Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Fremme af hepatocytoprensning fra humant inducerede pluripotente stamceller til regenerativ medicin
Uploaded: 2023-12-01T12:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af Ministeriet for Uddannelse, Kultur, Sport, Videnskab og Teknologi bevillingsnummer [23390072].

Denne undersøgelse anvendte kommercielt opnåede humane iPS-celler (253G1-stamme) (se materialetabel).
1. Vedligeholdelse af humane iPS-celler
<ol><li>Humane iPS-celler opbevares under fødefri forhold i AK02-medium på dyrkningsskåle belagt med 0,25 μg/cm2 iMatrix-511 (se materialetabel).</li>
</ol>2. Hepatisk differentiering af humane iPS-celler i 2D-kulturer
...

Oprensning af humane iPSC-afledte hepatocytter ved mitokondrie-ALCAM-sortering

<ol>
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W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+leukocyte+cell+adhesion+molecule+(CD166/ALCAM):+Developmental+and+mechanistic+aspects+of+cell+clustering+and+cell+migration.">Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166/ALCAM): Developmental and mechanistic aspects of cell clustering and cell migration.</a> European Journal of Cell Biology. 81 (6), 313-321 (2002).</li><li>Peters, D. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asialoglycoprotein+receptor+1+is+a+specific+cell-surface+marker+for+isolating+hepatocytes+derived+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 is a specific cell-surface marker for isolating hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Development. 143 (9), 1475-1481 (2016).</li><li>Kamiya, A., Inagaki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+and+progenitor+cell+systems+in+liver+development+and+regeneration.">Stem and progenitor cell systems in liver development and regeneration.</a> Hepatology Research. 45 (1), 29-37 (2015).</li><li>Yanagida, A., Ito, K., Chikada, H., Nakauchi, H., Kamiya, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+In+vitro+expansion+system+for+generation+of+human+ips+cell-derived+hepatic+progenitor-like+cells+exhibiting+a+bipotent+differentiation+potential.">An In vitro expansion system for generation of human ips cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells exhibiting a bipotent differentiation potential.</a> PLOS One. 8 (7), e67541 (2013).</li><li>Siller, R., Greenhough, S., Naumovska, E., Sullivan, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-molecule-driven+hepatocyte+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Small-molecule-driven hepatocyte differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 4 (5), 939-952 (2015).</li><li>Hirata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALCAM+(CD166)+is+a+surface+marker+for+early+murine+cardiomyocytes.">ALCAM (CD166) is a surface marker for early murine cardiomyocytes.</a> Cells, Tissues, Organs. 184 (3-4), 172-180 (2006).</li><li>Tohyama, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+metabolic+flow+enables+large-scale+purification+of+mouse+and+human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes.">Distinct metabolic flow enables large-scale purification of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12 (1), 127-137 (2013).</li></ol>

På grund af deres funktioner i næringsstofmetabolisme og afgiftning har hepatocytter et relativt stort antal mitokondrier sammenlignet med andre celletyper15. ALCAM er medlem af immunglobulin-superfamilien og spiller en rolle i celleadhæsion og migration. Det udtrykkes i forskellige celletyper, herunder lever-, epitel-, lymfocytiske, myeloid-, fibroblast- og neuronale celler16. Ved at anvende en kombination af den mitokondriebaserede metode og ALCAM-antistoffet blev huma...

