Name: a gmp-compliant procedure for the generation of gene-modified t cells
Uploaded: 2023-10-06T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells at JoVE.com

This research has been co-financed by the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK - 00474). We would also like to express our gratitude to the Choose Life Foundation for providing continuous support to the GMP Lab &#34;Dimitris Lois&#34; of the Institute of Cell Therapy.

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Patras and the Institutional Review Board of the University General Hospital of Patras. Prior to obtaining biological specimens, informed consent was obtained from healthy individuals. The eligibility assessment of participants was conducted according to institutional procedures and in compliance with JACIE standards for leukapheresis. If this protocol is to be implemented in a clinical ACT setting, all procedures must adhere to Good Manufacturing Pract...

<ol>
	<li>Maude, S. L., Teachey, D. T., Porter, D. L., Grupp, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD19-targeted+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T-cell+therapy+for+acute+lymphoblastic+leukemia.">CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</a> Blood. 125 (26), 4017-4023 (2015).</li><li>Brentjens, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD19-targeted+T+cells+rapidly+induce+molecular+remissions+in+adults+with+chemotherapy-refractory+acute+lymphoblastic+leukemia.">CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 5 (177), 177ra38 (2013).</li><li>Maude, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+cells+for+sustained+remissions+in+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16), 1507-1517 (2014).</li><li>Grupp, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor-modified+T+cells+for+acute+lymphoid+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (16), 1509-1518 (2013).</li><li>Schuster, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+remissions+following+chimeric+antigen+receptor+modified+T+cells+directed+against+CD19+(CTL019)+in+patients+with+relapsed+or+refractory+CD19++lymphomas.">Sustained remissions following chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells directed against CD19 (CTL019) in patients with relapsed or refractory CD19+ lymphomas.</a> Blood. 126 (23), 183 (2015).</li><li>Levine, B. L., Miskin, J., Wonnacott, K., Keir, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+manufacturing+of+CAR+T+cell+therapy.">Global manufacturing of CAR T cell therapy.</a> Molecular Therapy - Methods &amp; Clinical Development. 4, 92-101 (2017).</li><li>Wang, X., Rivi&#232;re, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+manufacturing+of+CAR+T+cells:+foundation+of+a+promising+therapy.">Clinical manufacturing of CAR T cells: foundation of a promising therapy.</a> Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics. 3, 16015 (2016).</li><li>Iancu, E. M., Kandalaft, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+advantages+of+cell+therapy+manufacturing+under+Good+Manufacturing+Practices+within+the+hospital+setting.">Challenges and advantages of cell therapy manufacturing under Good Manufacturing Practices within the hospital setting.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 65, 233-241 (2020).</li><li>Kaiser, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+commercial+process+for+the+manufacture+of+genetically+modified+T+cells+for+therapy.">Towards a commercial process for the manufacture of genetically modified T cells for therapy.</a> Cancer Gene Therapy. 22 (2), 72-78 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+on+quality,+non-clinical+and+clinical+aspects+of+medicinal+products+containing+genetically+modified+cells.">Guidelines on quality, non-clinical and clinical aspects of medicinal products containing genetically modified cells.</a> European Medicines Agency. , (2020).</li><li>Castella, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point-of-care+CAR+T-Cell+production+(ARI-0001)+using+a+closed+semi-automatic+bioreactor:+experience+from+an+academic+phase+I+clinical+trial.">Point-of-care CAR T-Cell production (ARI-0001) using a closed semi-automatic bioreactor: experience from an academic phase I clinical trial.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 11, 482 (2020).</li><li>Naldini, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviruses+as+gene+transfer+agents+for+delivery+to+non-dividing+cells.">Lentiviruses as gene transfer agents for delivery to non-dividing cells.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 9 (5), 457-463 (1998).</li><li>Ausubel, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+CGMP-grade+lentiviral+vectors.">Production of CGMP-grade lentiviral vectors.</a> Bioprocess International. 10 (2), 32-43 (2012).</li><li>Van der Loo, J. C. M., Wright, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+and+challenges+in+viral+vector+manufacturing.">Progress and challenges in viral vector manufacturing.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 25 (R1), R42-R52 (2016).