Name: a model of long-term ventricular fibrillation in isolated rat hearts
Uploaded: 2023-02-17T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts at JoVE.com

Ce travail a été réalisé avec le soutien de la chirurgie cardiovasculaire, du premier centre médical, de l’hôpital général chinois de l’APL et du centre des animaux de laboratoire, de l’hôpital général chinois de l’APL.

Toutes les procédures et protocoles expérimentaux utilisés dans le cadre de cette enquête ont été examinés et approuvés par le Comité de soin et d’utilisation des animaux de l’Hôpital général de l’APL.
1. Préparation de l’appareil Langendorff
<ol><li>Préparez le tampon Krebs-Henseleit (K-H). Pour préparer le tampon K-H, ajouter ce qui suit à l’eau distillée : 118,0 mM NaCl, 4,7 mM KCl, 1,2 mM MgSO4, 1,2 mM NaH2PO4, 1,8 mM CaCl...

<ol>
	<li>Kilic, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+outcomes+of+mitral+valve+reoperations+in+the+United+States:+An+analysis+of+the+society+of+thoracic+surgeons+national+database.">Clinical outcomes of mitral valve reoperations in the United States: An analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons national database.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 107 (3), 754-759 (2019).</li><li>Akins, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+of+reoperative+valve+replacement+for+failed+mitral+and+aortic+bioprostheses.">Risk of reoperative valve replacement for failed mitral and aortic bioprostheses.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 65 (6), 1551-1542 (1998).</li><li>Jamieson, W. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reoperation+for+bioprosthetic+mitral+structural+failure:+risk+assessment.">Reoperation for bioprosthetic mitral structural failure: risk assessment.</a> Circulation. 108 (Suppl 1), 98 (2003).</li><li>Seeburger, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+mitral+valve+surgery+after+previous+sternotomy:+Experience+in+181+patients.">Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery after previous sternotomy: Experience in 181 patients.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 87 (3), 709-714 (2009).</li><li>Arcidi, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifteen-year+experience+with+minimally+invasive+approach+for+reoperations+involving+the+mitral+valve.">Fifteen-year experience with minimally invasive approach for reoperations involving the mitral valve.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 143 (5), 1062-1068 (2012).</li><li>Cox, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+induced+ventricular+fibrillation+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass+in+nonhypertrophied+hearts.">The safety of induced ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass in nonhypertrophied hearts.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 74 (3), 423-432 (1977).</li><li>Schraut, W., Lamberti, J. J., Kampman, K., Glagov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+fibrillation+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass:+Long-term+effects+on+myocardial+morphology+and+function.">Ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass: Long-term effects on myocardial morphology and function.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 27 (3), 230-234 (1979).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pravastatin+attenuates+cardiac+dysfunction+induced+by+lysophosphatidylcholine+in+isolated+rat+hearts.">Pravastatin attenuates cardiac dysfunction induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in isolated rat hearts.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 640 (1-3), 139-142 (2010).</li><li>Lang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXCL10/IP-10+neutralization+can+ameliorate+lipopolysaccharide-induced+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome+in+rats.">CXCL10/IP-10 neutralization can ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats.</a> PLoS One. 12 (1), e0169100 (2017).</li><li>Lubbe, W. F., Bricknell, O. L., Marzagao, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+fibrillation+threshold+and+vulnerable+period+in+the+isolated+perfused+rat+heart.">Ventricular fibrillation threshold and vulnerable period in the isolated perfused rat heart.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 9 (5), 613-620 (1975).</li><li>Hottentrott, C. E., Towers, B., Kurkji, H. J., Maloney, J. V., Buckberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hazard+of+ventricular+fibrillation+in+hypertrophied+ventricles+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.">The hazard of ventricular fibrillation in hypertrophied ventricles during cardiopulmonary bypass.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 66 (5), 742-753 (1973).</li><li>Hottenrott, C., Maloney, J. V., Buckberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+ventricular+fibrillation+on+the+adequacy+of+regional+myocardial+flow.+I.+Electrical+vs.+spontaneous+fibrillation.">Studies of the effects of ventricular fibrillation on the adequacy of regional myocardial flow. I. Electrical vs. spontaneous fibrillation.