Name: a model of long-term ventricular fibrillation in isolated rat hearts
Uploaded: 2023-02-17T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts at JoVE.com

Este trabajo se llevó a cabo con el apoyo de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Primer Centro Médico, Hospital General PLA Chino y el Centro de Animales de Laboratorio, Hospital General PLA Chino.

Todos los procedimientos y protocolos experimentales utilizados en esta investigación fueron revisados y aprobados por el Comité de Cuidado y Uso de Animales del Hospital General del PLA.
1. Preparación del aparato de Langendorff
<ol><li>Prepare el tampón de Krebs-Henseleit (K-H). Para preparar el tampón K-H, agregue lo siguiente al agua destilada: 118.0 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO 4, 1.2 mM NaH 2 PO4, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 25.0 mM NaHCO3, ...

<ol>
	<li>Kilic, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+outcomes+of+mitral+valve+reoperations+in+the+United+States:+An+analysis+of+the+society+of+thoracic+surgeons+national+database.">Clinical outcomes of mitral valve reoperations in the United States: An analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons national database.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 107 (3), 754-759 (2019).</li><li>Akins, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+of+reoperative+valve+replacement+for+failed+mitral+and+aortic+bioprostheses.">Risk of reoperative valve replacement for failed mitral and aortic bioprostheses.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 65 (6), 1551-1542 (1998).</li><li>Jamieson, W. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reoperation+for+bioprosthetic+mitral+structural+failure:+risk+assessment.">Reoperation for bioprosthetic mitral structural failure: risk assessment.</a> Circulation. 108 (Suppl 1), 98 (2003).</li><li>Seeburger, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+mitral+valve+surgery+after+previous+sternotomy:+Experience+in+181+patients.">Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery after previous sternotomy: Experience in 181 patients.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 87 (3), 709-714 (2009).</li><li>Arcidi, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifteen-year+experience+with+minimally+invasive+approach+for+reoperations+involving+the+mitral+valve.">Fifteen-year experience with minimally invasive approach for reoperations involving the mitral valve.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 143 (5), 1062-1068 (2012).</li><li>Cox, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+induced+ventricular+fibrillation+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass+in+nonhypertrophied+hearts.">The safety of induced ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass in nonhypertrophied hearts.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 74 (3), 423-432 (1977).</li><li>Schraut, W., Lamberti, J. J., Kampman, K., Glagov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+fibrillation+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass:+Long-term+effects+on+myocardial+morphology+and+function.">Ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass: Long-term effects on myocardial morphology and function.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 27 (3), 230-234 (1979).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pravastatin+attenuates+cardiac+dysfunction+induced+by+lysophosphatidylcholine+in+isolated+rat+hearts.">Pravastatin attenuates cardiac dysfunction induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in isolated rat hearts.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 640 (1-3), 139-142 (2010).</li><li>Lang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXCL10/IP-10+neutralization+can+ameliorate+lipopolysaccharide-induced+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome+in+rats.">CXCL10/IP-10 neutralization can ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats.</a> PLoS One. 12 (1), e0169100 (2017).</li><li>Lubbe, W. F., Bricknell, O. L., Marzagao, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+fibrillation+threshold+and+vulnerable+period+in+the+isolated+perfused+rat+heart.">Ventricular fibrillation threshold and vulnerable period in the isolated perfused rat heart.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 9 (5), 613-620 (1975).</li><li>Hottentrott, C. E., Towers, B., Kurkji, H. J., Maloney, J. V., Buckberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hazard+of+ventricular+fibrillation+in+hypertrophied+ventricles+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.">The hazard of ventricular fibrillation in hypertrophied ventricles during cardiopulmonary bypass.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 66 (5), 742-753 (1973).</li><li>Hottenrott, C., Maloney, J. V., Buckberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+ventricular+fibrillation+on+the+adequacy+of+regional+myocardial+flow.+I.+Electrical+vs.