Name: an experimental study on colorado potato beetle hibernation under natural conditions
Uploaded: 2023-11-17T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Study on Colorado Potato Beetle Hibernation Under Natural Conditions at JoVE.com

我们感谢我们的同事弗拉基米尔·希洛、维拉·莫罗佐娃、乌利亚娜·罗茨卡娅、奥尔加·波列诺戈娃和奥克萨娜·托米洛娃在组织和执行现场和实验室程序方面的帮助。
该研究得到了俄罗斯科学基金会的支持，项目编号为22-14-00309。

1. 冬眠笼的描述
注意：根据实验的目的，笼子的数量会有所不同。每个采样日期至少使用三个笼子。要估计将出现的甲虫数量，请准备至少三个额外的笼子，这些笼子要到春天才能从土壤中取出。
<ol><li>使用由 25 × 25 × 40 厘米（长 × 宽 × 高）的刚性木框架制成的笼子。</li>
	<li>要为笼子搭建框架，请使用至少 2 厘米厚、4 厘米宽的木板条。</li>
	<li>用开口尺寸?...

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+soil+moisture+on+overwintering+pupae+in+Spodopteraexigua+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae).">Effect of soil moisture on overwintering pupae in Spodopteraexigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).</a> Applied Entomology and Zoology. 48, 365-371 (2013).</li><li>Hiiesaar, K., Metspalu, L., J&#245;udu, J., J&#245;gar, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Over-wintering+of+the+Colorado+potato+beetle+(Leptinotarsa+decemlineata+Say)+in+field+conditions+and+factors+affecting+its+population+density+in+Estonia.">Over-wintering of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in field conditions and factors affecting its population density in Estonia.</a> Agronomy Research. 4 (1), 21-30 (2006).</li><li>Yocum, G. D., Rinehart, J. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+internal+and+external+lipids+of+nondiapausing+and+diapause+initiation+phase+adult+Colorado+potato+beetles,+Leptinotarsa+decemlineata.">A comparison of internal and external lipids of nondiapausing and diapause initiation phase adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.</a> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 159 (3), 163-170 (2011).</li><li>Nikonorov, Y. M., Syrtlanova, L. A., Kitaev, K. A., Benkovskaya, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+activity+of+genes+involved+in+diapause+regulation+in+the+Colorado+Potato+beetle+and+its+change+under+a+fipronil+impact.">Transcription activity of genes involved in diapause regulation in the Colorado Potato beetle and its change under a fipronil impact.</a> Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research. 8, 80-86 (2018).</li><li>Govaere, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+and+proteome+analyses+to+investigate+the+molecular+underpinnings+of+cold+response+in+the+Colorado+potato+beetle,+Leptinotarsa+decemlineata.">Transcriptome and proteome analyses to investigate the molecular underpinnings of cold response in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.</a> Cryobiology. 88, 54-63 (2019).</li><li>Lehmann, P., Westberg, M., Tang, P., Lindstr&#246;m, L., K&#228;kel&#228;, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diapause+lipidomes+of+three+closely+related+beetle+species+reveal+mechanisms+for+tolerating+energetic+and+cold+stress+in+high-latitude+seasonal+environments.">The diapause lipidomes of three closely related beetle species reveal mechanisms for tolerating energetic and cold stress in high-latitude seasonal environments.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 11, 576617 (2020).</li><li>Lebenzon, J. E., Torson, A. S., Sinclair, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diapause+differentially+modulates+the+transcriptomes+of+fat+body+and+flight+muscle+in+the+Colorado+potato+beetle.">Diapause differentially modulates the transcriptomes of fat body and flight muscle in the Colorado potato beetle.</a> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. 40, 100906 (2021).</li><li>Lashomb, J. H., Ng, Y. S., Ghidiu, G., Green, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+of+spring+emergence+by+the+Colorado+potato+beetle,+Leptinotarsa+decemlineata+(Say)+(Coleoptera:+Chrysomelidae),+in+New+Jersey.">Description of spring emergence by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in New Jersey.</a> Environmental entomology. 13 (3), 907-910 (1984).</li><li>Cantwell, G. E., Cantelo, W. W., Schroder, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Beauveria+bassiana+on+underground+stages+of+the+Colorado+potato+beetle,+Leptinotarsa+decemlineata+(Coleoptera:+Chrysomelidae).">Effect of Beauveria bassiana on underground stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).</a> The Great Lakes Entomologist. 19 (2), 6 (1986).</li><li>Fedorko, A., Bajan, C., Kmitowa, K., Wojciehowska, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+the+use+of+selected+microorganisms+to+control+the+Colorado+beetle+during+hibernation.">Effectiveness of the use of selected microorganisms to control the Colorado beetle during hibernation.</a> Ecological Studies. 3 (2), 127-134 (1977).</li><li>Gaugler, R., Costa, S. D., Lashomb, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+and+efficacy+of+Beauveria+bassiana+soil+inoculations.">Stability and efficacy of Beauveria bassiana soil inoculations.</a> Environmental Entomology. 18 (3), 412-417 (1989).</li><li>Bajan, C., Kmitowa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+entomopathogenic+fungi+to+the+natural+winter+reduction+of+Colorado+beetle+adults.">Contribution of entomopathogenic fungi to the natural winter reduction of Colorado beetle adults.</a> Polish Ecological Studies. 3 (2), 107-114 (1977).</li><li>Milner, M., Kung, K. S., Wyman, J. A., Feldman, J., Nordheim, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancing+overwintering+mortality+of+Colorado+potato+beetle+(Coleoptera:+Chrysomelidae)+by+manipulating+the+temperature+of+its+diapause+habitat.">Enhancing overwintering mortality of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by manipulating the temperature of its diapause habitat.</a> Journal of Economic Entomology. 85 (5), 1701-1708 (1992).</li><li>Do&#287;an, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+calcium+signaling+proteins+from+the+fat+body+of+the+Colorado+Potato+Beetle,+Leptinotarsa+decemlineata+(Coleoptera:+Chrysomelidae):+Implications+for+diapause+and+lipid+metabolism.">Characterization of calcium signaling proteins from the fat body of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Implications for diapause and lipid metabolism.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 133, 103549 (2021).</li><li>Benkovskaya, G. V., Udalov, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colorado+potato+beetle+investigations+in+the+south+Urals.">Colorado potato beetle investigations in the south Urals.</a> Nova Science Publishers. , (2011).</li><li>Short, C. A., Hahn, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fat+enough+for+the+winter?+Does+nutritional+status+affect+diapause.">Fat enough for the winter? Does nutritional status affect diapause.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. , 104488 (2023).</li><li>McDonald, J. R., Bale, J. S., Walters, K. F. 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本研究表明，所提出的研究CPBs越冬的方法使我们能够在不同的冬眠期获得足够数量的昆虫。所提出的技术的成功取决于几个独立因素，其中最重要的是天气条件。在寒冷、无雪的冬天，土壤可能会冻结到笼子的整个深度。在这种情况下，所有甲虫的死亡风险显着增加18.甲虫的存活取决于许多因素的组合，这些因素每年都会有很大差异6.
在?...