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 68 (4), 615-625 (1974).</li><li>Buckberg, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+hypothermia+on+regional+myocardial+blood+flow+and+metabolism+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.+I.+The+adequately+perfused+beating,+fibrillating,+and+arrested+heart.">Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. I. The adequately perfused beating, fibrillating, and arrested heart.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 73 (1), 87-94 (1977).</li><li>Gazmuri, R. J., Berkowitz, M., Cajigas, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+effects+of+ventricular+fibrillation+in+the+isolated+rat+heart.">Myocardial effects of ventricular fibrillation in the isolated rat heart.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 27 (8), 1542-1550 (1999).</li><li>Clasen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+approach+for+programmed+electrical+stimulation+in+mice:+Inducibility+of+ventricular+arrhythmias.">A modified approach for programmed electrical stimulation in mice: Inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias.</a> PLoS One. 13 (8), e0201910 (2018).</li><li>Diaz-Maue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+cardiac+rhythm+management+by+applying+optogenetic+multi-site+photostimulation+in+murine+hearts.">Advanced cardiac rhythm management by applying optogenetic multi-site photostimulation in murine hearts.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (174), e62335 (2021).</li><li>Jungen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+intracardiac+neurons+on+cardiac+electrophysiology+and+arrhythmogenesis+in+an+ex+vivo+Langendorff+system.">Impact of intracardiac neurons on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis in an ex vivo Langendorff system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 135, e57617 (2018).</li><li>Koretsune, Y., Marban, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+calcium+in+the+pathophysiology+of+ventricular+fibrillation+and+in+the+pathogenesis+of+postarrhythmic+contractile+dysfunction.">Cell calcium in the pathophysiology of ventricular fibrillation and in the pathogenesis of postarrhythmic contractile dysfunction.</a> Circulation. 80 (2), 369-379 (1989).</li><li>Brazier, J. R., Cooper, N., McConnell, D. H., Buckberg, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+hypothermia+on+regional+myocardial+blood+flow+and+metabolism+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.+III.+Effects+of+temperature,+time,+and+perfusion+pressure+in+fibrillating+hearts.">Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. III. Effects of temperature, time, and perfusion pressure in fibrillating hearts.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 73 (1), 102-109 (1977).</li><li>von Planta, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+in+the+rat.">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 65 (6), 2641-2647 (1988).</li><li>Luo, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ageing+increases+cardiac+electrical+remodelling+in+rats+and+mice+via+NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-mediated+calcium+signalling.">Ageing increases cardiac electrical remodelling in rats and mice via NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-mediated calcium signalling.</a> Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022, 8538296 (2022).</li><li>Hohnloser, S., Weirich, J., Antoni, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+direct+current+on+the+electrical+activity+of+the+heart+and+on+its+susceptibility+to+ventricular+fibrillation.">Influence of direct current on the electrical activity of the heart and on its susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation.</a> Basic Research in Cardiology. 77 (3), 237-249 (1982).</li><li>Xie, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-energy+defibrillation+increases+the+severity+of+postresuscitation+myocardial+dysfunction.">High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction.</a> Circulation. 96 (2), 683-688 (1997).</li><li>Manoach, M., Netz, H., Erez, M., Weinstock, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+self-defibrillation+in+mammals:+Age+and+drug+dependence.">Ventricular self-defibrillation in mammals: Age and drug dependence.</a> Age and Ageing. 9 (2), 112-116 (1980).</li><li>Filippi, S., Gizzi, A., Cherubini, C., Luther, S., Fenton, F. 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Ce protocole établit un modèle animal de FV à long terme dans des cœurs de rats isolés qui n’a pas été signalé auparavant. De plus, différentes conditions de stimulation électrique ont été comparées dans cette étude. Cette étude fournit un modèle pour les études liées à l’arrêt de la fibrillation ventriculaire pendant la chirurgie cardiaque.
Le taux de réussite du modèle est un indicateur très important qui est lié au personnel, au temps et aux coûts économiques. ...