</li><li>Rad, S. M. . A. H., Poudel, A., Tan, G. M. Y., McLellan, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promoter+choice:+Who+should+drive+the+CAR+in+T+cells.">Promoter choice: Who should drive the CAR in T cells.</a> PLoS One. 15 (7), e0232915 (2020).</li><li>Sandrin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vectors+pseudotyped+with+a+modified+RD114+envelope+glycoprotein+show+increased+stability+in+sera+and+augmented+transduction+of+primary+lymphocytes+and+CD34++cells+derived+from+human+and+nonhuman+primates.">Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a modified RD114 envelope glycoprotein show increased stability in sera and augmented transduction of primary lymphocytes and CD34+ cells derived from human and nonhuman primates.</a> Blood. 100 (3), 823-832 (2002).</li><li>Costello, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+into+stimulated+and+unstimulated+T+lymphocytes+by+HIV-1-derived+lentiviral+vectors.">Gene transfer into stimulated and unstimulated T lymphocytes by HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors.</a> Gene Therapy. 7 (7), 596-604 (2000).</li><li>Radek, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vectofusin-1+improves+transduction+of+primary+human+cells+with+diverse+retroviral+and+lentiviral+pseudotypes,+enabling+robust,+automated+closed-system+manufacturing.">Vectofusin-1 improves transduction of primary human cells with diverse retroviral and lentiviral pseudotypes, enabling robust, automated closed-system manufacturing.</a> Hum Gene Therapy. 30 (12), 1477-1493 (2019).</li><li>Hanenberg, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colocalization+of+retrovirus+and+target+cells+on+specific+fibronectin+fragments+increases+genetic+transduction+of+mammalian+cells.">Colocalization of retrovirus and target cells on specific fibronectin fragments increases genetic transduction of mammalian cells.</a> Nature Medicine. 2 (8), 876-882 (1996).</li><li>Lamers, C. H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retronectin-assisted+retroviral+transduction+of+primary+human+T+lymphocytes+under+good+manufacturing+practice+conditions:+tissue+culture+bag+critically+determines+cell+yield.">Retronectin-assisted retroviral transduction of primary human T lymphocytes under good manufacturing practice conditions: tissue culture bag critically determines cell yield.</a> Cytotherapy. 10 (4), 406-416 (2008).</li><li>O'Doherty, U., Swiggard, W. J., Malim, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+spinoculation+enhances+infection+through+virus+binding.">Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 spinoculation enhances infection through virus binding.</a> Journal of Virology. 74 (21), 10074-10080 (2000).</li><li>Cieri, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7+and+IL-15+instruct+the+generation+of+human+memory+stem+T+cells+from+naive+precursors.">IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors.</a> Blood. 121 (4), 573-584 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+(CAR-T)+cells+expanded+with+IL-7/IL-15+mediate+superior+antitumor+effects.">Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells expanded with IL-7/IL-15 mediate superior antitumor effects.</a> Protein Cell. 10 (10), 764-769 (2019).</li><li>Ghassemi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+manufacturing+of+non-activated+potent+CAR+T+cells.">Rapid manufacturing of non-activated potent CAR T cells.</a> Nature Biomedical Engineering. 6 (2), 118-128 (2022).</li><li>Wang, R. -. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+protocols+for+&#947;&#948;+T+cell+expansion+and+lentiviral+transduction.">Optimized protocols for &#947;&#948; T cell expansion and lentiviral transduction.</a> Molecular Medicine Reports. 19 (3), 1471-1480 (2019).</li><li>Yuan, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+and+optimization+of+protocols+for+producing+recombinant+lentivirus+carrying+the+anti-Her2+chimeric+antigen+receptor+gene.">Comparative analysis and optimization of protocols for producing recombinant lentivirus carrying the anti-Her2 chimeric antigen receptor gene.</a> The Journal of Gene Medicine. 20 (7-8), e3027 (2018).</li><li>Zhu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-system+manufacturing+of+CD19+and+dual-targeted+CD20/19+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+cells+using+the+CliniMACS+Prodigy+device+at+an+academic+medical+center.">Closed-system manufacturing of CD19 and dual-targeted CD20/19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells using the CliniMACS Prodigy device at an academic medical center.</a> Cytotherapy. 20 (3), 394-406 (2018).</li><li>Mock, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+manufacturing+of+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+cells+for+adoptive+immunotherapy+using+CliniMACS+Prodigy.">Automated manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor T cells for adoptive immunotherapy using CliniMACS Prodigy.</a> Cytotherapy. 18 (8), 1002-1011 (2016).</li></ol>