+spontaneous+fibrillation.">Studies of the effects of ventricular fibrillation on the adequacy of regional myocardial flow. I. Electrical vs. spontaneous fibrillation.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 68 (4), 615-625 (1974).</li><li>Buckberg, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+hypothermia+on+regional+myocardial+blood+flow+and+metabolism+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.+I.+The+adequately+perfused+beating,+fibrillating,+and+arrested+heart.">Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. I. The adequately perfused beating, fibrillating, and arrested heart.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 73 (1), 87-94 (1977).</li><li>Gazmuri, R. J., Berkowitz, M., Cajigas, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+effects+of+ventricular+fibrillation+in+the+isolated+rat+heart.">Myocardial effects of ventricular fibrillation in the isolated rat heart.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 27 (8), 1542-1550 (1999).</li><li>Clasen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+approach+for+programmed+electrical+stimulation+in+mice:+Inducibility+of+ventricular+arrhythmias.">A modified approach for programmed electrical stimulation in mice: Inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias.</a> PLoS One. 13 (8), e0201910 (2018).</li><li>Diaz-Maue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+cardiac+rhythm+management+by+applying+optogenetic+multi-site+photostimulation+in+murine+hearts.">Advanced cardiac rhythm management by applying optogenetic multi-site photostimulation in murine hearts.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (174), e62335 (2021).</li><li>Jungen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+intracardiac+neurons+on+cardiac+electrophysiology+and+arrhythmogenesis+in+an+ex+vivo+Langendorff+system.">Impact of intracardiac neurons on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis in an ex vivo Langendorff system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 135, e57617 (2018).</li><li>Koretsune, Y., Marban, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+calcium+in+the+pathophysiology+of+ventricular+fibrillation+and+in+the+pathogenesis+of+postarrhythmic+contractile+dysfunction.">Cell calcium in the pathophysiology of ventricular fibrillation and in the pathogenesis of postarrhythmic contractile dysfunction.</a> Circulation. 80 (2), 369-379 (1989).</li><li>Brazier, J. R., Cooper, N., McConnell, D. H., Buckberg, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+hypothermia+on+regional+myocardial+blood+flow+and+metabolism+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.+III.+Effects+of+temperature,+time,+and+perfusion+pressure+in+fibrillating+hearts.">Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. III. Effects of temperature, time, and perfusion pressure in fibrillating hearts.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 73 (1), 102-109 (1977).</li><li>von Planta, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+in+the+rat.">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 65 (6), 2641-2647 (1988).</li><li>Luo, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ageing+increases+cardiac+electrical+remodelling+in+rats+and+mice+via+NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-mediated+calcium+signalling.">Ageing increases cardiac electrical remodelling in rats and mice via NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-mediated calcium signalling.</a> Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022, 8538296 (2022).</li><li>Hohnloser, S., Weirich, J., Antoni, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+direct+current+on+the+electrical+activity+of+the+heart+and+on+its+susceptibility+to+ventricular+fibrillation.">Influence of direct current on the electrical activity of the heart and on its susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation.</a> Basic Research in Cardiology. 77 (3), 237-249 (1982).</li><li>Xie, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-energy+defibrillation+increases+the+severity+of+postresuscitation+myocardial+dysfunction.">High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction.</a> Circulation. 96 (2), 683-688 (1997).</li><li>Manoach, M., Netz, H., Erez, M., Weinstock, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+self-defibrillation+in+mammals:+Age+and+drug+dependence.">Ventricular self-defibrillation in mammals: Age and drug dependence.</a> Age and Ageing. 9 (2), 112-116 (1980).</li><li>Filippi, S., Gizzi, A., Cherubini, C., Luther, S., Fenton, F. 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Este protocolo establece un modelo animal de FV a largo plazo en corazones de rata aislados que no se ha informado previamente. Además, se compararon diferentes condiciones de estimulación eléctrica en este estudio. Este estudio proporciona un modelo para estudios relacionados con la detención de la fibrilación ventricular durante la cirugía cardíaca.
La tasa de éxito del modelo es un indicador muy importante que está relacionado con el personal, el tiempo y los costos económicos. En...