La chirurgie cardiaque est généralement réalisée par thoracotomie, avec blocage de l’aorte et perfusion avec une solution cardioplégique pour arrêter le cœur. La chirurgie cardiaque répétée peut être plus difficile que la chirurgie initiale, avec des taux de complications et de mortalité plus élevés 1,2,3. De plus, l’approche conventionnelle de la sternotomie médiane peut endommager les vaisseaux du pont derrière le sternum, l’aorte ascendante, le ventricule droit et d’autres structures importantes. Des saignements étendus dus à la séparation du tissu conjonctif, une infection de la plaie sternale et une ostéomyélite sternale due à une sternotomie sont toutes des complications possibles. Un curage étendu augmente le risque de lésions et d’hémorragies dans les structures cardiaques vitales.
Avec le développement de la chirurgie cardiaque mini-invasive, les incisions sont devenues plus petites et l’arrêt cardiaque est parfois difficile à réaliser. Une chirurgie cardiaque répétée sous fibrillation ventriculaire (FV)4,5 est sûre, faisable et peut offrir une meilleure protection du myocarde. Par conséquent, ce protocole introduit la méthode de l’arrêt cardiaque VF en chirurgie avec circulation extracorporelle mini-invasive. Le cœur perd une contraction efficace pendant la FV et, par conséquent, il n’est pas nécessaire de suturer et de bloquer l’aorte ascendante pendant la chirurgie, ce qui simplifie la procédure. Cependant, même si le cœur est continuellement perfusé, la FV à long terme peut toujours être nocive pour le cœur.
Au fur et à mesure que cette méthode devient plus largement utilisée, la question de savoir comment protéger le cœur pendant la FV devient de plus en plus pertinente. Cela nécessitera des études approfondies et approfondies utilisant des modèles animaux de FV à long terme. Dans le passé, la recherche dans ce domaine a surtout utilisé de gros animaux6,7 et a nécessité la coopération de chirurgiens, d’anesthésiologistes, de perfusionnistes et d’autres chercheurs. Ces études prenaient trop de temps, la taille des échantillons était souvent petite et les études se concentraient généralement sur la fonction cardiaque et moins sur les évaluations mécanistes et moléculaires. À ce jour, aucune étude n’a rapporté de protocole détaillé pour établir un modèle FV à long terme.
Ce protocole fournit donc les détails nécessaires au développement d’un modèle VF à long terme chez le rat à l’aide de l’appareil de Langendorff. Le protocole est simple, économique, reproductible et stable.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0 Non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2 + 5% CO2</td>
			<td>Beijing BeiYang United Gas Co., Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcqKnowledge software</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 4.2.1</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic biochemistry analyzer</td>
			<td>Rayto Life and Analytical Sciences Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Chemray 800</td>
			<td>CK-MB assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIOPAC research systems</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>MP150</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt needle (20 G, TWLB)</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10005861</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CK-MB assay kits&#160;</td>
			<td>Changchun Huili Biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>C060</td>
			<td>CK-MB assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forcep</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10009717</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrical stimulator</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>STEMISOC</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>63005518</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium</td>
			<td>Tianjin Biochem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H120200505</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>21082201</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>20025118</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle electrodes</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>EL452</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic clamp</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion tube</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10016318</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10018960</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10019318</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>20040718</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats</td>
			<td>SPF (Beijing) biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Male, 300-350g</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Jingchuang Electronics Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>GSP-6</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissueforceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ventilator</td>
			<td>Chengdu Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>DKX-150</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath1</td>
			<td>Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>SC-15</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Technology Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>DK-8D</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a model of long-term ventricular fibrillation in isolated rat hearts

