。光阱最好由最初设计用于管道目的的商业 PVC 管制成。使用直径 20 至 25 厘米的 PVC，长度为 30 至 40 厘米。在管子的两端，添加PVC盖，在开口中心插入透明丙烯酸漏斗，并用透明环氧胶粘合到位。确保管子的一端在其他可拆卸的盖子上有一个螺钉，并且在疏水阀关闭时两端都是防水的。光源。在部署之前，应打开水下手电筒，例如幻多奇纳米观测仪6023，并将其放置在面向透明漏斗的管子中，以便水下手电筒的光线照亮管子一侧前面的外部。光线吸引了各种小型夜行动物，包括Gnathiids，并驱使它们通过透明的漏斗游入管中。一旦它们进入管子，由于光阱的几何形状和光源的持续存在，它们就无法逃脱。放置。在灯打开和海水的情况下填充灯陷阱，并固定两端。在海底的沙子或瓦砾中放置陷阱，靠近珊瑚头或其他已知会吸引鱼类的复杂结构。将光锥向内聚焦到鱼聚集的区域。在浅水中，可以通过屏气潜水来放置陷阱。更深入的部署需要潜水。检索。一旦灯的电池过期并且灯不再被照亮，生物体将留在陷阱中。这为检索陷阱的时间提供了灵活性。在取回疏水阀之前，用一块粘土或橡胶塞密封管两端两个漏斗的开口，将所有海水和所含生物保持在里面。运输。一旦从底部取回陷阱，潜水员就可以将它们带到船上或游上岸。但是，一旦将陷阱从海洋中移开，最好将陷阱保持在尽可能接近环境海水温度的位置。尽快将它们运送到实验室进行处理，因为一旦从海洋中取出，就不会发生气体或水交换。实验室处理。存储和过滤样本。一旦光陷阱从海洋中取出并带回实验室，将它们的内容物倒入装有新鲜海水的桶中。添加曝气以保持生物体存活，直到过滤。通过倒入衬有 50 至 100 UM 浮游生物网的漏斗来过滤桶中的内容物。然后将内容物倒入一百毫升的新鲜海水容器中。使用移液管从这个小容器中抽出，将样品的等分试样放入培养皿中进行显微镜检查。重复直到整个样品被处理完毕。Gnathiid等足动物的识别和饲养。由于光阱样品会吸引多种小型无脊椎动物，因此必须仔细筛选样品以识别和去除Gnathiids等足动物。10 到 20 倍放大倍率最适合此任务。在家族水平上鉴定Gnathiids不需要活体标本。然而，很少被光陷阱捕获的成年Gnathiids是形态物种识别和繁殖所必需的。因此，在需要保持饲养的Gnathiids存活的情况下，请用移液管轻轻地将其取出并放入装有新鲜海水的小塑料容器中。具有代表性的结果。在菲律宾中部的取样中，当疏水阀设置过夜时，使用轮廓疏水阀设计。每个陷阱收集1比1,343个Gnathiid。这些包括喂养和未喂养的幼年阶段。这些结果清楚地证明了光阱在研究条件下收集Gnathiid等足动物的有效性。这种收集Gnathiid的方法对于各种野外地点和科学问题都是有效且足够灵活的。例如，在 Artim 等人 2020 年在加勒比海进行的一项研究中，他们使用光陷阱来量化珊瑚覆盖和鱼类生物量对 Gnathiid 丰度的影响。结论。虽然已经开发并用于收集Gnathiids的其他技术，但这种技术特别有效。虽然这里描述的光陷阱吸引了各种各样的小型移动无脊椎动物，但这种副渔获物的组成是高度可变的。然而，当设置在包括瓦砾和鱼类在内的栖息地时，Gnathiids会被持续捕获。虽然这项示范研究的重点是菲律宾的地点，但类似设计的陷阱也成功地用于加勒比地区和大堡礁地点的研究。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Collecting and Measuring Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators in Surgical Wounds 

在手术伤口的痛觉及炎症介质的收集和测量

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure inflammatory and nociceptive biochemical mediators at the surgical wound site. ...

科研

生物学

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

光镜研究沉默突触的突触前

Synaptic plasticity likely underlies the nervous system's ability to learn and remember and may also represent an adaptability that prevents otherwise ...

DNA-based Fish Species Identification Protocol

以DNA为基础的鱼类物种鉴定协议

We have developed a fast, simple, and accurate DNA-based screening method to identify the fish species present in fresh and processed seafood samples. ...

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

原代培养大鼠内髓集合管细胞

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP ...

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

评估具体物种的贡献颅面开发利用鹌鹑，鸭嵌合体

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to ...

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography

准备厚生物样品的观察扫描透射电子断层扫描

This report describes a protocol for preparing thick biological specimens for further observation using a scanning transmission electron microscope. It ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

用3D-FRAP显微镜分析miRNA的间隙连接依赖性转移

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

Assessing Mineral Availability in Fish Feeds using Complementary Methods Demonstrated with the Example of Zinc in Atlantic Salmon

使用大西洋鲑鱼锌示例证明的补充方法评估鱼类饲料中的矿物供应情况

Assessing the availability of dietary micro-minerals is a major challenge in mineral nutrition of fish species. The present article aims to describe a ...

Nucleofection and In Vivo Propagation of Chicken Eimeria Parasites

Nucleofection and In Vivo Propagation of Chicken Eimeria Parasites

鸡寄生虫的成核和活体繁殖

Transfection is a technical process through which genetic material, such as DNA and double-stranded RNA, are delivered into cells to modify the gene of ...

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

海参肠细胞原培养的凋亡诱导与检测

Primary cultured cells are used in a variety of scientific disciplines as exceptionally important tools for the functional evaluation of biological ...