La cirugía cardíaca generalmente se realiza mediante toracotomía, con bloqueo de la aorta y perfusión con una solución cardiopléjica para detener el corazón. La repetición de la cirugía cardíaca puede ser más difícil que la cirugía inicial, con mayores tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad 1,2,3. Además, el enfoque de esternotomía mediana convencional puede causar daño a los vasos puente detrás del esternón, la aorta ascendente, el ventrículo derecho y otras estructuras importantes. El sangrado extenso debido a la separación del tejido conectivo, la infección de la herida esternal y la osteomielitis esternal debido a la esternotomía son todas posibles complicaciones. La disección extensa aumenta el riesgo de lesiones y hemorragias en estructuras cardíacas vitales.
Con el desarrollo de la cirugía cardíaca mínimamente invasiva, las incisiones se han vuelto más pequeñas y el paro cardíaco a veces es difícil de lograr. La repetición de la cirugía cardíaca bajo fibrilación ventricular (FV)4,5 es segura, factible y puede proporcionar una mejor protección miocárdica. Por lo tanto, este protocolo introduce el método de paro cardíaco de FV en cirugía con circulación extracorpórea mínimamente invasiva. El corazón pierde la contracción efectiva durante la FV y, por lo tanto, no hay necesidad de suturar y bloquear la aorta ascendente durante la cirugía, lo que simplifica el procedimiento. Sin embargo, incluso si el corazón se perfunde continuamente, la fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo puede ser perjudicial para el corazón.
A medida que este método se usa más ampliamente, la cuestión de cómo proteger el corazón durante la FV se vuelve cada vez más relevante. Esto requerirá estudios extensos y en profundidad utilizando modelos animales de FV a largo plazo. En el pasado, la investigación en este campo ha utilizado principalmente animales grandes6,7 y ha requerido la cooperación entre cirujanos, anestesiólogos, perfusionistas y otros investigadores. Estos estudios tomaron demasiado tiempo, los tamaños de la muestra a menudo fueron pequeños y los estudios generalmente se centraron en la función cardíaca y menos en las evaluaciones mecanicistas y moleculares. Hasta la fecha, ningún estudio ha informado un protocolo detallado para establecer un modelo de FV a largo plazo.
Este protocolo, por lo tanto, proporciona los detalles necesarios para desarrollar un modelo de rata FV a largo plazo utilizando el aparato de Langendorff. El protocolo es simple, económico, repetible y estable.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0 Non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2 + 5% CO2</td>
			<td>Beijing BeiYang United Gas Co., Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcqKnowledge software</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 4.2.1</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic biochemistry analyzer</td>
			<td>Rayto Life and Analytical Sciences Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Chemray 800</td>
			<td>CK-MB assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIOPAC research systems</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>MP150</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt needle (20 G, TWLB)</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10005861</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CK-MB assay kits&#160;</td>
			<td>Changchun Huili Biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>C060</td>
			<td>CK-MB assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forcep</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10009717</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrical stimulator</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>STEMISOC</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>63005518</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium</td>
			<td>Tianjin Biochem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H120200505</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>21082201</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>20025118</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle electrodes</td>
			<td>BIOPAC Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>EL452</td>
			<td>Hardware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic clamp</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion tube</td>
			<td>Tianjin Hanaco MEDICAL Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H-113AP-S</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10016318</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10018960</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>10019318</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>20040718</td>
			<td>K-H buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats</td>
			<td>SPF (Beijing) biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Male, 300-350g</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Jingchuang Electronics Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>GSP-6</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissueforceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ventilator</td>
			<td>Chengdu Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>DKX-150</td>
			<td>Preparation of the isolated heart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath1</td>
			<td>Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>SC-15</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Technology Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>DK-8D</td>
			<td>Modified Langendorff perfusion system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a model of long-term ventricular fibrillation in isolated rat hearts