La fibrillation ventriculaire (FV) est une arythmie mortelle avec une incidence élevée chez les patients cardiaques, mais l’arrêt de la FV sous perfusion est une méthode négligée d’arrêt peropératoire dans le domaine de la chirurgie cardiaque. Avec les progrès récents de la chirurgie cardiaque, la demande d’études prolongées de FV sous perfusion a augmenté. Cependant, le domaine manque de modèles animaux simples, fiables et reproductibles de fibrillation ventriculaire chronique. Ce protocole induit une FV à long terme par stimulation électrique en courant alternatif (CA) de l’épicarde. Différentes conditions ont été utilisées pour induire la FV, y compris la stimulation continue avec une basse ou haute tension pour induire la FV à long terme et la stimulation pendant 5 minutes avec une tension basse ou haute pour induire une FV spontanée à long terme. Les taux de réussite des différentes affections, ainsi que les taux de lésions myocardiques et de récupération de la fonction cardiaque, ont été comparés. Les résultats ont montré que la stimulation continue à basse tension induisait une FV à long terme et que 5 minutes de stimulation basse tension induisaient une FV spontanée à long terme avec une lésion myocardique légère et un taux élevé de récupération de la fonction cardiaque. Cependant, le modèle VF à basse tension et stimulé en continu à long terme a eu un taux de réussite plus élevé. La stimulation à haute tension a fourni un taux plus élevé d’induction de la FV, mais a montré un faible taux de réussite de la défibrillation, une mauvaise récupération de la fonction cardiaque et une lésion myocardique grave. Sur la base de ces résultats, la stimulation épicardique continue à basse tension est recommandée pour son taux de réussite élevé, sa stabilité, sa fiabilité, sa reproductibilité, son faible impact sur la fonction cardiaque et ses lésions myocardiques légères.

Au total, 57 rats ont été utilisés dans les expériences, dont 30 remplissaient les critères d’inclusion. Les animaux inclus ont été divisés en cinq groupes, avec six animaux dans chaque groupe: le groupe témoin (groupe C), le groupe VF à long terme stimulé en continu à basse tension (groupe LC), le groupe VF à long terme stimulé en continu à haute tension (groupe HC), le groupe VF spontané à long terme induit par basse tension (groupe LI) et le groupe VF spontané à long terme induit par haute tension...

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A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts

Ce protocole présente un modèle de fibrillation ventriculaire à long terme dans le cœur de rat induite par une stimulation continue avec un courant alternatif basse tension. Ce modèle a un taux de réussite élevé, est stable, fiable et reproductible, a un faible impact sur la fonction cardiaque et ne provoque que des lésions myocardiques légères.

Un modèle de fibrillation ventriculaire à long terme dans des cœurs de rats isolés

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a fatal arrhythmia with a high incidence in cardiac patients, but VF arrest under perfusion is a neglected method of ...

