Name: Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts
Uploaded: 2023-10-20T14:50:00
Description: Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the Youth Science and Technology Project of the Department of Health of Hebei Province. (No.20201046).

The protocol follows the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from the patients for including them and the data generated as a part of this study. Patients enrolled in this study were between the ages of 18-60. A total of eight patients were included in the study, five females and three males.
1. Preoperative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Use the following inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling pa...

Arthroscopic Double Posteromedial Approach for PCL Cyst Excision

<ol>
	<li>Deutsch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symptomatic+intraarticular+ganglia+of+the+cruciate+ligaments+of+the+knee.">Symptomatic intraarticular ganglia of the cruciate ligaments of the knee.</a> Arthroscopy. 10 (2), 219-223 (1994).</li><li>Zantop, T., Rusch, A., Hassenpflug, J., Petersen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-articular+ganglion+cysts+of+the+cruciate+ligaments:+Case+report+and+review+of+the+literature.">Intra-articular ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligaments: Case report and review of the literature.</a> Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 123 (4), 195-198 (2003).</li><li>Garcia, A., Hodler, J., Vaughn, L., Haghighi, P., Resnick, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Case+report+667.+Intraarticular+ganglion+arising+from+the+posterior+cruciate-ligament.">Case report 667. Intraarticular ganglion arising from the posterior cruciate-ligament.</a> Skeletal Radiol. 20 (5), 373-375 (1991).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Alvarez, F., Garc&#237;a-Pequerul, J. M., Avila, J. L., Sainz, J. M., Castiella, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cysts+associated+with+cruciate+ligaments+of+the+knee:+A+possible+cause+of+recurrent+knee+pain.">Ganglion cysts associated with cruciate ligaments of the knee: A possible cause of recurrent knee pain.</a> Acta Orthop Belg. 66 (5), 490-494 (2000).</li><li>Brown, M. F., Dandy, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-articular+ganglia+in+the+knee.">Intra-articular ganglia in the knee.</a> Arthroscopy. 6 (4), 322-323 (1990).</li><li>Kim, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-articular+ganglion+cysts+of+the+knee:+Clinical+and+MR+imaging+features.">Intra-articular ganglion cysts of the knee: Clinical and MR imaging features.</a> Eur Radiol. 11 (5), 834-840 (2001).</li><li>Kim, R. S., Kim, K. T., Lee, J. Y., Lee, K. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cysts+of+the+posterior+cruciate+ligament.">Ganglion cysts of the posterior cruciate ligament.</a> Arthroscopy. 19 (6), e36-e40 (2003).</li><li>Shetty, G. 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K., Heinemann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-articular+ganglion+cysts+of+the+knee+joint:+A+report+of+85+cases+and+review+of+the+literature.">Intra-articular ganglion cysts of the knee joint: A report of 85 cases and review of the literature.</a> Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 12 (2), 123-129 (2004).</li><li>Seki, K., Mine, T., Tanaka, H., Isida, Y., Taguchi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locked+knee+caused+by+intraarticular+ganglion.">Locked knee caused by intraarticular ganglion.</a> Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 14 (9), 859-861 (2006).</li><li>Abreu, F. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excision+of+a+posterior+cruciate+ligament+cyst+using+an+arthroscopic+trans-septal+approach.">Excision of a posterior cruciate ligament cyst using an arthroscopic trans-septal approach.</a> Arthrosc Tech. 9 (4), e581-e585 (2020).</li><li>Tsai, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arthroscopic+excision+of+ganglion+cysts+of+the+posterior+cruciate+ligaments+using+posterior+trans-septal+portal.">Arthroscopic excision of ganglion cysts of the posterior cruciate ligaments using posterior trans-septal portal.</a> Arthroscopy. 28 (1), 95-99 (2012).</li><li>Boushnak, M. n. O., Moussa, M. K., Abed Ali, A., Alayane, A., Bayoud, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+uncommon+finding+of+posterior+cruciate+ligament+intrasubstance+cyst:+A+case+report+and+review+of+literature.">An uncommon finding of posterior cruciate ligament intrasubstance cyst: A case report and review of literature.</a> J Orthop Case Rep. 12 (3), 61-63 (2022).</li><li>Jawish, R., Nemer, C., Assoum, H., Haddad, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cyst+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament+in+children.">Ganglion cyst of the anterior cruciate ligament in children.</a> J Pediatr Orthop B. 18 (5), 234-237 (2009).</li><li>Bui-Mansfield, L. T., Youngberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraarticular+ganglia+of+the+knee:+Prevalence,+presentation,+etiology,+and+management.">Intraarticular ganglia of the knee: Prevalence, presentation, etiology, and management.</a> Am J Roentgenol. 168 (1), 123-127 (1997).</li><li>Recht, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MR+appearance+of+cruciate+ganglion+cysts:+A+report+of+16+cases.">The MR appearance of cruciate ganglion cysts: A report of 16 cases.</a> Skeletal Radiol. 23 (8), 597-600 (1994).