La fibrilación ventricular (FV) es una arritmia fatal con una alta incidencia en pacientes cardíacos, pero la detención de la FV bajo perfusión es un método descuidado de parada intraoperatoria en el campo de la cirugía cardíaca. Con los recientes avances en cirugía cardíaca, la demanda de estudios prolongados de FV bajo perfusión ha aumentado. Sin embargo, el campo carece de modelos animales simples, confiables y reproducibles de fibrilación ventricular crónica. Este protocolo induce FV a largo plazo a través de la estimulación eléctrica de corriente alterna (CA) del epicardio. Se utilizaron diferentes condiciones para inducir la FV, incluida la estimulación continua con un voltaje bajo o alto para inducir una FV a largo plazo y la estimulación durante 5 min con un voltaje bajo o alto para inducir una FV espontánea a largo plazo. Se compararon las tasas de éxito de las diferentes afecciones, así como las tasas de lesión miocárdica y recuperación de la función cardíaca. Los resultados mostraron que la estimulación continua de bajo voltaje indujo FV a largo plazo y que 5 min de estimulación de bajo voltaje indujo FV espontánea a largo plazo con lesión miocárdica leve y una alta tasa de recuperación de la función cardíaca. Sin embargo, el modelo VF a largo plazo de bajo voltaje y estimulado continuamente tuvo una mayor tasa de éxito. La estimulación de alto voltaje proporcionó una mayor tasa de inducción de FV, pero mostró una baja tasa de éxito de desfibrilación, una recuperación deficiente de la función cardíaca y una lesión miocárdica grave. Sobre la base de estos resultados, se recomienda la estimulación continua de CA epicárdica de bajo voltaje por su alta tasa de éxito, estabilidad, confiabilidad, reproducibilidad, bajo impacto en la función cardíaca y lesión miocárdica leve.

Un total de 57 ratas fueron utilizadas en los experimentos, de las cuales 30 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los animales incluidos se dividieron en cinco grupos, con seis animales en cada grupo: el grupo control (Grupo C), el grupo de FV a largo plazo estimulado continuamente de bajo voltaje (Grupo LC), el grupo de FV a largo plazo estimulado continuamente de alto voltaje (Grupo HC), el grupo de FV espontánea a largo plazo inducida por bajo voltaje (Grupo LI) y el grupo de FV espontánea a largo plazo induc...

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A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts

Este protocolo presenta un modelo de fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo en corazones de rata inducida por estimulación continua con corriente alterna de bajo voltaje. Este modelo tiene una alta tasa de éxito, es estable, confiable y reproducible, tiene un bajo impacto en la función cardíaca y solo causa una lesión miocárdica leve.

Un modelo de fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo en corazones de rata aislados

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a fatal arrhythmia with a high incidence in cardiac patients, but VF arrest under perfusion is a neglected method of ...