Lentiviral vectors as gene delivery vehicles are important tools in the field of cell and gene therapy because of their ability to transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells12. However, large-scale production of lentiviral vectors using GMP-compatible methods is still challenging due to various parameters, such as transfection methods and purification steps, which can result in variability in lentivirus batches. Academic centers often obtain viral stocks from viral production biotechnology com...

The emergence of Adoptive Cell Therapies (ACT) and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells have brought about a revolutionary shift in modern clinical practice, establishing a new paradigm of personalized medicine. Particularly, CAR-T cells targeting CD19 have demonstrated exceptional clinical responses and represent the most advanced T cell therapy for B cell malignancies1,2,3,4,5. However, the current commercialized gene-modified T cell therapies heavily rely on viral vectors for gene transfer. The implementation of viral vectors in ACT, especially under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions within an academic setting, presents significant challenges due to scalability limitations, specialized equipment requirements, the need for highly skilled personnel, and the use of GMP-compliant reagents for plasmid-mediated viral particle production6,7,8.
Consequently, the manufacturing process for gene-modified T cell therapies is intricate and typically commences with the isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from a leukapheresis product. T cells are often enriched from the PBMC pool and activated using anti-CD3/CD28 micro-complexes7,9. Subsequently, T cells are genetically modified with either viral or non-viral vectors, which can be produced in situ or outsourced. To attain the required cell numbers for infusion, gene-modified cells are expanded before final formulation and/or cryopreservation. Finally, the cell product must satisfy various release criteria based on multiple quality control assays9.
This protocol presents a comprehensive methodology utilizing simple techniques for the ex vivo manipulation of healthy PBMCs to manufacture a gene-modified T cell product under GMP-compliant conditions. The protocol incorporates the use of a lentiviral vector, which can be outsourced to a viral production company providing all necessary quantitative/functional, purity, and safety tests (e.g., viral titer, detection of host cell DNA replication-competent lentivirus). For this study, the vector employed is a VSV-g (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein)-based second-generation lentiviral vector with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), as the gene of interest, in constitutive expression.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well TC-treated plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL FACS tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner biomedica</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well TC-treated plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-AAD</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>559925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACS CANTO II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>V96300084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counter&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning Cell Cytosmart</td>
			<td>J21E0081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryovials</td>
			<td>Greiner biomedica</td>
			<td>122263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Buffer (1x D-PBS, 0.5% BSA, 2 mM EDTA)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo Software v10.6.2&#160;</td>
			<td>TreeStar Inc</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco CTS Opti-MEM I Medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A4124801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GMP rhIL-15</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>170-076-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GMP rhIL-2</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>170-076-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GMP rhIL-7</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>170-076-111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPA Whitley H35 Hypoxystation</td>
			<td>Don Whitley Scientific</td>
			<td>HA0315172H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum Albumin (HSA)</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>B05AA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Junior LB 9509 Portable Luminometer</td>
			<td>Berthold Technologies</td>
			<td>6506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenti-X Provirus Quantitation Kit</td>
			<td>Takara Bio</td>
			<td>631239</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS GMP T cell TransAct</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>170-076-156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anti-Human&#160; CD3 (Clone: UCHT-1)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoAlert Plus Detection kit</td>
			<td>Lonza Bioscience</td>
			<td>LT07-703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm ultra-expandable closing film tape 5 cm x 75 m</td>
			<td>D.Dutscher</td>
			<td>90261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PeriStem PS-650-DB (apheresis bag)</td>
			<td>Biomed Device</td>
			<td>SC00816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Planer Kryo10 Series III</td>
			<td>Planer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flasks</td>
			<td>Greiner biomedica</td>
			<td>658175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue, 0.4% solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectofusin-1 GMP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>170-076-165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-VIVOTM 15 Serum-free Hematopoietic Cell Medium</td>
			<td>Lonza Bioscience</td>
			<td>A1048501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a gmp-compliant procedure for the generation of gene-modified t cells

