Name: 著者スポットライト:再生医療のためのヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの肝細胞精製の進歩
Uploaded: 2023-12-01T12:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

本研究は、文部科学省補助金番号[23390072]の支援を受けて行われました。

本研究では、市販のヒトiPS細胞(253G1系統)を使用しました( 材料表参照)。
1. ヒトiPS細胞のメンテナンス
<ol><li>0.25 μg/cm2 iMatrix-511 をコーティングした培養皿に、AK02 培地でヒト iPS 細胞をフィーダーフリー状態で保持します ( 材料表を参照)。</li>
</ol>2. 2D培養におけるヒトiPS細胞の肝臓分化
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ミトコンドリアALCAMソーティングによるヒトiPS細胞由来肝細胞の精製

<ol>
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肝細胞は、栄養素の代謝と解毒におけるそれらの機能のために、他の細胞タイプと比較して比較的多くのミトコンドリアを持っています15。ALCAMは免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリーの一員であり、細胞の接着と遊走に役割を果たします。それは、肝臓細胞、上皮細胞、リンパ球細胞、骨髄細胞、線維芽細胞、およびニューロン細胞16を含む様々な細胞タイ?...

胚性幹細胞と人工多能性幹細胞(ESおよびiPS細胞)は、再生治療の有望な細胞源と考えられています。しかし、これらの細胞を特定の標的細胞型に分化する効率は、同じ細胞株、プロトコール、および実験者1,2,3,4を使用する場合でも、異なる可能性があります。このばらつきは、ヒトES/iPS細胞の環境に対する感度が高いことに起因していると考えられます。そのため、純粋な標的細胞を安定して得ることは現状では困難です。安全性の高い再生医療を実現するためには、治療用細胞から増殖細胞や未分化幹細胞を排除することが重要であり、標的細胞の高度な精製技術が不可欠である5,6,7。
セルソーターは、個々の細胞を瞬時に解析し、蛍光シグナルの強度に基づいて目的の生細胞を選別する装置で、有望なソリューションを提供します。これは、細胞タイプ特異的な表面マーカーの抗体染色、または細胞タイプ特異的なレポーター遺伝子発現を利用することで達成できます。この技術を用いて、多能性幹細胞由来心筋細胞8,9,10および肝細胞11,12を精製する方法について、いくつかの報告があります。服部らは、セルソーターを用いた革新的なミトコンドリア精製法を開発した13。心筋細胞はミトコンドリアの活性を通じて高いエネルギー需要を持つという事実を利用して、生きたミトコンドリア指標色素TMRM(テトラメチルローダミンメチルエステル)で細胞を染色するために使用できます。これにより、さまざまな細胞タイプを含むヒトES細胞由来胚様体からFACSによる心筋細胞を標識し、高度に精製することができます。腫瘍原性の欠如は、精製された心筋細胞を用いた奇形腫形成アッセイによって確認されました。さらに、山下らは、ミトコンドリア活性が高くALCAM陽性発現を持つ画分を単離することにより、ヒトES細胞由来胚様体から肝細胞を精製する方法を思いがけず発見しました14。この方法の理論的根拠は、肝細胞は、栄養代謝および解毒のためのATPの大量消費のために、比較的多くのミトコンドリアも有しており15、肝細胞は免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリーのメンバーであるALCAMを発現し、これは細胞接着および移動16に役割を果たすというものである。
従来の多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞の高度に精製する方法は遺伝子改変が必要であり、非遺伝的精製法は効率が低かった17。ミトコンドリアの非遺伝的法は、高純度を達成するメリットがあります。肝前駆細胞が必要な場合、CD133およびCD13またはDlk1ベースの方法18,19を選択することができる。ゲノム編集技術の精度は向上していますが、予期せぬゲノム変化(発がんなど)の潜在的なリスクを完全に排除することはできません。ミトコンドリアの活性に基づく方法は、遺伝子組み換えを伴わず、そのようなリスクから解放されることができます。
新生児ラット心筋細胞における種々のミトコンドリア指標を調べた結果、TMRMは24時間以内に完全に消失することが観察されたが、他の色素は少なくとも5日間は残った13。さらに、TMRMおよびJC-1は、3-(4,5-ジメチル-チアゾール-2-イル)-2,5-ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロマイド(MTT)アッセイで評価した場合、細胞生存率に影響を与えなかったが、他の色素は細胞生存率に対して異なる効果を示したことに注意することが重要です13。TMRMはより高い安全性を示します。
これまでに、3次元(3D)胚様体形成と比較して、より効率的な分化誘導方法として、いくつかの2次元(2D)分化法が開発されてきました。これは、段階的な分化誘導化合物またはサイトカインを、3D空間ではなく2D平面上の細胞に均一に投与できるためです。本研究では、先に報告された方法20 を改変し、ヒトiPS細胞由来肝細胞への分化を誘導した。ここでは、ヒトiPS細胞由来の肝細胞を最新の2次元分化・精製する手順について詳しく説明します。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>253G1 human iPS cell line</td>
			<td>RIKEN BioResource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>163-20145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A Solution, Human, Recombinant</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>18585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nuclei Antibody, clone 235-1</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB1281</td>
			<td>Antibody against human nuclear antigen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50x), serum free</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSAria III</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-10182&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ciclosporin A</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>035-18961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>034-22363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Gel-like basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CultureSure Y-27632</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>036-24023</td>
			<td>ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>047-18863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>047-29353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A10036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube, with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>51820-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human/Mouse/Rat/Canine ALCAM/CD166 Antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF1172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iMatrix-511 silk</td>
			<td>Nippi</td>
			<td>892021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmunoBlock</td>
			<td>KAC</td>
			<td>CTKN001</td>
			<td>Blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITS-G Supplement(&#215;100)</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>090-06741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>128-06075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Hexanoic-Try-Ile-(6)-amino Hexanoic amide (Dihexa)</td>
			<td>Toronto Research Chemicals</td>
			<td>H293745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human Albumin</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>A0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween 20)</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>28353-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td>189-02025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium L-Ascorbate</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>03422-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFit AK02N</td>
			<td>REPROCELL</td>
			<td>RCAK02N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBS (10x)</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>12748-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester (TMRM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>28229-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution</td>
			<td>NACALAI TESQUE, INC.</td>
			<td>20577-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRYPSIN 250</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>215240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptose phosphate broth solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of live mitochondria staining in cell-sorting to purify hepatocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