Este protocolo proporciona una necesidad detallada de desarrollar un modelo de rata de fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo utilizando el aparato de Langendorff. Llena el vacío de la fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo en el modelo de animales pequeños. La técnica es simple, económica, repetible y estable.Esta técnica se puede utilizar en el estudio de la parada de la fibrilación ventricular bajo perfusión que se realiza en determinadas situaciones clínicas en el campo de las sesiones y operaciones de cirugía cardíaca. Para comenzar, prepare el tampón Krebs-Henseleit o KH agregando cloruro de sodio 118 milimolar, cloruro de potasio milimolar, cloruro de magnesio milimolar 1.2, dihidrógenofosfato de sodio milimolar, cloruro de calcio milimolar, bicarbonato de sodio milimolar, 11.1 glucosa milimolar y EDTA 0.5 milimolar en agua destilada. A continuación, prepare el sistema de perfusión Langendorff modificado.Gasear continuamente el matraz que contiene tampón KH con 95% de oxígeno y 5% de dióxido de carbono a una presión de aproximadamente 80 milímetros de mercurio. Coloque un extremo del tubo de perfusión en el tampón KH, pase el centro del tubo de perfusión a través del baño de agua y conecte una aguja roma de calibre 20 al otro extremo del tubo de perfusión. Después de suspender la aguja en un soporte de alambre, ajuste la temperatura del baño de agua para que la temperatura del tampón KH desde el final del sistema de perfusión sea de 37 grados centígrados.Utilice un registrador de señales fisiológicas para digitalizar y registrar todas las señales analógicas. Use dos electrodos de aguja de acero inoxidable para registrar un electrocardiograma bipolar o ECG y dos electrodos de aguja de acero inoxidable para la estimulación eléctrica. Conecte un extremo de los cuatro electrodos al registrador de señales fisiológicas y el otro extremo cerca del área donde se colocará el corazón después de la fijación al aparato.A continuación, utilice el software de la computadora portátil para reconocer, ajustar y registrar automáticamente el ECG bipolar y los parámetros hemodinámicos. Ajuste los parámetros del estimulador eléctrico a 30 hercios de corriente alterna con el grupo de bajo voltaje que recibe 2 voltios y el grupo de alto voltaje que recibe 6 voltios. Con la rata anestesiada conectada a un ventilador después de la disección cervical y la intubación traqueal, levante la piel del proceso xifoide con fórceps dentados y haga una incisión transversal de tres centímetros en la piel con tijeras de tejido.Extienda las incisiones de piel y costillas a las axilas en ambos lados en forma de V. Use la disección roma para separar el tronco braquiocefálico del tejido circundante. Luego sujete el tronco braquiocefálico con fórceps curvos para facilitar la extirpación del corazón.Inmediatamente sumerja el corazón en una placa de Petri con tampón KH a 0 a 4 grados centígrados para lavar y bombear la sangre residual. Transfiera el corazón a una segunda placa de Petri. Cortar el tejido redundante e identificar la aorta.Use dos fórceps oftálmicos para levantar la aorta e inserte la aorta en la aguja roma del aparato de Langendorff. Luego, con la ayuda de un asistente, ate un nudo con un hilo de sutura 0. Encienda el regulador de flujo de perfusión.Empuje el balón a través de la válvula mitral hasta el ventrículo izquierdo. Llene el globo con agua destilada para lograr una presión diastólica final de 5 a 10 milímetros de mercurio. Conecte el ECG y los electrodos de estimulación eléctrica al corazón.Coloque el corazón en el centro de la cámara de vidrio encamisada mantenida a 37 grados centígrados. Permita que el corazón se equilibre durante 20 minutos dentro de la cámara. Luego ajuste la temperatura del baño de agua para mantener la temperatura dentro de la cámara de vidrio encamisada a 30 grados centígrados.Después de que la temperatura haya alcanzado el nivel deseado, active el interruptor de estimulación eléctrica en el software de la computadora portátil. Si el animal es parte del grupo de fibrilación ventricular a largo plazo estimulada continuamente o fibrilación VF, permita 90 minutos de estimulación eléctrica. Después de 90 minutos de FV, use electrodos para dar 0.1 julios de desfibrilación de corriente continua.Simultáneamente, regule la temperatura del baño de agua para permitir que la temperatura aumente lentamente dentro de la cámara de vidrio encamisada a 37 grados centígrados durante 10 minutos. Después de la desfibrilación, deje que el corazón lata durante 60 minutos y luego detenga los latidos por perfusión lenta con cloruro de potasio al 10% a aproximadamente 37 grados centígrados. Extirpar el corazón para la creatina quinasa o el ensayo CK-MB y el análisis histológico.Aquí se muestran las tasas de FV, la tasa de éxito de la desfibrilación y la tasa de éxito del modelo de FV. El grupo LC y el grupo HC recibieron estimulación eléctrica continua y, por lo tanto, la FV ocurrió con una tasa de éxito del 100%. Pero el grupo HC demostró tasas de éxito más bajas para la desfibrilación.El grupo LI y el grupo HI en los que la estimulación eléctrica se desactivó después de cinco minutos tuvieron diferentes tasas de FV, pero la tasa de FV fue más lenta en ambos grupos en comparación con el Grupo LC y el Grupo HC. Tanto el Grupo LC como el Grupo LI tuvieron mejores tasas de éxito de desfibrilación. Pero en general, el Grupo LC tuvo la tasa de éxito del modelo más alta, mientras que el Grupo LI tuvo una tasa de éxito del modelo más baja. La frecuencia cardíaca o FC, el flujo coronario o la FQ, y la diferencia de presión ventricular izquierda o las tasas de recuperación de LVPD se muestran aquí.La hemodinámica del Grupo C se mantuvo estable durante el experimento y mostró una ligera disminución de la FC, la FQ y la PDVI. Los dos grupos con FV inducida por bajo voltaje tuvieron un rendimiento similar y una buena tasa de recuperación. La FC y la PDVI no fueron significativamente diferentes en esos grupos en comparación con el Grupo C.Pero la tasa de recuperación de la FQ fue significativamente mejor que en el Grupo C.In contraste, la tasa de recuperación hemodinámica de los dos grupos con alto voltaje inducido a FV a largo plazo fue pobre y el grupo de FV a largo plazo estimulado continuamente de alto voltaje mostró la peor tasa de recuperación.El análisis de los fluidos de derrame coronario mostró que los niveles de CK-MB fueron más altos en ambos grupos de alto voltaje. No se encontraron diferencias entre los dos grupos de baja tensión y el Grupo C.La tinción de hematoxilina y eosina mostró una región de quemadura de electrodos en el Grupo HC. Este protocolo es adecuado para el estudio relacionado con la detención de la fibrilación ventricular y la perfusión en cirugía cardiovascular.