Embryonale og inducerede pluripotente stamceller (henholdsvis ES og iPS) betragtes som lovende cellekilder til regenerative terapier. Effektiviteten af at differentiere disse celler til specifikke målcelletyper kan dog variere, selv når du bruger den samme cellelinje, protokol og eksperimentator 1,2,3,4. Denne variation kan tilskrives den høje følsomhed af humane ES/iPS-celler over for deres miljø. Derfor er det i øjeblikket vanskeligt konsekvent at opnå rene målceller. For at opnå meget sikker regenerativ medicin er det afgørende at eliminere proliferative celler og udifferentierede stamceller i terapeutiske celler, og avanceret oprensningsteknologi til målceller er afgørende 5,6,7.
En cellesorterer er en enhed, der øjeblikkeligt analyserer individuelle celler og sorterer levende celler af interesse baseret på de fluorescerende signalstyrker, hvilket giver en lovende løsning. Dette kan opnås gennem antistoffarvning af celletypespecifikke overflademarkører eller ved at bruge celletypespecifikke reportergenekspressioner. Ved hjælp af denne teknik er der flere rapporter om metoder til oprensning af pluripotente stamcelleafledte kardiomyocytter 8,9,10 og hepatocytter11,12. Hattori et al. udviklede en innovativ mitokondriel oprensningsmetode ved hjælp af en cellesorterer13. Ved at drage fordel af det faktum, at kardiomyoocytter har høje energibehov gennem mitokondrieaktivitet, kan farvning af cellerne med det levende mitokondrie-indikative farvestof TMRM (tetramethylrhodaminmethylester) bruges til at mærke og stærkt oprense kardiomyoocytter ved FACS fra humane ES-celleafledte embryoide kroppe, der indeholder forskellige celletyper. Fraværet af tumorigenicitet blev bekræftet ved teratomdannelsesanalyser med de oprensede kardiomyocytter. Desuden opdagede Yamashita et al. uventet en metode til at rense hepatocytter fra humane ES-celleafledte embryoidlegemer ved at isolere fraktioner med høj mitokondrieaktivitet og ALCAM-positiv ekspression14. Rationalet for denne metode er, at hepatocytter også har et relativt højt antal mitokondrier på grund af deres høje forbrug af ATP til næringsstofmetabolisme og afgiftning15, og hepatocytter udtrykker ALCAM, et medlem af immunglobulin-superfamilien, som spiller en rolle i celleadhæsion og migration16.
Tidligere højrensende metoder til pluripotente stamcelleafledte hepatocytter krævede genetiske modifikationer, og ikke-genetiske oprensningsmetoder havde lav effektivitet17. Den mitokondrielle ikke-genetiske metode har fortjeneste for at opnå høj renhed. Når der er behov for leverstamceller, kan CD133- og CD13- eller Dlk1-baserede metoder18,19 vælges. Selvom nøjagtigheden af genomredigeringsteknologien er avanceret, kan den potentielle risiko for uforudsete genomiske ændringer (f.eks. karcinogenese) ikke helt elimineres. Metoder baseret på mitokondriel aktivitet, uden at involvere genetisk modifikation, kan være fri for sådanne risici.
Som et resultat af undersøgelse af forskellige mitokondrielle indikatorer i neonatale rottekardiomyocytter blev TMRM observeret at forsvinde helt inden for 24 timer, mens andre farvestoffer forblev i mindst 5 dage13. Desuden er det vigtigt at bemærke, at TMRM og JC-1 ikke påvirkede cellernes levedygtighed, når de blev vurderet med 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid (MTT)-assayet, mens andre farvestoffer viste varierende virkninger på cellelevedygtighed13. TMRM demonstrerer højere sikkerhed.
Til dato er flere todimensionelle (2D) differentieringsmetoder blevet udviklet som mere effektive tilgange til at inducere differentiering sammenlignet med tredimensionel (3D) embryoid kropsdannelse. Dette skyldes, at trinvise differentieringsinducerende forbindelser eller cytokiner kan administreres ensartet til celler på et 2D-plan snarere end i et 3D-rum. I denne undersøgelse blev den tidligere rapporterede metode20 modificeret til at inducere differentiering til humane iPS-celleafledte hepatocytter. Her beskrives detaljerne i procedurerne for den opdaterede 2D-differentiering og oprensning af hepatocytter afledt af humane iPS-celler.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>253G1 human iPS cell line</td>
			<td>RIKEN BioResource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>163-20145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A Solution, Human, Recombinant</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>18585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nuclei Antibody, clone 235-1</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB1281</td>
			<td>Antibody against human nuclear antigen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50x), serum free</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSAria III</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-10182&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ciclosporin A</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>035-18961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>034-22363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Gel-like basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CultureSure Y-27632</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>036-24023</td>
			<td>ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>047-18863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>047-29353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A10036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube, with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>51820-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human/Mouse/Rat/Canine ALCAM/CD166 Antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF1172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iMatrix-511 silk</td>
			<td>Nippi</td>
			<td>892021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmunoBlock</td>
			<td>KAC</td>
			<td>CTKN001</td>
			<td>Blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITS-G Supplement(&#215;100)</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>090-06741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>128-06075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Hexanoic-Try-Ile-(6)-amino Hexanoic amide (Dihexa)</td>
			<td>Toronto Research Chemicals</td>
			<td>H293745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human Albumin</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>A0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween 20)</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>28353-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>189-02025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium L-Ascorbate</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>03422-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFit AK02N</td>
			<td>REPROCELL</td>
			<td>RCAK02N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBS (10x)</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>12748-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester (TMRM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>28229-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>20577-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRYPSIN 250</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>215240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptose phosphate broth solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of live mitochondria staining in cell-sorting to purify hepatocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

