Name: Investigating Liver Cancer Pathogenesis Using Patient-Derived Organoids (Video) | JoVE
Uploaded: 2023-08-18T14:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Liver Cancer Pathogenesis Using Patient-Derived Organoids at JoVE.com

本研究得到了国家自然科学基金（82122048;82003773;82203380）和广东省基础与应用基础研究基金（2023A1515011416）的支持。

在广州医科大学附属肿瘤医院和研究所对各自患者进行人体活检组织，并征得患者知情同意书。有关本协议中使用的所有材料、试剂和仪器的详细信息 ，请参阅材料表 。
1. 从手术样本中建立患者来源的 HCC 类器官
注：HCC类器官的建立包括组织解离、类器官接种、培养、传代、冷冻保存和复苏等各个阶段。组织解离过程需要持续2?...

Optimizing HCC Organoid Formation for Target Identification and Drug Development

<ol>
	<li>Vogel, A., Meyer, T., Sapisochin, G., Salem, R., Saborowski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Lancet. 400 (10360), 1345-1362 (2022).</li><li>Craig, A. J., von Felden, J., Garcia-Lezana, T., Sarcognato, S., Villanueva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour+evolution+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Tumour evolution in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 17 (3), 139-152 (2020).</li><li>Yang, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+view+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+trends,+risk,+prevention+and+management.">A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management.</a> Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 16 (10), 589-604 (2019).</li><li>Huang, A., Yang, X. R., Chung, W. Y., Dennison, A. R., Zhou, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+therapy+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 5 (1), 146 (2020).</li><li>Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+and+Integrative+Genomic+Characterization+of+Hepatocellular+Carcinoma.">Comprehensive and Integrative Genomic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.</a> Cell. 169 (7), 1327.e23-1341.e23 (2017).</li><li>Broutier, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+primary+liver+cancer-derived+organoid+cultures+for+disease+modeling+and+drug+screening.">Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening.</a> Nature Medicine. 23 (12), 1424-1435 (2017).</li><li>Driehuis, E., Kretzschmar, K., Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+patient-derived+cancer+organoids+for+drug-screening+applications.">Establishment of patient-derived cancer organoids for drug-screening applications.</a> Nature Protocols. 15 (10), 3380-3409 (2020).</li><li>Peng, W. C., Kraaier, L. J., Kluiver, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte+organoids+and+cell+transplantation:+What+the+future+holds.">Hepatocyte organoids and cell transplantation: What the future holds.</a> Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine. 53 (10), 1512-1528 (2021).</li><li>Nuciforo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoid+models+of+human+liver+cancers+derived+from+tumor+needle+biopsies.">Organoid models of human liver cancers derived from tumor needle biopsies.</a> Cell Reports. 24 (5), 1363-1376 (2018).</li><li>Liu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hepatocyte+differentiation+model+reveals+two+subtypes+of+liver+cancer+with+different+oncofetal+properties+and+therapeutic+targets.">A hepatocyte differentiation model reveals two subtypes of liver cancer with different oncofetal properties and therapeutic targets.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (11), 6103-6113 (2020).</li><li>Kong, F. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+tumor+lineage+plasticity+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma+using+an+anti-CLDN6+antibody-drug+conjugate.">Targeting tumor lineage plasticity in hepatocellular carcinoma using an anti-CLDN6 antibody-drug conjugate.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 13 (579), eabb6282 (2021).</li><li>Li, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+functional+characterization+of+potential+oncofetal+targets+in+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Identification and functional characterization of potential oncofetal targets in human hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> STAR Protocols. 3 (4), 101921 (2022).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+stem+cell-mediated+therapeutic+resistance+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Cancer stem cell-mediated therapeutic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Hepatoma Research. 8, 36 (2022).</li></ol>

患者衍生类器官模型的一个显着好处在于它们能够忠实地复制肿瘤的生物学特征，包括组织结构和基因组景观。这些模型表现出非凡的准确性，并有效地反映了肿瘤的异质性和进展，即使在长时间的培养中也是如此6,8,9。通过利用这种改进的类器官培养方案，我们有效地建立了患者来源的 HCC 类器官模型，促进了体外的?...