a-model-of-long-term-ventricular-fibrillation-in-isolated-rat-hearts

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Energetics in Isolated Mouse Hearts Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Bioengineered mouse models have become powerful research tools in determining causal relationships between molecular alterations and models of cardiovascular disease. Although molecular biology is necessary in identifying key changes in the signaling pathway, it is not a surrogate for functional significance. While physiology can provide answers to the question of function, combining physiology with biochemical assessment of metabolites in the intact, beating heart allows for a complete picture of cardiac function and energetics. For years, our laboratory has utilized isolated heart perfusions combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to accomplish this task. Left ventricular function is assessed by Langendorff-mode isolated heart perfusions while cardiac energetics is measured by performing 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the perfused hearts. With these techniques, indices of cardiac function in combination with levels of phosphocreatine and ATP can be measured simultaneously in beating hearts. Furthermore, these parameters can be monitored while physiologic or pathologic stressors are instituted. For example, ischemia/reperfusion or high workload challenge protocols can be adopted. The use of aortic banding or other models of cardiac pathology are apt as well. Regardless of the variants within the protocol, the functional and energetic significance of molecular modifications of transgenic mouse models can be adequately described, leading to new insights into the associated enzymatic and metabolic pathways. Therefore, 31P NMR spectroscopy in the isolated perfused heart is a valuable research technique in animal models of cardiovascular disease.

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Energetics in Isolated Mouse Hearts Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Langendorff-mode isolated heart perfusion, in conjunction with 31P NMR spectroscopy, combines the fields of biochemistry and physiology into one experiment. The protocol allows for the dynamic measurement of high energy phosphate content and turnover in the heart while concurrently monitoring physiologic function. When performed correctly, this is a valuable technique in the assessment of cardiac energetics.

Evaluación de la función cardiaca y Energética en los corazones de ratón aislado utilizando 31 P espectroscopía de RMN

Bioengineered mouse models have become powerful research tools in determining causal relationships between molecular alterations and models of ...

Investigación

Medicina

NADH Fluorescence Imaging of Isolated Biventricular Working Rabbit Hearts

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited for studies of cardiac metabolism, which require the heart to perform work within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. Neely introduced modifications to the Langendorff technique to establish appropriate left ventricular (LV) preload and afterload pressures3. The model is known as the isolated LV working heart model and has been used extensively to study LV performance and metabolism4-6. This model, however, does not provide a properly loaded right ventricle (RV). Demmy et al. first reported a biventricular model as a modification of the LV working heart model7, 8. They found that stroke volume, cardiac output, and pressure development improved in hearts converted from working LV mode to biventricular working mode8. A properly loaded RV also diminishes abnormal pressure gradients across the septum to improve septal function. Biventricular working hearts have been shown to maintain aortic output, pulmonary flow, mean aortic pressure, heart rate, and myocardial ATP levels for up to 3 hours8.
When studying the metabolic effects of myocardial injury, such as ischemia, it is often necessary to identify the location of the affected tissue. This can be done by imaging the fluorescence of NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)9-11, a coenzyme found in large quantities in the mitochondria. NADH fluorescence (fNADH) displays a near linearly inverse relationship with local oxygen concentration12 and provides a measure of mitochondrial redox state13. fNADH imaging during hypoxic and ischemic conditions has been used as a dye-free method to identify hypoxic regions14, 15 and to monitor the progression of hypoxic conditions over time10.
The objective of the method is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of biventricular working hearts during protocols that alter the rate of myocyte metabolism or induce hypoxia or create a combination of the two. Hearts from New Zealand white rabbits were connected to a biventricular working heart system (Hugo Sachs Elektronik) and perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution16 at 37 &deg;C. Aortic, LV, pulmonary artery, and left &amp; right atrial pressures were recorded. Electrical activity was measured using a monophasic action potential electrode. To image fNADH, light from a mercury lamp was filtered (350&plusmn;25 nm) and used to illuminate the epicardium. Emitted light was filtered (460&plusmn;20 nm) and imaged using a CCD camera. Changes in the epicardial fNADH of biventricular working hearts during different pacing rates are presented. The combination of the heart model and fNADH imaging provides a new and valuable experimental tool for studying acute cardiac pathologies within the context of realistic physiological conditions.

