Name: evaluating the immune response of a nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infection
Uploaded: 2023-09-01T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection at JoVE.com

本研究由国家重点研发计划2021YFC2302603、国家自然科学基金项目项目32070924号32000651号、重庆市自然科学基金项目项目2019jcyjA-msxmx0159支持。

动物实验根据实验动物使用和护理手册进行，并得到第三军医大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会的批准。6-8周龄的雌性Balb / c小鼠用于本研究。这些动物是从商业来源获得的（见 材料表）。
1. MRSA HI抗原蛋白的制备
<ol><li>从商业来源获得IsdB和Hla克隆（见材料表），进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增以扩增IsdB和Hla基因，并将...

<ol>
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S., Otto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenicity+and+virulence+of+Staphylococcus+aureus.">Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus.</a> Virulence. 12 (1), 547-569 (2021).</li><li>Lakhundi, S., Zhang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus:+molecular+characterization,+evolution,+and+epidemiology.">Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology.</a> Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (4), e00020 (2018).</li><li>Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E., Biondo, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+antibiotic+resistance:+the+most+critical+pathogens.">Bacterial antibiotic resistance: the most critical pathogens.</a> Pathogens. 10 (10), 1310 (2021).</li><li>Goull&#233;, J. 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IsdB是一种细菌细胞壁锚定和铁调节的表面蛋白，在获得血红素铁的过程中起重要作用15。 Hla，α毒素，是MRSA中已知的最有效的细菌毒素之一，可以在真核细胞中形成孔隙并干扰粘附和上皮细胞16。本研究基于 IsdB 和 Hla抗原基因，利用基因工程技术构建并表达新型重组MRSA抗原蛋白（HI）。然后，采用低能量乳化法研制出纳米乳化疫苗，...