Humane embryonale stamceller (ES) og inducerede pluripotente stamceller (iPS) har potentielle anvendelser inden for cellebaseret regenerativ medicin til behandling af alvorligt syge organer på grund af deres ubegrænsede spredning og pluripotente egenskaber. Det er dog en udfordring at differentiere humane ES/iPS-celler i 100 % rene målcelletyper på grund af deres høje følsomhed over for miljøet. Tumorgenese efter transplantation er forårsaget af forurenede, prolifererende og udifferentierede celler, hvilket gør højrensningsteknologi afgørende for sikker realisering af regenerativ medicin. For at mindske risikoen for tumorgenese er der udviklet en højoprensningsteknologi til humane iPS-celleafledte hepatocytter. Metoden anvender FACS (fluorescensaktiveret cellesortering) ved hjælp af en kombination af højt mitokondrieindhold og celleoverflademarkøren ALCAM (aktiveret leukocytcelleadhæsionsmolekyle) uden genetisk modifikation. 97 % ± 0,38 % (n = 5) af de oprensede hepatocytter ved hjælp af denne metode udviste albuminproteinekspression. Denne artikel har til formål at give detaljerede procedurer for denne metode, som anvendes på den nyeste todimensionelle differentieringsmetode for humane iPS-celler til hepatocytter.

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ES and iPS, respectively) are considered promising cell sources for regenerative therapies. However, the efficiency of differentiating these cells into specific target cell types can vary, even when using the same cell line, protocol, and experimenter1,2,3,4. This variability may be attributed to the high sensitivity of human ES/iPS cells to their environment. Therefore, it is currently difficult to consistently obtain pure target cells. To achieve highly safe regenerative medicine, it is crucial to eliminate proliferative cells and undifferentiated stem cells in therapeutic cells, and advanced purification technology for target cells is essential5,6,7.
A cell sorter is a device that instantaneously analyzes individual cells and sorts live cells of interest based on the fluorescent signal strengths, offering a promising solution. This can be accomplished through antibody staining of cell type-specific surface markers or by utilizing cell type-specific reporter gene expressions. Using this technique, there are several reports on methods for purifying pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes8,9,10 and hepatocytes11,12. Hattori et al. developed an innovative mitochondrial purification method using a cell sorter13. Taking advantage of the fact that cardiomyocytes have high energy demands through mitochondrial activity, staining the cells with the live mitochondria-indicative dye TMRM (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) can be used to label and highly purify cardiomyocytes by FACS from human ES cell-derived embryoid bodies containing various cell types. The absence of tumorigenicity was confirmed by teratoma formation assays with the purified cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Yamashita et al. unexpectedly discovered a method to purify hepatocytes from human ES cell-derived embryoid bodies by isolating fractions with high mitochondrial activity and ALCAM-positive expression14. The rationale for this method is that hepatocytes also have a relatively high number of mitochondria due to their high consumption of ATP for nutrient metabolism and detoxification15, and hepatocytes express ALCAM, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which plays a role in cell adhesion and migration16.
Previous highly purifying methods for pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes required genetic modifications, and non-genetic purification methods had low efficiency17. The mitochondrial non-genetic method holds merit for achieving high purity. When hepatic progenitor cells are needed, CD133 and CD13- or Dlk1-based methods18,19 can be chosen. Although the accuracy of genome editing technology has advanced, the potential risk of unforeseen genomic changes (e.g., carcinogenesis) cannot be entirely eliminated. Methods based on mitochondrial activity, without involving genetic modification, can be free from such risks.
As a result of examining various mitochondrial indicators in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, TMRM was observed to disappear completely within 24 h, whereas other dyes remained for at least 5 days13. Moreover, it is important to note that TMRM and JC-1 did not impact cell viability when assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while other dyes demonstrated varying effects on cell viability13. TMRM demonstrates higher safety.
To date, several two-dimensional (2D) differentiation methods have been developed as more efficient approaches for inducing differentiation compared to three-dimensional (3D) embryoid body formation. This is because step-wise differentiation-inducing compounds or cytokines can be uniformly administered to cells on a 2D plane, rather than in a 3D space. In this study, the previously reported method20 was modified to induce differentiation into human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes. Here, the details of the procedures for the up-to-date 2D differentiation and purification of hepatocytes derived from human iPS cells are described.