ヒト胚性幹細胞(ES)細胞や人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)は、その無限の増殖性と多能性により、重篤な臓器の治療に応用できる可能性が期待されています。しかし、ヒトES/iPS細胞を100%純粋な標的細胞に分化させることは、環境に対する感度が高いため困難です。移植後の腫瘍形成は、汚染された細胞、増殖する細胞、未分化細胞によって引き起こされるため、再生医療を安全に実現するためには、高精製技術が不可欠です。腫瘍形成のリスクを軽減するために、ヒトiPS細胞由来肝細胞を対象とした高精製技術が開発されました。この方法は、高ミトコンドリア含有量と細胞表面マーカーALCAM(活性化白血球接着分子)を遺伝子組み換えなしで組み合わせたFACS(蛍光活性化細胞ソーティング)を採用しています。この方法を用いて精製された肝細胞の97%±0.38%(n = 5)は、アルブミンタンパク質の発現を示した。本稿では、ヒトiPS細胞の肝細胞への最新の二次元分化法に適用された、この方法の詳細な手順を提供することを目的としています。

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ES and iPS, respectively) are considered promising cell sources for regenerative therapies. However, the efficiency of differentiating these cells into specific target cell types can vary, even when using the same cell line, protocol, and experimenter1,2,3,4. This variability may be attributed to the high sensitivity of human ES/iPS cells to their environment. Therefore, it is currently difficult to consistently obtain pure target cells. To achieve highly safe regenerative medicine, it is crucial to eliminate proliferative cells and undifferentiated stem cells in therapeutic cells, and advanced purification technology for target cells is essential5,6,7.
A cell sorter is a device that instantaneously analyzes individual cells and sorts live cells of interest based on the fluorescent signal strengths, offering a promising solution. This can be accomplished through antibody staining of cell type-specific surface markers or by utilizing cell type-specific reporter gene expressions. Using this technique, there are several reports on methods for purifying pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes8,9,10 and hepatocytes11,12. Hattori et al. developed an innovative mitochondrial purification method using a cell sorter13. Taking advantage of the fact that cardiomyocytes have high energy demands through mitochondrial activity, staining the cells with the live mitochondria-indicative dye TMRM (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) can be used to label and highly purify cardiomyocytes by FACS from human ES cell-derived embryoid bodies containing various cell types. The absence of tumorigenicity was confirmed by teratoma formation assays with the purified cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Yamashita et al. unexpectedly discovered a method to purify hepatocytes from human ES cell-derived embryoid bodies by isolating fractions with high mitochondrial activity and ALCAM-positive expression14. The rationale for this method is that hepatocytes also have a relatively high number of mitochondria due to their high consumption of ATP for nutrient metabolism and detoxification15, and hepatocytes express ALCAM, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which plays a role in cell adhesion and migration16.
Previous highly purifying methods for pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes required genetic modifications, and non-genetic purification methods had low efficiency17. The mitochondrial non-genetic method holds merit for achieving high purity. When hepatic progenitor cells are needed, CD133 and CD13- or Dlk1-based methods18,19 can be chosen. Although the accuracy of genome editing technology has advanced, the potential risk of unforeseen genomic changes (e.g., carcinogenesis) cannot be entirely eliminated. Methods based on mitochondrial activity, without involving genetic modification, can be free from such risks.
As a result of examining various mitochondrial indicators in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, TMRM was observed to disappear completely within 24 h, whereas other dyes remained for at least 5 days13. Moreover, it is important to note that TMRM and JC-1 did not impact cell viability when assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while other dyes demonstrated varying effects on cell viability13. TMRM demonstrates higher safety.
To date, several two-dimensional (2D) differentiation methods have been developed as more efficient approaches for inducing differentiation compared to three-dimensional (3D) embryoid body formation. This is because step-wise differentiation-inducing compounds or cytokines can be uniformly administered to cells on a 2D plane, rather than in a 3D space. In this study, the previously reported method20 was modified to induce differentiation into human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes. Here, the details of the procedures for the up-to-date 2D differentiation and purification of hepatocytes derived from human iPS cells are described.