Ce protocole fournit un besoin détaillé de développer un modèle de fibrillation ventriculaire à long terme chez le rat à l’aide de l’appareil de Langendorff. Il comble la lacune de la fibrillation ventriculaire à long terme dans le modèle de petit animal. La technique est simple, économique, reproductible et stable.Cette technique peut être utilisée dans l’étude de l’arrêt de fibrillation ventriculaire sous perfusion qui est réalisée dans certaines situations cliniques dans le domaine des séances et opérations de chirurgie cardiaque. Pour commencer, préparez le tampon Krebs-Henseleit ou KH en ajoutant 118 millimolaires de chlorure de sodium, 4,7 millimolaires de chlorure de potassium, 1,2 millimolaire de chlorure de magnésium, 1,2 millimolaire de dihydrogénophosphate de sodium, 1,8 millimolaire de chlorure de calcium, 25 millimolaires de bicarbonate de sodium, 11,1 millimolaire de glucose et 0,5 millimolaire d’EDTA dans de l’eau distillée. Préparez ensuite le système de perfusion Langendorff modifié.Gazer en continu le ballon contenant le tampon KH avec 95 % d’oxygène et 5 % de dioxyde de carbone à une pression d’environ 80 millimètres de mercure. Placez une extrémité du tube de perfusion dans le tampon KH, passez le milieu du tube de perfusion à travers le bain-marie et fixez une aiguille émoussée de calibre 20 à l’autre extrémité du tube de perfusion. Après avoir suspendu l’aiguille sur un support en fil, réglez la température du bain-marie de sorte que la température du tampon KH à partir de l’extrémité du système de perfusion soit de 37 degrés Celsius.Utilisez un enregistreur de signaux physiologiques pour numériser et enregistrer tous les signaux analogiques. Utilisez deux électrodes à aiguille en acier inoxydable pour enregistrer un électrocardiogramme bipolaire ou un ECG et deux électrodes à aiguille en acier inoxydable pour la stimulation électrique. Connectez une extrémité des quatre électrodes à l’enregistreur de signaux physiologiques et l’autre extrémité près de la zone où le cœur sera positionné après la fixation à l’appareil.Ensuite, utilisez le logiciel de l’ordinateur portable pour reconnaître, ajuster et enregistrer automatiquement les paramètres ECG bipolaires et hémodynamiques. Réglez les paramètres du stimulateur électrique sur un courant alternatif de 30 hertz, le groupe basse tension recevant 2 volts et le groupe haute tension recevant 6 volts. Avec le rat anesthésié connecté à un ventilateur après la dissection cervicale et l’intubation trachéale, soulevez la peau du processus xiphoïde avec une pince dentée et faites une incision transversale de trois centimètres dans la peau avec des ciseaux tissulaires.Étendez les incisions de la peau et des côtes aux aisselles des deux côtés en forme de V. Utilisez une dissection contondante pour séparer le tronc brachiocéphalique des tissus environnants. Serrez ensuite le tronc brachiocéphalique avec une pince incurvée pour faciliter l’ablation du cœur.Immergez immédiatement le cœur dans une boîte de Petri avec un tampon KH à 0 à 4 degrés Celsius pour laver et pomper le sang résiduel. Transférer le cœur dans une deuxième boîte de Pétri. Coupez le tissu redondant et identifiez l’aorte.Utilisez deux pinces ophtalmiques pour soulever l’aorte et insérez l’aorte dans l’aiguille émoussée de l’appareil de Langendorff. Ensuite, avec l’aide d’un assistant, nouez un nœud avec un fil de suture 0. Allumez le régulateur de débit de perfusion.Poussez le ballonnet à travers la valve mitrale dans le ventricule gauche. Remplissez le ballon avec de l’eau distillée pour obtenir une pression diastolique terminale de 5 à 10 millimètres de mercure. Connectez l’ECG et les électrodes de stimulation électrique au cœur.Placez le cœur au centre de la chambre de verre gainée maintenue à 37 degrés Celsius. Laissez le cœur s’équilibrer pendant 20 minutes à l’intérieur de la chambre. Ajustez ensuite la température du bain-marie pour maintenir la température dans la chambre en verre gainé à 30 degrés Celsius.Une fois que la température a atteint le niveau souhaité, activez l’interrupteur de stimulation électrique sur le logiciel de l’ordinateur portable. Si l’animal fait partie du groupe de fibrillation ventriculaire à long terme ou de FV stimulé en continu, prévoyez 90 minutes de stimulation électrique. Après 90 minutes de FV, utilisez des électrodes pour donner 0,1 joule de défibrillation en courant continu.Simultanément, régulez la température