</li><li>Dinakar, B., Khan, T., Kumar, A., Kumar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cyst+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament:+A+case+report.">Ganglion cyst of the anterior cruciate ligament: A case report.</a> J Orthop Surg. 13 (2), 181-185 (2005).</li><li>Hameed, S. A., Sujir, P., Naik, M. A., Rao, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cyst+of+the+posterior+cruciate+ligament+in+a+child.">Ganglion cyst of the posterior cruciate ligament in a child.</a> Singapore Med J. 53 (4), e80-e82 (2012).</li><li>Tie, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+manifestation+and+arthroscopic+treatment+of+symptomatic+posterior+cruciate+ligament+cyst.">Clinical manifestation and arthroscopic treatment of symptomatic posterior cruciate ligament cyst.</a> J Orthop Surg Res. 13 (1), 84 (2018).</li><li>Lankes, M., Petersen, W., Hassenpflug, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+supply+of+the+femoral+condyles.">Arterial supply of the femoral condyles.</a> Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 138 (2), 174-180 (2000).</li><li>McCarthy, M. M., Hannafin, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mature+athlete:+Aging+tendon+and+ligament.">The mature athlete: Aging tendon and ligament.</a> Sports Health. 6 (1), 41-48 (2014).</li><li>Petersen, W., Tillmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+and+lymph+supply+of+the+posterior+cruciate+ligament:+A+cadaver+study.">Blood and lymph supply of the posterior cruciate ligament: A cadaver study.</a> Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 7 (1), 42-50 (1999).</li><li>Simank, H. 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Posterior cruciate ligament cyst is a rare disease. Knee ligament cysts are usually discovered during MRI or knee arthroscopy exams. The causes of knee ligament cyst formation are varied, including post-traumatic formation, synovial tissue hernia formation during embryogenesis, and mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and formation. Recently, trauma and tissue stimulation have been recognized by most experts2,7,14.
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Joint cysts are cystic lesions, and the cyst fluid is a transparent jelly-like fluid that can be found in the ligament, meniscus, synovial membrane, and other parts of the knee joint1,2. High mechanical stress can easily lead to cyst formation, which is why cysts are most common in the knee joint3,4, and Baker&#39;s cysts are the most common type of cysts5. Cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are rare, occurring incidentally in 0.2% to 1.3% of cases scanned using knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in 0.6% of patients tested using knee arthroscopy6,7. Posterior cruciate ligament cysts are rarer, with Brown and Dandy reporting that after performing knee arthroscopy on 6,500 patients, they found only 35 ligament cysts and only 6 from the posterior cruciate ligament5. Knee ligament cysts can occur regardless of sex or age but are more common in men aged 20 years to 40 years4,8.
The cause of cruciate ligament cysts is unknown. For the non-invasive diagnosis of knee ligament cysts, MRI can clearly show the relationship between the size and position of the cyst and is the most accurate diagnostic method4,6,9,10. Arthroscopic removal of cysts is the most effective and recommended treatment method4,6,9,10. Arthroscopy can see the cyst site directly and completely remove the cyst wall, the recurrence rate is extremely low, and the patient recovers quickly after surgery7,9,10. Posterior cruciate ligament cysts are mostly lobulated or multiloculated, most of which are located mainly behind the posterior cruciate ligament, and in 12.5% of patients, the cyst is mainly located anterior to the posterior cruciate ligament11 (Figure 1A,B).
Many treatments can be used to treat posterior cruciate ligament cysts, such as ultrasound and computed tomography-guided joint paracentesis. However, several studies have shown that there is a potentially higher risk of recurrence because of which these procedures do not remove the cyst walls12. Arthroscopic removal of cysts is the gold standard for the treatment of posterior cruciate ligament cysts. Arthroscopic surgery can completely remove the cyst wall, but it&#39;s hard to remove dorsal cruciate ligament cysts by the anterior approach alone. Abreu et al.12 introduced an approach to the arthroscopic excision of PCL cysts using a trans-septal portal, and it&#39;s safe and effective. Tsai et al.13 reported that the trans-septal approach to the resection of posterior cruciate ligament cysts was successful in 15 patients, and there was no recurrence. The trans-septal approach requires the addition of a posterolateral approach, so it increases the risk of damaging the common peroneal nerve and popliteal neurovascular bundle. To avoid these risks, we present a surgical approach to treat posterior cruciate ligament cysts by an arthroscopic double posteromedial approach. Our approach does not require an additional posterolateral approach; there is no risk of injuring the common peroneal nerve. We use the double posteromedial approach, which keeps the entire surgical process on the medial side of the posterior septal, thus reducing the possibility of damaging the popliteal neurovascular bundle. The technique produces the same results while being safer than the trans-septal approach. This surgical approach is particularly suitable for the removal of cysts located on the dorsal side of the posterior cruciate ligament. The surgical approach is more advantageous if the cyst is compartmentalized or close to the tibial end.