著者スポットライト:再生医療のためのヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの肝細胞精製の進歩

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞の精製のための細胞選別における生ミトコンドリア染色の応用

The scope of our research is to purify human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, using without genetic modification. We aim to address the issue of the tumorigenic risk associated with the undifferentiated cells, among those differentiated from human iPS cells. One of the current experimental challenges is a low cell purity, due to the mechanical storage of sorting.We are developing a new purification method, that utilizes the unique metabolism features of hepatocytes, for large-scale purification. One non-cell sorting method for hepatic progenitor cells cannot obtain pure hepatocytes. Another one for mature hepatocytes can only treat a small fraction of hepatocytes, because of the limited expression of the marker protein.In contrast, our approach can obtain hepatocytes at different maturation levels with a higher eve. Human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes are extremely immature, and show more reduced hepatocyte macro expression after purification. Our future goal is to enhance hepatocyte modulation using organoidal technology and day-to-day advancements to regenerative medicine and drug discovery.

ヒトiPS細胞が2D培養によって肝細胞に分化する過程(図1A)と代表的な細胞特徴(図1B)の時系列を示します。分化12日目頃、細胞は肝細胞の特徴である多角形の細胞形状と丸い核を示し始めました。一部の肝細胞も多核形成を示しました。
FACS解析は、分化27日目に細胞を用いて行った。ALCAM+ 集団を同定するために、最初の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

多能性幹細胞に由来する肝細胞は、ミトコンドリアと活性化白血球細胞接着分子(ALCAM、CD166)染色の組み合わせを使用して、細胞選別によって精製できます。

Human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential applications in cell-based regenerative medicine for treating severely ...

私たちの研究の範囲は、遺伝子改変なしでヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を精製することです。私たちは、ヒトiPS細胞から分化した細胞のうち、未分化細胞に関連する腫瘍形成リスクの問題に取り組むことを目指しています。現在の実験的課題の1つは、選別の機械的保存による細胞純度の低さです。私たちは、肝細胞のユニークな代謝特性を利用した、大規模精製のための新しい精製法を開発しています。肝前駆細胞の1つの非細胞選別法では、純粋な肝細胞を得ることはできません。成熟肝細胞用の別のものは、マーカータンパク質の発現が限られているため、肝細胞のごく一部しか治療できません。対照的に、私たちのアプローチは、より高いイブで異なる成熟レベルで肝細胞を得ることができます。ヒトiPS細胞由来肝細胞は極めて未成熟であり、精製後、肝細胞マクロ発現がより減少します。将来的には、オルガノイド技術を用いた肝細胞の調節の高度化と、日々の再生医療・創薬の進展を目指します。

application-live-mitochondria-staining-cell-sorting-to-purify

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Application of Live Mitochondria Staining in Cell-Sorting to Purify Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential applications in cell-based regenerative medicine for treating severely diseased organs due to their unlimited proliferation and pluripotent properties. However, differentiating human ES/iPS cells into 100% pure target cell types is challenging due to their high sensitivity to the environment. Tumorigenesis after transplantation is caused by contaminated, proliferating, and undifferentiated cells, making high-purification technology essential for the safe realization of regenerative medicine. To mitigate the risk of tumorigenesis, a high-purification technology has been developed for human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes. The method employs FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) using a combination of high mitochondrial content and the cell-surface marker ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule) without genetic modification. 97% &plusmn; 0.38% (n = 5) of the purified hepatocytes using this method exhibited albumin protein expression. This article aims to provide detailed procedures for this method, as applied to the most current two-dimensional differentiation method for human iPS cells into hepatocytes.

Hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells can be purified through cell sorting, using a combination of mitochondrial and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM, also known as CD166) staining.

生物学

Hepatic Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in 2D Cultures

To begin, coat each well of a six-well plate with one milliliter of basement membrane matrix and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. Remove the coated matrix from the plate and add human-induced pluripotent stem cells prepared in AK02N medium supplemented with 10 micromolar ROCK inhibitor. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for three days.After three days, on day zero of the initiating hepatic differentiation, wash the cells once with RPMI 1640 medium. Next, to initiate endoderm differentiation, add RPMI B27 GlutaMAX supplemented with three to six micromolar CHIR 99021 and 100 nanograms per milliliter Activin A into the plate. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours.On day one, replace the existing medium with RPMI B27 GlutaMAX supplemented with 50 nanograms per milliliter of Activin A.Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours. On day two, to induce hepatic progenitor differentiation, replace the existing medium with RPMI B27 GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 1%dimethyl sulfoxide, and continue incubation for up to five days. On day seven, to initiate hepatocyte maturation, switch to hepatocyte maturation medium and incubate for 20 days at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.On day 27, human-induced pluripotent stem cells displayed polygonal cell shapes and rounded nuclei, characteristics of hepatocytes.

2D培養におけるヒト誘導多能性幹細胞の肝分化

Cell Preparation for Purification of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Hepatocytes

After 27 days of initiating hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells, wash the cells with two milliliters of PBS per well. Prepare the enzyme solution in ADS buffer using the given components. Add one milliliter of solution per well of a six well plate.Place the plate at 37 degrees Celsius on a rotating shaker for about two hours to detach the cells from the plate. Confirm the cell detachment under a microscope, then pipette the cell suspension to disperse into single cells, and collect them in a 50 milliliter tube containing the hepatocyte maturation medium. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 200G for five minutes at 18 degrees Celsius.And using an aspirator, remove the supernatant. To stain the mitochondria of cells, resuspend the pellet in five milliliters of hepatocyte maturation medium containing 100 nanomolar TMRM. Incubate the cells for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius while protecting them from light.Again, centrifuge the cell suspension and resuspend the pellet in one to five milliliters of cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS. After cell counting, aliquot 500, 000 cells to a 1.5 milliliter tube and label it as the no primary antibody control. Centrifuge the remaining cell suspension at 200G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius, and remove the supernatant.Add 100 microliters of diluted primary antibody per one million cells. Transfer the cell suspension to a 1.5 milliliter tube and incubate on ice for 50 minutes. After incubation, centrifuge the cell suspension and wash the cells twice with cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS.Now add 100 microliters of diluted secondary antibody per one million cells to the primary antibody, stained or unstained cells, and incubate for 30 minutes on ice. Again, centrifuge the cell suspension and wash the cells twice with cold ADS buffer containing 2%FBS. After resuspending the cells in ADS buffer, filter them through a snap cap cell strainer and place the tube on ice.

ヒト誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞の精製のための細胞調製

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Hepatocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

To begin, set up the fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or FACS machine, for cell sorting following the manufacturer's instructions. Place the sample tube on the FACS machine and load it. Gate TMRM-high and ALCAM negative population in the P1 region to sort non-hepatocytes.Then gate the TMRM high and ALCAM positive population in the P2 region to sort hepatocytes. Collect sorted cells in 15-milliliter collection tubes containing hepatocyte maturation medium. After sorting, remove the collection tube from the FACS machine.Centrifuge the sorted cell suspension at 200 G for five minutes at 18 degrees Celsius. Remove the supernatant, and re-suspend the pellet in two milliliters of hepatocyte maturation medium with 10 micromolar rock inhibitor and 20 nanomolar cyclosporine A.Seed the cells on mitomycin C-treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts with hepatocyte maturation medium in a six-well plate. Culture the cells in a 37-degree Celsius carbon dioxide incubator for five days before immuno staining for hepatocyte purity test.FACS analysis conducted on day 27 of hepatic differentiation revealed TMRM high and ALCAM positive population. The immunohistochemical staining of P1 and P2 cells cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts after sorting is shown. A purity test by counting albumin-positive cells showed 0%of P1, and approximately 97%of P2 cells were hepatocyte-like cells.