The objective is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of isolated hearts within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. A biventricular working rabbit heart model is presented. High spatiotemporal resolution fluorescence imaging of NADH is used to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of epicardial tissue.

NADH fluorescencia de imágenes de biventricular aislada Trabajo corazones de conejo

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited ...

Reduction in Left Ventricular Wall Stress and Improvement in Function in Failing Hearts using Algisyl-LVR

Injection of Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently used for the first time in patients who had symptomatic heart failure. In all patients, cardiac function of the left ventricle (LV) improved significantly, as manifested by consistent reduction of the LV volume and wall stress. Here we describe this novel treatment procedure and the methods used to quantify its effects on LV wall stress and function.
Algisyl-LVR is a biopolymer gel consisting of Na+-Alginate and Ca2+-Alginate. The treatment procedure was carried out by mixing these two components and then combining them into one syringe for intramyocardial injections. This mixture was injected at 10 to 19 locations mid-way between the base and apex of the LV free wall in patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), together with mathematical modeling, was used to quantify the effects of this treatment in patients before treatment and at various time points during recovery. The epicardial and endocardial surfaces were first digitized from the MR images to reconstruct the LV geometry at end-systole and at end-diastole. Left ventricular cavity volumes were then measured from these reconstructed surfaces.
Mathematical models of the LV were created from these MRI-reconstructed surfaces to calculate regional myofiber stress. Each LV model was constructed so that 1) it deforms according to a previously validated stress-strain relationship of the myocardium, and 2) the predicted LV cavity volume from these models matches the corresponding MRI-measured volume at end-diastole and end-systole. Diastolic filling was simulated by loading the LV endocardial surface with a prescribed end-diastolic pressure. Systolic contraction was simulated by concurrently loading the endocardial surface with a prescribed end-systolic pressure and adding active contraction in the myofiber direction. Regional myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole was computed from the deformed LV based on the stress-strain relationship.

This article describes procedures for implanting a novel hydrogel in failing hearts and quantifying its effect on left ventricular wall stress and function. These procedures have been successfully applied in dogs and humans.

Reducción del estrés de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo y la mejoría de la función en su defecto corazones con Algisyl LVR-

Injection of  Algisyl-LVR, a treatment under clinical development, is intended to treat  patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This treatment was recently ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

Método de aislados<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Perfusión pulmonar en un modelo de rata: Lecciones Aprendidas de Desarrollo de un Programa EVLP Rata

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

A Rat Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Resuscitation by Conventional Closed-chest Technique

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans is herein described. The model was developed in 1988 and has been used in approximately 70 peer-reviewed publications examining a myriad of resuscitation aspects including its physiology and pathophysiology, determinants of resuscitability, pharmacologic interventions, and even the effects of cell therapies. The model featured in this presentation includes: (1) vascular catheterization to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, to measure cardiac output by thermodilution, and to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation; and (2) tracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with oxygen enriched gas and assessment of the end-tidal CO2. A typical sequence of intervention entails: (1) electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, (2) chest compression using a mechanical piston device concomitantly with positive pressure ventilation delivering oxygen-enriched gas, (3) electrical shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation and reestablish cardiac activity, (4) assessment of post-resuscitation hemodynamic and metabolic function, and (5) assessment of survival and recovery of organ function. A robust inventory of measurements is available that includes &#8211; but is not limited to &#8211; hemodynamic, metabolic, and tissue measurements. The model has been highly effective in developing new resuscitation concepts and examining novel therapeutic interventions before their testing in larger and translationally more relevant animal models of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