du bain-marie pour permettre à la température d’augmenter lentement dans la chambre de verre gainée à 37 degrés Celsius pendant 10 minutes. Après la défibrillation, laissez le cœur battre pendant 60 minutes, puis arrêtez les battements par perfusion lente avec du chlorure de potassium à 10% à environ 37 degrés Celsius. Retirer le cœur pour le dosage de la créatine kinase ou CK-MB et l’analyse histologique.Les taux de FV, le taux de réussite de la défibrillation et le taux de réussite du modèle FV sont présentés ici. Le Groupe LC et le Groupe HC ont reçu une stimulation électrique continue et la FV s’est donc produite avec un taux de réussite de 100%. Mais le groupe HC a démontré des taux de réussite plus faibles pour la défibrillation.Le groupe LI et le groupe HI dans lesquels la stimulation électrique a été désactivée après cinq minutes présentaient des taux différents de FV, mais le taux de FV était plus lent dans les deux groupes par rapport au groupe LC et au groupe HC. Le groupe LC et le groupe LI ont tous deux eu de meilleurs taux de réussite de la défibrillation. Mais dans l’ensemble, le groupe LC avait le taux de réussite du modèle le plus élevé, tandis que le groupe LI avait un taux de réussite du modèle inférieur. La fréquence cardiaque ou FC, le débit coronaire ou la mucoviscidose et la différence de pression ventriculaire gauche ou les taux de récupération LVPD sont indiqués ici.L’hémodynamique du groupe C est restée stable pendant l’expérience et a montré une légère diminution de la FC, de la mucoviscidose et de la LVPD. Les deux groupes avec VF induite par basse tension avaient des performances similaires et un bon taux de récupération. Le HR et la LVPD n’étaient pas significativement différents dans ces groupes par rapport au groupe C.Mais le taux de récupération de la FK était significativement meilleur que dans le groupe C.In En revanche, le taux de récupération hémodynamique des deux groupes avec une tension élevée induite par la FV à long terme était faible et le groupe FV à long terme stimulé en continu à haute tension a montré le pire taux de récupération.L’analyse des liquides d’épanchement coronaire a montré que les niveaux de CK-MB étaient plus élevés dans les deux groupes à haute tension. Aucune différence n’a été observée entre les deux groupes basse tension et la coloration à l’hématoxyline et à l’éosine du groupe C.L’hématoxyline et l’éosine ont montré une zone de brûlure de l’électrode dans le groupe HC. Ce protocole convient à l’étude liée à l’arrêt de la fibrillation ventriculaire et à la perfusion en chirurgie cardiovasculaire.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Energetics in Isolated Mouse Hearts Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Bioengineered mouse models have become powerful research tools in determining causal relationships between molecular alterations and models of cardiovascular disease. Although molecular biology is necessary in identifying key changes in the signaling pathway, it is not a surrogate for functional significance. While physiology can provide answers to the question of function, combining physiology with biochemical assessment of metabolites in the intact, beating heart allows for a complete picture of cardiac function and energetics. For years, our laboratory has utilized isolated heart perfusions combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to accomplish this task. Left ventricular function is assessed by Langendorff-mode isolated heart perfusions while cardiac energetics is measured by performing 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the perfused hearts. With these techniques, indices of cardiac function in combination with levels of phosphocreatine and ATP can be measured simultaneously in beating hearts. Furthermore, these parameters can be monitored while physiologic or pathologic stressors are instituted. For example, ischemia/reperfusion or high workload challenge protocols can be adopted. The use of aortic banding or other models of cardiac pathology are apt as well. Regardless of the variants within the protocol, the functional and energetic significance of molecular modifications of transgenic mouse models can be adequately described, leading to new insights into the associated enzymatic and metabolic pathways. Therefore, 31P NMR spectroscopy in the isolated perfused heart is a valuable research technique in animal models of cardiovascular disease.