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			<td>Arthroscopic sheath&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72200829</td>
			<td>6mm</td>
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			<td>Arthroscopy</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72202087</td>
			<td>30 mm x 4 mm</td>
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			<td>Beam guide&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72204925</td>
			<td>5 mm x 3.6 m</td>
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			<td>Beam guide-arthroscopy end connector&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>2143</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Beam guide-panel connector&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>2147</td>
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			<td>Blood-repellent belt</td>
			<td>selani</td>
			<td>tpe15100</td>
			<td>15 cm x 1 m</td>
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			<td>Blunt puncture cone&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>4356</td>
			<td>4 mm</td>
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			<td>Camera&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72200561</td>
			<td>NTSC/PAL</td>
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			<td>Coupler&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72200315</td>
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			<td>DYONICS POWER II</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72200873</td>
			<td>100-24VAC, 50/60Hz</td>
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			<td>DYONICS POWERMAX ELITE</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72200616</td>
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			<td>Endoscopic camera system</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72201919</td>
			<td>560P NTSC/PAL</td>
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			<td>HD monitor&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>&#160;LB500031</td>
			<td>27 inch&#160;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Hook probe&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>3312</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Incisor plus platinum shaver&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>72202531</td>
			<td>&#160;4.5 mm</td>
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			<td>Lumbar needle&#160; AN-E/S&#160;<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/65620/65620eq01.jpg" style="margin: auto;" /></td>
			<td>tuoren</td>
			<td>AN-E/S&#160;<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/65620/65620eq01.jpg" style="margin: auto;" /></td>
			<td>1.6 mm x 80 mm</td>
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			<td>Micropunch,teardrop,left&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>7207602</td>
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			<td>Micropunch,teardrop,right&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>7207601</td>
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			<td>Micropunch,teardrop,straight&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>7207600</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Pitbull Jr. Grasper&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>smith&#38;nephew</td>
			<td>14845</td>
			<td></td>
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arthroscopic excision of posterior cruciate ligament cysts using a double posteromedial approach

Cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are a rare condition. Posterior cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are less common than anterior cruciate ligament cysts. In patients with asymptomatic isolated cruciate ligament cysts of the knee, conservative treatment is recommended. Symptomatic cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are mostly manifested as knee hyperflexion pain, straightening pain, knee discomfort after standing for a long time or walking for a long time, etc., which seriously affects the quality of life, surgical treatment can be performed. The surgical treatments can be divided into ultrasound-guided cyst puncture and fluid extraction procedure and arthroscopic cystectomy. Cysts are mostly lobulated with a multi-layer cyst wall, cyst fluid extraction does not remove the cyst wall completely but simply extracts cyst fluid, leading to a high recurrence rate. Arthroscopic surgery can completely remove the cyst wall with little trauma, a low recurrence rate, and fast postoperative recovery, so arthroscopic resection is the most common and preferred method of treatment. Since posterior cruciate ligament cysts mostly occur posterior to the ligament, we remove the cyst wall by adding a double posteromedial approach to the knee joint, and the cyst wall is removed under direct vision, which is simple to operate, the cyst wall is completely cleared, the trauma is small, the postoperative recovery is fast, and there is no recurrence. Here, 8 posterior cruciate ligament cysts were removed with complete postoperative symptom relief, no surgical complications, and no recurrence at 1-year follow-up.