耐甲氧西林 金黄色葡萄球菌 （MRSA） 是一种机会性病原体，是全球重症监护病房 （ICU）1 病房、心脏病科和烧伤科感染率最高的病原体之一。MRSA表现出较高的感染率，死亡率和广泛的耐药性，在临床治疗中存在很大的困难2。在世界卫生组织（WHO）于2017年发布的抗生素耐药细菌全球优先清单中，MRSA被列为最关键的第3类。因此，迫切需要针对MRSA感染的疫苗。
铝助剂使用时间较长，佐剂辅助机理比较明确，安全有效，耐受性好4.铝助剂是目前广泛使用的佐剂类型。一般认为吸附在铝盐颗粒上的抗原可以提高注射部位的稳定性，增强吸收抗原的能力，提供良好的吸收和缓释5。目前，铝佐剂的主要缺点是它们缺乏佐剂作用或仅对某些候选疫苗抗原表现出弱佐剂作用6。此外，铝佐剂诱导IgE介导的超敏反应5。因此，有必要开发新型佐剂来刺激更强的免疫反应。
纳米乳液助剂是由油、水、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂7组成的胶体分散体系。此外，佐剂具有热力学稳定性和各向同性，可通过高速离心高压灭菌或稳定，并且可以在温和的制备条件下自发形成。目前市场上有几种乳液助剂（如MF59、NB001-002系列、AS01-04系列等），但其粒径大于160nm8。因此，纳米级（1-100 nm）药物制剂的优势（即大比表面积、小粒径、表面效应、高表面能、小尺寸效应和宏观量子隧穿效应）无法得到充分利用。在本协议中，据报道，一种基于纳米乳液技术的新型佐剂具有直径尺寸为1-100nm的佐剂，其具有良好的佐剂活性9。我们测试了重组亚基疫苗抗原蛋白HI（α-溶血素突变体[Hla]和Fe离子表面决定因子B[IsdB]亚基N2活性片段融合蛋白）;建立了一系列程序来检查疫苗的物理性质和稳定性，评估其肌内给药后的特异性抗体反应，并使用小鼠全身感染模型测试疫苗的保护作用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5424-Small high speed centrifugeFA-45-24-11</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>5424000495</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, USA</td>
			<td>CLS3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AFM Dimension FastScan</td>
			<td>BRUKER, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol lamp</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Yibaxun Technology Co.,China</td>
			<td>YBS-AA-11408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balb/c mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Beijing HFK Bioscience Co. Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCIP/NBT</td>
			<td>Fuzhou Maixin Biotechnology Development Company,China</td>
			<td>BCIP/NBT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad 6.0 microplate reader</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Incorporated Limited Co., CA, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BL21 Competent Cell</td>
			<td>Merck millipore,Germany</td>
			<td>70232-3CN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA-100G</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>B2064-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>5811000398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie bright blue G-250 staining solution</td>
			<td>MIKX,China</td>
			<td>DB236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decolorization solution</td>
			<td>BOSTER,China</td>
			<td>AR0163-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro-heating standing-temperature cultivator HH-B11-420</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuejin Medical Device Factory, China</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis apparatus</td>
			<td>Beijing Liuyi Instrument Factory, China</td>
			<td>DYCZ-25D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel image</td>
			<td>Tanon, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutathione-Sepharose Resin GST</td>
			<td>Mei5bio,China</td>
			<td>affinity chromatography resin</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2SO4</td>
			<td>Chengdu KESHI Chemical Co., LTD,China</td>
			<td>7664-93-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HI recombinant protein</td>
			<td>Third Military Medical University,China</td>
			<td>110-27-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP -Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Biodragon, China</td>
			<td>BF03001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP- Goat anti-mouse IgG1</td>
			<td>Biodragon, China</td>
			<td>BF03002R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP- Goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>Biodragon, China</td>
			<td>BF03003R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP- Goat anti-mouse IgG2b</td>
			<td>Biodragon, China</td>
			<td>BF03004R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inoculation loop</td>
			<td>Haimen Feiyue Co.,LTD,China</td>
			<td>YR-JZH-1UL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IsdB and Hla clones</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jereh Biotechnology Co,China</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl nutmeg (pharmaceutic adjuvant)</td>
			<td>SEPPIC, France</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isopropyl- &#946;-D-1-mercaptogalactopyranoside</td>
			<td>fdbio,China</td>
			<td>FD3278-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB bouillon culture-medium</td>
			<td>Beijing AOBOX Biotechnology Co., LTD,China</td>
			<td>02-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lnfrared physiotherapy lamp</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Runman Medical Equipment Co.,China</td>
			<td>7600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low temperature refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malvern NANO ZS</td>
			<td>Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MH(A) medium</td>
			<td>Beijing AOBOX Biotechnology Co., LTD,China</td>
			<td>02-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MH(B) medium</td>
			<td>Beijing AOBOX Biotechnology Co., LTD,China</td>
			<td>02-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro plate washing machine 405 LSRS</td>
			<td>Bio Tek Instruments,Inc Highland&#160; Park,USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-TBC Compact Film Transfer Instrument</td>
			<td>BeiJingDongFangRuiLi Co.,LTD,China</td>
			<td>1658030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MMC packing</td>
			<td>TOSOH(SHANGHAI)CO.,LTD</td>
			<td>0022818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRSA252</td>
			<td>USA, ATCC</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop ultraviolet spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>New FlashTM Protein any KD PAGE Protein electrophoresis gel kit</td>
			<td>DAKEWE, China</td>
			<td>8012011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>biosharp, China</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR, Amplifier</td>
			<td>Thermal Cycler, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGEX-target gene recombinant plasmid</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jereh Biotechnology Co,China</td>
			<td>B3528G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphotungstic acid</td>
			<td>G-CLONE, China</td>
			<td>CS1231-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>3120000844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyoxyethylated castor oil (pharmaceutic adjuvant)</td>
			<td>Aladdin, China</td>
			<td>K400327-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
			<td>Laboratory homemade:from immunized mice with positive sera</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td>See Reference 11 for details</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>propylene glycol (pharmaceutic adjuvant)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>P4347-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Marker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientufuc, USA</td>
			<td>26616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF TRANSFER MEMBRANE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td>88518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL,Japan</td>
			<td>JSM-IT800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Merck,Germany</td>
			<td>Tc-P8411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Talos L120C TEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB color solution</td>
			<td>TIAN GEN, China</td>
			<td>PA107-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turtle kits</td>
			<td>Xiamen Bioendo Technology Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>ES80545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Macklin, China</td>
			<td>9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating the immune response of a nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infection