The field of Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT) has been revolutionized by the development of genetically modified cells, specifically Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells. These modified cells have shown remarkable clinical responses in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, the high cost of producing these therapies and conducting extensive quality control assessments has limited their accessibility to a broader range of patients. To address this issue, many academic institutions are exploring the feasibility of in-house manufacturing of genetically modified cells, while adhering to guidelines set by national and international regulatory agencies.
Manufacturing genetically modified T cell products on a large scale presents several challenges, particularly in terms of the institution's production capabilities and the need to meet infusion quantity requirements. One major challenge involves producing large-scale viral vectors under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines, which is often outsourced to external companies. Additionally, simplifying the T cell transduction process can help minimize variability between production batches, reduce costs, and facilitate personnel training. In this study, we outline a streamlined process for lentiviral transduction of primary human T cells with a fluorescent marker as the gene of interest. The entire process adheres to GMP-compliant standards and is implemented within our academic institution.

Assessment of transduction efficiency 
The transduced cells were evaluated for the expression of the gene of interest (GFP) using flow cytometry. Representative results are depicted in Figure 1. On Day 14, more than 95% of the cells were CD3+, indicating successful T cell activation and expansion. The transduction efficiency within the CD3+ population was measured at 58.7% (TD, Figure 1C) compared to the non...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells at JoVE.com

A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells

This protocol outlines the process of transducing primary human T cells with a gene of interest, ensuring compatibility with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards.

The field of Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT) has been revolutionized by the development of genetically modified cells, specifically Chimeric Antigen Receptor ...