Forfatter Spotlight: Fremme af hepatocytoprensning fra humant inducerede pluripotente stamceller til regenerativ medicin

Anvendelse af levende mitokondrierfarvning i cellesortering til oprensning af hepatocytter afledt af humant inducerede pluripotente stamceller

The scope of our research is to purify human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, using without genetic modification. We aim to address the issue of the tumorigenic risk associated with the undifferentiated cells, among those differentiated from human iPS cells. One of the current experimental challenges is a low cell purity, due to the mechanical storage of sorting.We are developing a new purification method, that utilizes the unique metabolism features of hepatocytes, for large-scale purification. One non-cell sorting method for hepatic progenitor cells cannot obtain pure hepatocytes. Another one for mature hepatocytes can only treat a small fraction of hepatocytes, because of the limited expression of the marker protein.In contrast, our approach can obtain hepatocytes at different maturation levels with a higher eve. Human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes are extremely immature, and show more reduced hepatocyte macro expression after purification. Our future goal is to enhance hepatocyte modulation using organoidal technology and day-to-day advancements to regenerative medicine and drug discovery.

Tidslinjen for de processer, der inducerer humane iPS-celler til at differentiere sig til hepatocytter gennem 2D-kultur (figur 1A) og repræsentative celletræk (figur 1B) er vist. Cirka på differentieringsdag 12 begyndte celler at udvise polygonale celleformer og runde kerner, der er karakteristiske for hepatocytter. Nogle hepatocytter viste også multinukleation.
FACS-analyse blev udført ved hjælp af cellerne på differentierings...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Hepatocytter afledt af pluripotente stamceller kan oprenses gennem cellesortering ved hjælp af en kombination af mitokondrielt og aktiveret leukocytcelleadhæsionsmolekyle (ALCAM, også kendt som CD166) farvning.

Human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential applications in cell-based regenerative medicine for treating severely ...

Omfanget af vores forskning er at oprense humant inducerede pluripotente stamcelle-afledte hepatocytter ved hjælp af uden genetisk modifikation. Vi sigter mod at løse spørgsmålet om den tumorogene risiko forbundet med de udifferentierede celler, blandt dem, der er differentieret fra humane iPS-celler. En af de nuværende eksperimentelle udfordringer er en lav cellerenhed på grund af den mekaniske lagring af sortering.Vi udvikler en ny oprensningsmetode, der udnytter hepatocytternes unikke stofskifteegenskaber til oprensning i stor skala. En ikke-cellesorteringsmetode for leverprogenitorceller kan ikke opnå rene hepatocytter. En anden for modne hepatocytter kan kun behandle en lille brøkdel af hepatocytterne på grund af den begrænsede ekspression af markørproteinet.I modsætning hertil kan vores tilgang opnå hepatocytter på forskellige modningsniveauer med en højere eve. Humane iPS-celleafledte hepatocytter er ekstremt umodne og viser mere reduceret hepatocytmakroekspression efter oprensning. Vores fremtidige mål er at forbedre hepatocytmodulation ved hjælp af organoidal teknologi og daglige fremskridt inden for regenerativ medicin og lægemiddelopdagelse.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential applications in cell-based regenerative medicine for treating severely diseased organs due to their unlimited proliferation and pluripotent properties. However, differentiating human ES/iPS cells into 100% pure target cell types is challenging due to their high sensitivity to the environment. Tumorigenesis after transplantation is caused by contaminated, proliferating, and undifferentiated cells, making high-purification technology essential for the safe realization of regenerative medicine. To mitigate the risk of tumorigenesis, a high-purification technology has been developed for human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes. The method employs FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) using a combination of high mitochondrial content and the cell-surface marker ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule) without genetic modification. 97% &plusmn; 0.38% (n = 5) of the purified hepatocytes using this method exhibited albumin protein expression. This article aims to provide detailed procedures for this method, as applied to the most current two-dimensional differentiation method for human iPS cells into hepatocytes.

Hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells can be purified through cell sorting, using a combination of mitochondrial and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM, also known as CD166) staining.

Hepatic Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in 2D Cultures

To begin, coat each well of a six-well plate with one milliliter of basement membrane matrix and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. Remove the coated matrix from the plate and add human-induced pluripotent stem cells prepared in AK02N medium supplemented with 10 micromolar ROCK inhibitor. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for three days.After three days, on day zero of the initiating hepatic differentiation, wash the cells once with RPMI 1640 medium. Next, to initiate endoderm differentiation, add RPMI B27 GlutaMAX supplemented with three to six micromolar CHIR 99021 and 100 nanograms per milliliter Activin A into the plate. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours.On day one, replace the existing medium with RPMI B27 GlutaMAX supplemented with 50 nanograms per milliliter of Activin A.Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours. On day two, to induce hepatic progenitor differentiation, replace the existing medium with RPMI B27 GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 1%dimethyl sulfoxide, and continue incubation for up to five days. On day seven, to initiate hepatocyte maturation, switch to hepatocyte maturation medium and incubate for 20 days at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.On day 27, human-induced pluripotent stem cells displayed polygonal cell shapes and rounded nuclei, characteristics of hepatocytes.

Leverdifferentiering af humant inducerede pluripotente stamceller i 2D-kulturer

Cell Preparation for Purification of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Hepatocytes

After 27 days of initiating hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells, wash the cells with two milliliters of PBS per well. Prepare the enzyme solution in ADS buffer using the given components. Add one milliliter of solution per well of a six well plate.Place the plate at 37 degrees Celsius on a rotating shaker for about two hours to detach the cells from the plate. Confirm the cell detachment under a microscope, then pipette the cell suspension to disperse into single cells, and collect them in a 50 milliliter tube containing the hepatocyte maturation medium. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 200G for five minutes at 18 degrees Celsius.And using an aspirator, remove the supernatant. To stain the mitochondria of cells, resuspend the pellet in five milliliters of hepatocyte maturation medium containing 100 nanomolar TMRM. Incubate the cells for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius while protecting them from light.Again, centrifuge the cell suspension and resuspend the pellet in one to five milliliters of cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS. After cell counting, aliquot 500, 000 cells to a 1.5 milliliter tube and label it as the no primary antibody control. Centrifuge the remaining cell suspension at 200G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius, and remove the supernatant.Add 100 microliters of diluted primary antibody per one million cells. Transfer the cell suspension to a 1.5 milliliter tube and incubate on ice for 50 minutes. After incubation, centrifuge the cell suspension and wash the cells twice with cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS.Now add 100 microliters of diluted secondary antibody per one million cells to the primary antibody, stained or unstained cells, and incubate for 30 minutes on ice. Again, centrifuge the cell suspension and wash the cells twice with cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS. After resuspending the cells in ADS buffer, filter them through a snap cap cell strainer and place the tube on ice.

Celleforberedelse til oprensning af humant inducerede pluripotente stamceller afledte hepatocytter

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

To begin, set up the fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or FACS machine, for cell sorting following the manufacturer's instructions. Place the sample tube on the FACS machine and load it. Gate TMRM-high and ALCAM negative population in the P1 region to sort non-hepatocytes.Then gate the TMRM high and ALCAM positive population in the P2 region to sort hepatocytes. Collect sorted cells in 15-milliliter collection tubes containing hepatocyte maturation medium. After sorting, remove the collection tube from the FACS machine.Centrifuge the sorted cell suspension at 200 G for five minutes at 18 degrees Celsius. Remove the supernatant, and re-suspend the pellet in two milliliters of hepatocyte maturation medium with 10 micromolar rock inhibitor and 20 nanomolar cyclosporine A.Seed the cells on mitomycin C-treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts with hepatocyte maturation medium in a six-well plate. Culture the cells in a 37-degree Celsius carbon dioxide incubator for five days before immuno staining for hepatocyte purity test.FACS analysis conducted on day 27 of hepatic differentiation revealed TMRM high and ALCAM positive population. The immunohistochemical staining of P1 and P2 cells cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts after sorting is shown. A purity test by counting albumin-positive cells showed 0%of P1, and approximately 97%of P2 cells were hepatocyte-like cells.