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Energetics in Isolated Mouse Hearts Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Langendorff-mode isolated heart perfusion, in conjunction with 31P NMR spectroscopy, combines the fields of biochemistry and physiology into one experiment. The protocol allows for the dynamic measurement of high energy phosphate content and turnover in the heart while concurrently monitoring physiologic function. When performed correctly, this is a valuable technique in the assessment of cardiac energetics.

L&#39;évaluation de la fonction cardiaque et Energétique dans les coeurs isolés de souris à l&#39;aide<sup&gt; 31</sup&gt; P NMR Spectroscopy

Bioengineered mouse models have become powerful research tools in determining causal relationships between molecular alterations and models of ...

Recherche

Médecine

NADH Fluorescence Imaging of Isolated Biventricular Working Rabbit Hearts

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited for studies of cardiac metabolism, which require the heart to perform work within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. Neely introduced modifications to the Langendorff technique to establish appropriate left ventricular (LV) preload and afterload pressures3. The model is known as the isolated LV working heart model and has been used extensively to study LV performance and metabolism4-6. This model, however, does not provide a properly loaded right ventricle (RV). Demmy et al. first reported a biventricular model as a modification of the LV working heart model7, 8. They found that stroke volume, cardiac output, and pressure development improved in hearts converted from working LV mode to biventricular working mode8. A properly loaded RV also diminishes abnormal pressure gradients across the septum to improve septal function. Biventricular working hearts have been shown to maintain aortic output, pulmonary flow, mean aortic pressure, heart rate, and myocardial ATP levels for up to 3 hours8.
When studying the metabolic effects of myocardial injury, such as ischemia, it is often necessary to identify the location of the affected tissue. This can be done by imaging the fluorescence of NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)9-11, a coenzyme found in large quantities in the mitochondria. NADH fluorescence (fNADH) displays a near linearly inverse relationship with local oxygen concentration12 and provides a measure of mitochondrial redox state13. fNADH imaging during hypoxic and ischemic conditions has been used as a dye-free method to identify hypoxic regions14, 15 and to monitor the progression of hypoxic conditions over time10.
The objective of the method is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of biventricular working hearts during protocols that alter the rate of myocyte metabolism or induce hypoxia or create a combination of the two. Hearts from New Zealand white rabbits were connected to a biventricular working heart system (Hugo Sachs Elektronik) and perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution16 at 37 &deg;C. Aortic, LV, pulmonary artery, and left &amp; right atrial pressures were recorded. Electrical activity was measured using a monophasic action potential electrode. To image fNADH, light from a mercury lamp was filtered (350&plusmn;25 nm) and used to illuminate the epicardium. Emitted light was filtered (460&plusmn;20 nm) and imaged using a CCD camera. Changes in the epicardial fNADH of biventricular working hearts during different pacing rates are presented. The combination of the heart model and fNADH imaging provides a new and valuable experimental tool for studying acute cardiac pathologies within the context of realistic physiological conditions.

The objective is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of isolated hearts within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. A biventricular working rabbit heart model is presented. High spatiotemporal resolution fluorescence imaging of NADH is used to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of epicardial tissue.

NADH imagerie par fluorescence de biventriculaire isolé travail coeurs de lapin

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited ...

Reduction in Left Ventricular Wall Stress and Improvement in Function in Failing Hearts using Algisyl-LVR

Injection of Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently used for the first time in patients who had symptomatic heart failure. In all patients, cardiac function of the left ventricle (LV) improved significantly, as manifested by consistent reduction of the LV volume and wall stress. Here we describe this novel treatment procedure and the methods used to quantify its effects on LV wall stress and function.
Algisyl-LVR is a biopolymer gel consisting of Na+-Alginate and Ca2+-Alginate. The treatment procedure was carried out by mixing these two components and then combining them into one syringe for intramyocardial injections. This mixture was injected at 10 to 19 locations mid-way between the base and apex of the LV free wall in patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), together with mathematical modeling, was used to quantify the effects of this treatment in patients before treatment and at various time points during recovery. The epicardial and endocardial surfaces were first digitized from the MR images to reconstruct the LV geometry at end-systole and at end-diastole. Left ventricular cavity volumes were then measured from these reconstructed surfaces.
Mathematical models of the LV were created from these MRI-reconstructed surfaces to calculate regional myofiber stress. Each LV model was constructed so that 1) it deforms according to a previously validated stress-strain relationship of the myocardium, and 2) the predicted LV cavity volume from these models matches the corresponding MRI-measured volume at end-diastole and end-systole. Diastolic filling was simulated by loading the LV endocardial surface with a prescribed end-diastolic pressure. Systolic contraction was simulated by concurrently loading the endocardial surface with a prescribed end-systolic pressure and adding active contraction in the myofiber direction. Regional myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole was computed from the deformed LV based on the stress-strain relationship.

This article describes procedures for implanting a novel hydrogel in failing hearts and quantifying its effect on left ventricular wall stress and function. These procedures have been successfully applied in dogs and humans.

Réduction du ventricule gauche Stress mur et amélioration de la fonction dans les coeurs défaillants utilisant Algisyl-LVR

Injection of  Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat  patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

Méthode de isolé<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Lung perfusion dans un modèle rat: Leçons tirées élaboration d&#39;un programme EVLP Rat

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

A Rat Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Resuscitation by Conventional Closed-chest Technique

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans is herein described. The model was developed in 1988 and has been used in approximately 70 peer-reviewed publications examining a myriad of resuscitation aspects including its physiology and pathophysiology, determinants of resuscitability, pharmacologic interventions, and even the effects of cell therapies. The model featured in this presentation includes: (1) vascular catheterization to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, to measure cardiac output by thermodilution, and to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation; and (2) tracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with oxygen enriched gas and assessment of the end-tidal CO2. A typical sequence of intervention entails: (1) electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, (2) chest compression using a mechanical piston device concomitantly with positive pressure ventilation delivering oxygen-enriched gas, (3) electrical shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation and reestablish cardiac activity, (4) assessment of post-resuscitation hemodynamic and metabolic function, and (5) assessment of survival and recovery of organ function. A robust inventory of measurements is available that includes &#8211; but is not limited to &#8211; hemodynamic, metabolic, and tissue measurements. The model has been highly effective in developing new resuscitation concepts and examining novel therapeutic interventions before their testing in larger and translationally more relevant animal models of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

This article describes a rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation and resuscitation by chest compression, ventilation, and delivery of electrical shocks that simulates an episode of sudden cardiac arrest and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The model enables gathering insights on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and exploration of new resuscitation strategies.