纳米乳佐剂疫苗因其粒径小、热稳定性高、有效诱导免疫应答的能力等特点而受到广泛关注。然而，建立一系列全面的方案来评估新型纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗的免疫反应至关重要。因此，本文采用严格的程序来确定疫苗的理化特性（通过透射电子显微镜 [TEM]、原子力显微镜 [AFM] 和动态光散射 [DLS]）、疫苗抗原和系统的稳定性（通过高速离心机测试、热力学稳定性测试、SDS-PAGE 和蛋白质印迹）和特异性免疫应答（IgG1， IgG2a 和 IgG2b）。使用这种方法，研究人员可以 准确评估新型纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗在致死MRSA252小鼠模型中的保护作用。通过这些方案，可以确定在有效佐剂潜力方面最有希望的纳米乳疫苗佐剂。此外，这些方法可以帮助优化新型疫苗的未来开发。

评估了制备纳米乳液佐剂疫苗的方案以及该疫苗的体外和体内测试。TEM、AFM 和 DLS 用于确定该样品表面 zeta 电位和粒径的重要特征（图 1）。SDS-PAGE和蛋白质印迹显示，离心后沉淀物和上清液中的抗原量未显著降解，表明疫苗结构完整、特异性和免疫原性（图2）。纳米乳佐剂疫苗显著提高了总IgG、IgG1和IgG 2a抗体滴度。疫苗的免疫原性显着?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection at JoVE.com

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection

本协议制备和评估新型纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗的物理特性、免疫应答和 体内 保护作用。

评估纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗对耐甲氧西林 金黄色葡萄球菌 （MRSA）感染的免疫反应

Nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccines have attracted extensive attention because of their small particle size, high thermal stability, and ability to induce ...