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Cruciate ligament knee cysts, particularly posterior ones, are uncommon. Arthroscopic surgery is the preferred treatment, due to minimal trauma, low recurrence and quick recovery. Making it the most common choice for complete cyst removal.Posterior cruciate ligament cysts located behind the ligament are treated with a double posteromedial approach during arthroscopic surgery. This approach in first developed visual for complete cyst removal;simplifying the procedure with minimal trauma, less recovery and no recurrence. Our surgical approach is particularly suitable for the removal of cysts located on the dorsal side of the posterior cruciate ligament.The third approach is more advantageous if the set is compartmentalized or close to the tibial end.

All eight patients were successfully operated on without any complications. Seven of the 8 patients had isolated posterior cruciate ligament cysts, and 1 patient had medial meniscal injury. The main symptoms of all patients before surgery are knee hyperflexion pain, inability to squat freely, pain, and discomfort in the back of the knee after standing for a long time or walking for a long time. After surgery, all symptoms were relieved and disappeared (Table 1).
Of the 7 patie...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts at JoVE.com

We present a surgical approach to treat posterior cruciate ligament cysts by an arthroscopic double posteromedial approach.

Cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are a rare condition. Posterior cruciate ligament cysts of the knee are less common than anterior cruciate ligament ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Establishment of Arthroscopic Approaches and Removal of Posterior Crucial Ligament (PCL) Cysts

To begin, use a blood repellent belt to expel blood from the affected limb of the patient. Establish an anterior lateral approach one centimeter above the lateral knee line. Now establish an anterior medial approach one centimeter above the medial knee articular line.Insert the arthroscope parallel to the tibial platform towards the intercondylar fossa in both approaches. To establish a normal posterior medial approach, first flex the knee at a 90-degree angle. Then insert the arthroscope in the anterior medial approach to monitor the intercondylar fossa.Place a switching rod in the anterior lateral approach. Next, insert exchange rod between the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial femoral condyle into the posterior medial joint capsule. Slowly rotate the lens to observe the triangular area formed by the reverse fold of the capsule, condyle, and medial meniscus.Turn off the operating room lights. Observe the translucent area of the posterior medial skin surface of the knee. With a lumbar needle, puncture the area to assist positioning.Then, with an 11-gauge sharp blade, make a 0.5-centimeter-long incision in the skin. Insert a straight clamp into the joint capsule and establish a normal posterior medial approach. For the establishment of a high posterior medial approach, insert the arthroscope into the posterior medial approach.Then insert a lumbar needle in the direction of the joint. Now penetrate the joint capsule with the needle into the triangular space between the medial posterior condyle, meniscus, and posterior joint capsule. Make a small incision on the skin.Then insert a straight clamp into the joint capsule to establish the high approach. With the arthroscope in the high posterior medial approach, insert the shaver into the normal posterior medial approach. Now remove the synovial tissue between the posterior cruciate ligament and the joint capsule.Locate the translucent cyst around the ligament and remove the cyst wall to view the compartment-like tissue inside it. Excise the posterior cyst completely. Now insert the arthroscope into the anterior lateral approach.A portion of the cyst at the femoral terminus of the ligament will be visible. Remove the anterior cyst wall to see yellow, translucent fluid flow out of the cyst. Then remove the cyst wall completely.Probe the posterior cruciate ligament to check for any damage. Then insert the arthroscope into the medial patellar approach. Check the V-shaped space between the anterior and posterior ligaments for residual cysts.To close the incision, insert an arthroscopic sheath into the anterolateral approach. Squeeze the suprapatellar capsule to completely drain the intraarticular fluid. Check the knee extension inflection from zero to 120 degrees.Then suture the incision shut with a 4 silk thread. For postoperative rehabilitation, ask the patient to perform the quadriceps exercise in a supine position. Let the patient straighten the affected limb, hook up the toes, and slowly lift the leg about 15 centimeters on the heel.Let the patient keep the leg up at this height for three seconds before lowering the leg down. Additionally, the patient can perform joint release training at their bedside by knee joint extension and flexion. All eight patients shared the symptoms of knee hyperflexion pain, inability to squat freely, and pain in the knee.Surgery relieved all patients of these common symptoms. Posterior cruciate ligament cysts were seen on preoperative MRI in all patients. The cyst wall was completely removed during surgery.All patients had an MRI one year after surgery and no reoccurence was found.