This article describes a rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation and resuscitation by chest compression, ventilation, and delivery of electrical shocks that simulates an episode of sudden cardiac arrest and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The model enables gathering insights on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and exploration of new resuscitation strategies.

Un modelo de rata de la fibrilación ventricular y Reanimación por Convencional cerrado pecho Técnica

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic ...

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.

The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

Inducción y Evaluación de la isquemia-reperfusión en perfundidos Langendorff corazones de ratas

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

La colocación quirúrgica de catéteres de larga duración cardiovascular prueba de esfuerzo en los cerdos

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. Indeed, research focusing on the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets using genetically altered mice requires a reliable, long-term assessment of the systemic arterial pressure variation. Currently, the gold standard for obtaining long-term measurements of blood pressure in ambulatory mice uses implantable radio-transmitters, which require&#160;artery cannulation. This technique eliminates the need for tethering, restraining, or anesthetizing the animals which introduce stress and artifacts during data sampling. However, arterial blood pressure monitoring in mice via catheterization can be rather challenging due to the small size of the arteries. Here we present a step-by-step guide to illustrate the crucial key passages for a successful subcutaneous implantation of radio-transmitters and carotid artery cannulation in mice. We also include examples of long-term blood pressure activity taken from freely moving mice after a period of post-surgery recovery. Following this procedure will allow reliable direct blood pressure recordings from multiple animals simultaneously.

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

A largo plazo de medida de la presión arterial en ratones con libertad de movimientos mediante telemetría

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

The Inverted Heart Model for Interstitial Transudate Collection from the Isolated Rat Heart

The present protocol describes a unique approach that enables the collection of cardiac transudate (CT) from the isolated, saline-perfused rat heart. After isolation and retrograde perfusion of the heart according to the Langendorff technique, the heart is inverted into an upside-down position and is mechanically stabilized by a balloon catheter inserted into the left ventricle. Then, a thin latex cap &#8211; previously cast to match the average size of the rat heart &#8211; is placed over the epicardial surface. The outlet of the latex cap is connected to silicon tubing, with the distal opening 10 cm below the base level of the heart, creating slight suction. CT continuously produced on the epicardial surface is collected in ice-cooled vials for further analysis. The rate of CT formation ranged from 17 to 147 &#181;L/min (n = 14) in control and infarcted hearts, which represents 0.1-1% of the coronary venous effluent perfusate. Proteomic analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the collected CT contains a wide spectrum of proteins and purinergic metabolites.

This protocol describes a method to collect cardiac interstitial fluid from the isolated, perfused rat heart. To physically separate interstitial transudate from coronary venous effluent perfusate, the Langendorff perfused heart is inverted, and the transudate (interstitial fluid) formed on the cardiac surface is collected using a soft latex cap.

El Modelo Invertido del Corazón para la Colección de Transudado Intersticial del Corazón de la Rata Aislada

The present protocol describes a unique approach that enables the collection of cardiac transudate (CT) from the isolated, saline-perfused rat heart. ...

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as preclinical settings. Prospective randomized trials in human subjects are difficult to design and ethically ambiguous, which results in a lack of evidence-based therapies. The model presented in this report represents one of the most common causes of cardiac arrests, ventricular fibrillation, in a standardized setting in a large animal model. This allows for reproducible observations and various therapeutic interventions under clinically accurate conditions, hence facilitating the generation of better evidence and eventually the potential for improved medical treatment.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are the only effective therapeutic options during cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. This model presents a standardized regimen to induce, assess, and treat this physiological state in a porcine model, thus providing a clinical approach with various opportunities for data collection and analysis.

Modelo estandarizado de fibrilación ventricular y soporte vital cardíaco avanzado en porcino

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as ...