所展示的方案强调了直接有效的实验方法以及新型病毒佐剂免疫反应效果的详细步骤。该方案不仅为研究提供了佐剂疫苗的基本免疫评估方法，还可以确定其质量稳定性。首先，取每毫升10毫克的MRSA HI抗原蛋白工作溶液，依次加入三种赋形剂，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯，聚氧乙烯蓖麻油和丙二醇，保持质量比为一至六为三。充分搅拌混合物，然后逐渐加入灭菌的纯水，以达到10毫升的系统体积。为了通过低能量乳化法制备纳米乳化疫苗，请以每分钟500转和25摄氏度的速度搅拌约20分钟。随后，将含有每毫升1毫克蛋白质的纳米乳疫苗制成透明液体。对于酶联免疫吸附测定或ELISA板的抗原包被，用包被溶液将HI蛋白抗原稀释至每毫升10微克，并在ELISA板中每孔加入100微升稀释的抗原。将板在四摄氏度下孵育过夜。孵育后，每孔用300微升PBST洗涤板。用每孔300微升密封溶液在37摄氏度下密封孔2小时，然后通过加入297微升PBST将每个实验组的3微升小鼠血清稀释100倍，并涡旋稀释的血清。对于每个血清样品，在包被的 ELISA 板中每孔加入 100 μL 稀释的血清。同样，将4微升阳性或阴性对照血清加入396微升PBST中，用PBST稀释阳性和阴性对照血清100倍，然后涡旋混合。要进行双倍比例稀释，将200微升先前稀释的实验血清添加到包被的ELISA板的第一行中，然后向所有孔中加入100微升PBST，除了第一行和第12行的孔。接下来，将移液器枪调节至100微升，并将100微升血清从第一行转移到含有PBST的第二行。使用移液枪将第二行的内容物混合 10 次。类似地，执行一次是连续两次稀释血清直到第 11 行。完成后，从第 100 行丢弃 11 微升液体。按照样品模板，将 100 μL 稀释的阴性和阳性血清添加到第 12 行的每个相应孔中。用保鲜膜密封ELISA板，并在37摄氏度下孵育一小时。同时，通过加入PBST稀释抗小鼠IgG HRP二抗10， 000倍。孵育一小时后，每孔用300微升PBST洗涤ELISA板以清洁未结合的抗体，然后在每个孔中加入100微升稀释的二抗，并将板在37摄氏度下孵育40分钟。每孔用300微升PBST清洗板，然后向每个孔中加入100微升TMB显色溶液。将板放在 37 摄氏度下并远离光线 10 分钟。之后，立即用50微升两摩尔硫酸终止反应。在终止后 15 分钟内使用酶标记物检测 415 纳米处的光密度或 OD 值。采用透射电子显微镜和原子力显微镜分析了新型纳米乳疫苗的物理特性。使用动态光散射来确定样品的粒径分布和zeta电位。SDS-PAGE和蛋白质印迹显示，离心后沉淀物和上清液中的抗原量没有明显延迟，表明疫苗结构完整、特异性和免疫原性。纳米乳佐剂疫苗显著提高了小鼠的总IgG、IgG1和IgG2a抗体滴度。蛋白质疫苗的免疫原性显著提高。当PBS以1至5， 000稀释度使用时，450纳米处的血清IgG2b OD值最高。MRSA 252小鼠的致死模型反映，纳米乳疫苗表现出良好的保护作用，有效抑制MRS A 252的细菌感染，提高了感染小鼠的存活率。纳米乳液的制备和向植物中添加血清是最重要的。另外，在检测抗体滴度的地方，应注意纠正较宽和液基。除了佐剂，这种方法还可用于其他数学阵列的免疫进化，如塑料或输送系统。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

滴流和旋转盘反应器使用金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜分析

Most microbes in nature are thought to exist as surface-associated communities in biofilms.1  Bacterial biofilms are encased within a matrix and attached ...

科研

免疫与感染

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA

皮下感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的

MRSA is a worldwide threat to public health, and MRSA skin and soft-tissue infections now account for more than half of all soft-tissue infections in the ...

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

寄生蜂简介<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;和Antiparasite的免疫反应的

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in Rat

耐甲氧西林实验性心内膜炎模型<em&gt;金黄色葡萄球菌</em&gt;（MRSA）的大鼠

Endovascular infections, including endocarditis, are life-threatening infectious syndromes1-3. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common world-wide cause ...

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

定量测定的免疫反应和睡眠模式<em&gt;果蝇</em

A complex interaction between the immune response and  host behavior has been described in a wide range of species. Excess sleep, in  particular, is known ...

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

金黄色葡萄球菌生长使用人血红蛋白作为铁源

S. aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that requires iron to  carry out vital metabolic functions and cause disease. The most abundant  reservoir of iron ...

Multiplex PCR Assay for Typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Multiplex PCR Assay for Typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

??PCR?????????????????????MEC??????V<em&gt;???????</em

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing  is a very important molecular tool for understanding the epidemiology and  clonal strain ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

在 MyD88的介导的细胞免疫应答西尼罗河病毒变异株感染体外分析

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR RS-PCR

基因分型<em&gt;金黄色葡萄球菌</em&gt;由核糖体垫片的PCR（RS-PCR）

The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, ...

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

方法基因水平转移的研究<em&gt;金黄色葡萄球菌</em

One important feature of the major opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is its extraordinary ability to rapidly acquire resistance to ...

评估纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗对耐甲氧西林 金黄色葡萄球菌 （MRSA）感染的免疫反应

评估纳米乳剂佐剂疫苗对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）感染的免疫反应