Un modèle de rat de la fibrillation ventriculaire et de réanimation par conventionnelle à thorax fermé Technique

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic ...

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.

The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

Induction et de l&#39;évaluation de l&#39;ischémie-reperfusion dans coeurs de rat Langendorff perfusés

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

Mise en place chirurgicale de cathéters pour épreuve d&#39;effort cardiovasculaire à long terme chez le porc

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. Indeed, research focusing on the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets using genetically altered mice requires a reliable, long-term assessment of the systemic arterial pressure variation. Currently, the gold standard for obtaining long-term measurements of blood pressure in ambulatory mice uses implantable radio-transmitters, which require&#160;artery cannulation. This technique eliminates the need for tethering, restraining, or anesthetizing the animals which introduce stress and artifacts during data sampling. However, arterial blood pressure monitoring in mice via catheterization can be rather challenging due to the small size of the arteries. Here we present a step-by-step guide to illustrate the crucial key passages for a successful subcutaneous implantation of radio-transmitters and carotid artery cannulation in mice. We also include examples of long-term blood pressure activity taken from freely moving mice after a period of post-surgery recovery. Following this procedure will allow reliable direct blood pressure recordings from multiple animals simultaneously.

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

Mesure la pression artérielle à long terme chez la souris Librement mobile à l&#39;aide de télémesure

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

The Inverted Heart Model for Interstitial Transudate Collection from the Isolated Rat Heart

The present protocol describes a unique approach that enables the collection of cardiac transudate (CT) from the isolated, saline-perfused rat heart. After isolation and retrograde perfusion of the heart according to the Langendorff technique, the heart is inverted into an upside-down position and is mechanically stabilized by a balloon catheter inserted into the left ventricle. Then, a thin latex cap &#8211; previously cast to match the average size of the rat heart &#8211; is placed over the epicardial surface. The outlet of the latex cap is connected to silicon tubing, with the distal opening 10 cm below the base level of the heart, creating slight suction. CT continuously produced on the epicardial surface is collected in ice-cooled vials for further analysis. The rate of CT formation ranged from 17 to 147 &#181;L/min (n = 14) in control and infarcted hearts, which represents 0.1-1% of the coronary venous effluent perfusate. Proteomic analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the collected CT contains a wide spectrum of proteins and purinergic metabolites.

This protocol describes a method to collect cardiac interstitial fluid from the isolated, perfused rat heart. To physically separate interstitial transudate from coronary venous effluent perfusate, the Langendorff perfused heart is inverted, and the transudate (interstitial fluid) formed on the cardiac surface is collected using a soft latex cap.

Le modèle de coeur inversé pour la collecte de transudat interstitielle à partir du coeur de rat isolé

The present protocol describes a unique approach that enables the collection of cardiac transudate (CT) from the isolated, saline-perfused rat heart. ...

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as preclinical settings. Prospective randomized trials in human subjects are difficult to design and ethically ambiguous, which results in a lack of evidence-based therapies. The model presented in this report represents one of the most common causes of cardiac arrests, ventricular fibrillation, in a standardized setting in a large animal model. This allows for reproducible observations and various therapeutic interventions under clinically accurate conditions, hence facilitating the generation of better evidence and eventually the potential for improved medical treatment.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are the only effective therapeutic options during cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. This model presents a standardized regimen to induce, assess, and treat this physiological state in a porcine model, thus providing a clinical approach with various opportunities for data collection and analysis.

Modèle normalisé de fibrillation ventriculaire et de soutien de la vie cardiaque avancé chez les porcs

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as ...