肝细胞癌 （HCC） 是一种普遍存在且广泛多样化的肿瘤1，在医学界引起了相当大的关注。HCC中谱系可塑性和大量异质性的存在表明，来自不同患者的肿瘤细胞，甚至同一患者体内的不同病变都可能表现出不同的分子和表型特征，从而为创新治疗方法的发展带来了巨大的障碍2,3,4,5 .因此，迫切需要加强对肝癌耐药性的生物学特性和机制的理解，以便为制定更有效的治疗策略提供信息。
近几十年来，研究人员致力于开发体外模型，以研究HCC 3,4。尽管取得了一些进步，但局限性仍然存在。这些模型包含一系列技术，例如细胞系、原代细胞和患者来源的异种移植物 （PDX） 的利用。细胞系可作为从HCC患者获得的肿瘤细胞长期培养的体外模型，具有方便和易于扩增的优点。原代细胞模型涉及从患者肿瘤组织中直接分离和培养原代肿瘤细胞，从而提供与患者本身非常相似的生物学特征的表示。PDX模型需要将患者肿瘤组织移植到小鼠体内，目的是更忠实地模拟肿瘤的生长和反应。这些模型在HCC研究中发挥了重要作用，但它们具有一定的局限性，包括细胞系的异质性和无法完全复制体内条件。此外，长时间的体外培养可能导致细胞原有特征和功能的恶化，从而对准确表示HCC的生物学特性构成挑战。此外，PDX 模型的使用既费时又费钱3.
为了解决这些局限性并更准确地复制HCC的生理特性，类器官技术的利用已被引入，作为一个有前途的研究平台，能够超越以前的限制。类器官是在体外培养的三维细胞模型，具有复制实际器官结构和功能的能力。然而，在HCC的背景下，在建立类器官模型方面存在一定的挑战。这些挑战包括对 HCC 类器官构建程序的描述不够详细，缺乏针对 HCC 类器官构建整个过程的综合方案，以及培养的类器官通常尺寸较小 6,7,8。鉴于培养的类器官通常尺寸有限，我们努力通过开发涵盖整个 HCC 类器官构建的综合方案来应对这些挑战6。该方案包括组织解离、类器官铺板、培养、传代、冷冻保存和复苏。通过优化程序步骤和改进培养基的组成，我们成功建立了能够持续生长和长期传代的 HCC 类器官模型 6,8。在随后的章节中，将全面介绍HCC类器官构建所涉及的操作复杂性和相关因素。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>[Leu15]-gastrin I human</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>G9145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Microtubes</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>AXYMCT150LC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A8301 (TGF&#946; inhibitor)</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>2939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement (503), minus vitamin A</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (503), serum-free</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP7</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>120-03P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer size 100 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>SML1046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>11088858001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning&#160;Costar Ultra-Low</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS3473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 24-well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates, Individually Wrapped, Sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6-well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates, Individually Wrapped, Sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cultrex Organoid Harvesting Solution</td>
			<td>R&#38;D SYSTEMS</td>
			<td>3700-100-01</td>
			<td>Organoid harvesting solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cultrex Reduced Growth Factor BME, Type 2 PathClear (BME)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>3533-005-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPT</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>D5942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>C6164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNaseI</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>DN25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium/Ham&#39;s F-12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12634028</td>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Earle&#8217;s balanced salt solution (EBSS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>24010043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>1099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES, 1 M</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica DM6 B Fluorescence Motorized Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement (1003)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>A0737-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc 15 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>339651</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc 50 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human FGF10</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human FGF19</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human HGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-39</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human Noggin</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>120-10C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-spodin1-conditioned medium</td>
			<td>(Broutier et al.)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Secretion of cell lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical specimen of tumor removed from HCC patients</td>
			<td>Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF&#945;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>315-01A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme (1x), no phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12604013</td>
			<td>Trypsin substitute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wnt-3a-conditioned medium</td>
			<td>(Broutier et al.)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Secretion of cell lines</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development and optimization of a human hepatocellular carcinoma patient-derived organoid model for potential target identification and drug discovery

肝细胞癌 （HCC） 是全球范围内高度流行和致命的肿瘤，其发现较晚且缺乏有效的特异性治疗药物，因此需要对其发病机制和治疗进行进一步研究。类器官是一种与天然肿瘤组织非常相似且可以在 体外培养的新型模型，近年来引起了人们的极大兴趣，有许多关于肝癌类器官模型开发的报道。在这项研究中，我们成功地优化了程序并建立了培养方案，能够形成具有稳定传代和培养条件的更大尺寸的HCC类器官。本文全面概述了该过程的每个步骤，涵盖了HCC组织解离、类器官接种、培养、传代、冷冻保存和复苏的整个过程，并在本文中提供了详细的注意事项。这些类器官表现出与原始HCC组织的遗传相似性，可用于各种应用，包括识别肿瘤的潜在治疗靶点和随后的药物开发。

Development and Optimization of A Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient-Derived Organoid Model for Potential Target Identification and Drug Discovery

在实施上述程序后，通常可以在 3 天内观察到 HCC 类器官球体的出现（图 1）。图1A，B显示了已建立的HCC类器官，该类器官在建立的最初一天迅速发育出具有圆润边缘和可渗透性胞质溶胶的致密球状体。在HCC类器官的生长过程中，使用不同浓度的BME对类器官的生长速率有不同的影响。我们在 10%、30%、50% 和 100% 的 BME 中培养两种患者来源的 HC...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Liver Cancer Pathogenesis Using Patient-Derived Organoids at JoVE.com

Investigating Liver Cancer Pathogenesis Using Patient-Derived Organoids (Video) | JoVE

我们对肝细胞癌（HCC）类器官形成的现有方案进行了全面概述和改进，涵盖了类器官培养的所有阶段。该系统可作为识别潜在治疗靶点和评估候选药物有效性的宝贵模型。

开发和优化用于潜在靶点识别和药物发现的人肝细胞癌患者来源类器官模型

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal tumor worldwide and its late discovery and lack of effective specific therapeutic agents ...

我们的实验室旨在研究肝癌的分子发病机制，并确定药物开发的新治疗靶点。我们想利用新的疾病模型（如患者来源的类器官）来回答癌症如何启动、转移和进展为药物耐受性。目前的实验挑战主要体现在两个方面。首先，缺乏一套完整的肝细胞癌类器官构建方案。其次，培养的HCC类器官的尺寸太小，无法进行后续的实验处理。在该协议中，我们提供了优化的类器官培养和随后的转移和冷冻程序的详细信息，以及在所有程序中应采取的预防措施。我们优化了类器官培养基的组成，使其具有接近原始组织特征的类器官。我们可以使用患者来源的类器官监测肿瘤的演变，并尝试确定用于HCC治疗的新分子和治疗靶点。