This protocol describes a simplified and GNP compliant process of transducing human primary T-cells with gene of interest. This particular technique has been designed to be cost-effective and GNP compliant without the use of expensive closed system manufacturing platforms currently available in many academic centers. This method could potentially be applied to the generation of gene-modified cell therapies, including but not limited to CAR T-cells, which have been a paradigm shift to tackle hematologic malignancies.To isolate PBMC from the cells collected after leukapheresis of donor blood, perform a polysaccharide-based density gradient centrifugation of the sample, maintaining a reagent to sample ratio of 1:2, by centrifuging the mixture at 800 G for 30 minutes at room temperature with the brakes off. Then using a micropipette, collect the PBMCs into a clean 50 milliliter tube. Wash the cells twice with PBS by centrifugation.Before resuspending the washed cells in complete hematopoietic media. Activate about 20 million of the obtained cells by adding 10 microliters of T-cell stimulation reagent for every 2 million cells. Next, after adding recombinant human interleukin-2 at 20 units per milliliter, mix the solution gently and transfer it into a six-well plate.Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 72 hours before performing viral transduction. On day three, transfer the cell culture to a 50 milliliter conical tube and mix it thoroughly. Centrifuge the tube at 300G for 10 minutes at room temperature to remove the activation reagent.Discard the supernatant completely and resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of complete medium before counting the cells. Adjust the cell suspension volume using complete medium to achieve a concentration that allows for plating 0.5 million cells per well in a 24 well plate. Add recombinant human interleukin-7 and recombinant human interleukin-15 to the cells at appropriate concentrations.In a separate tube, add the desired amount of vectofusin-1 to Opti-MEM medium, considering the final viral volume to be used. Combine this mixture with the concentrated virus at a one-to-one ratio, ensuring thorough mixing. Next, add the resultant mixture containing the virus to the cells.Adjust the total volume of each well to 400 microliters using complete medium if necessary. After covering the plate with a lid, seal it using a paraffin film before centrifuging it at 1000G for two hours at 32 degrees Celsius. Incubate the plate overnight at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.On the next day, collect and pull the cells from each well into a 50 milliliter tube. Next, centrifuge the cells at 400G and room temperature for five minutes. After carefully removing the supernatant, fully resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of complete medium before counting the cells.Then adjust the cell concentration with the media to achieve 1 million cells per milliliter and add human recombinant interleukin-7 and human recombinant interleukin-15 at 155 and 290 units per milliliter respectively before culturing the cells. Once the desired cell number is reached, harvest and transfer the cells into 50 milliliter tubes and centrifuge them. After removing the supernatant, resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of media to count the cells.After centrifuging again, discard the supernatant completely and resuspend the pellet in a cryopreservation solution consisting of 50%HSA, and 40%HBSS, at a concentration of 10 million cells per milliliter per cryo vial. Transfer 0.9 milliliters of cell suspension each to the required numbers of cryo vials, and add 10%dimethyl sulfoxide to each cryo vial. Place the cryo vials on ice and quickly shift them into a controlled-rate freezer for cryo-preservation.Then transfer the cryopreserved samples to a monitored liquid nitrogen tank for long-term storage. To evaluate transduction efficiency, add 500 microliters of FACS buffer to the sample in a fluorescence activated cell sorting or FACS tube. After centrifuging the sample at 400G and room temperature for five minutes, discard the supernatant completely using a pipette.Resuspend the pellet in a one to five diluted solution of CD3 in FACS buffer. Vortex the sample and incubate for 30 minutes on ice in the dark before centrifuging as demonstrated previously. Next, after discarding the supernatant entirely, resuspend the pellet in a one to 20 diluted solution of 7-AAD in FACS buffer.Vortex this mixture before incubating it for 10 minutes on ice in a dark setting. Finally, add 200 microliters of FACS buffer to it And proceed to analyze the sample using a flow cytometer. Viability analysis of the transduced cells revealed that on day 14, more than 95%of the cells were CD3 positive and alive after excluding 7-AAD positive cells, indicating successful T-cell activation and expansion.The transduction efficiency within the CD3 positive population was measured to be 58.7%compared to the non-transduced cells, which exhibited a transduction efficiency of 0.51%When the transduced cells were expanded from day four until day 14, with sub-culturing every two days, the cells underwent a 25 fold expansion. The product underwent various quality control tests and met all the set criteria, indicating its suitability for further use. The whole procedure should be performed with strictly aseptic techniques.And the most tricky step is the transduction process where one needs to take into account all the reagents to be added in order to maintain a specific total volume.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Procedure for Lung Engineering

Lung tissue, including lung cancer and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cumulatively account for some 280,000 deaths ...

Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

Colloidal gold nanoparticles protected with alkanethiolate ligands called monolayer protected gold clusters (MPCs) are synthesized and subsequently ...

Procedure for Decellularization of Porcine Heart by Retrograde Coronary Perfusion

Perfusion-based  whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of  tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin

Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells that change their morphology upon activation, ultimately influencing the microenvironment of the tissue they are located ...

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the maintenance of balance and motor coordination, and a functional defect in different cerebellar neurons can ...

Segmenting Growth of Endothelial Cells in 6-Well Plates on an Orbital Shaker for Mechanobiological Studies

Shear stress imposed on the arterial wall by the flow of blood affects endothelial cell morphology and function. Low magnitude, oscillatory and ...

Assembly and Operation of an Acoustofluidic Device for Enhanced Delivery of Molecular Compounds to Cells

Efficient intracellular delivery of biomolecules is required for a broad range of biomedical research and cell-based therapeutic applications. ...

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are tissue engineered constructs that model epidermal and dermal components of human skin. These models have been used to ...