科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say（CPB）是茄科植物的重要害虫，主要是马铃薯Solanum tuberosum L。该物种的地理范围超过1600万km2，并不断扩大1。CPB具有兼性冬季滞育，在温带地区必须冬眠。滞育是由短日照光周期诱导的，并由温度调节 1.这些甲虫在成虫阶段通过钻入土壤越冬。随着纬度的增加，冬眠期的持续时间延长。在温带地区，特别是在其范围的北部地区，越冬持续长达 9 个月：从 8 月至 9 月到 5 月至 6 月（Noskov 等人，个人观察）。在此期间，CPB与温带地区的任何其他昆虫一样，暴露在不利的冬季条件下，必须增加其耐寒性。同时，甲虫与土壤的接触增加了各种机会性和致病微生物感染的风险2。因此，这些甲虫在冬眠期间需要保持一定程度的免疫系统活动，这在能量上也很昂贵。尽管如此，即使昆虫在感染中幸存下来，这种疾病也可能降低其耐寒性3.应该指出的是，低温并不是CPB冬季死亡的唯一原因。缺氧也起着重要作用，在某些情况下，它可能是冬季死亡的主要因素4,5。
众所周知，CPB的自然冬季死亡率可能非常高，在粘壤土中达到100%6。因此，越冬是CPB生命周期中最关键的时期之一。然而，关于自然条件下CPB冬眠的生理学、免疫系统活动、存活率和其他参数的数据仍然有限。有关于CPB成人在滞育期间和应对冷休克的差异基因表达和各种生理参数的研究7,8,9,10,11,12;然而，这些分析主要是通过在实验室条件下诱导滞育或冷应激来进行的，没有温度、湿度和天然病原体载量的自然波动。尽管如此，研究这些甲虫在自然条件下从土壤中挖掘收集的生理学是很重要的。1970-1980年代，对自然条件下CPB越冬的不同方面进行了积极研究13,14,15,16,17,18。另一方面，这些研究不涉及冬季从土壤中挖掘CPB。此外，没有详细提供CPB的受控冬眠技术和笼子的描述。因此，需要研究在自然环境中越冬的CPBs的生理学19。
本研究的目的是开发和测试一种在自然条件下控制CPB成虫冬眠的方法。所提出的方法允许在大陆性气候的野外条件下冬眠期间获得所需数量的CPB个体，用于微生物学、免疫学和其他测定。该方法可以适用于在雪下土壤中越冬的其他昆虫物种。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar-agar bacteriological purified</td>
			<td>diaGene</td>
			<td>1806.5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bile Esculin Agar</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>M972</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endo Agar&#160;</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>M029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose monohydrate-D</td>
			<td>PanReac Applichem</td>
			<td>143140.1000&#934;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>PanReac Applichem</td>
			<td>141034.1211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani liquid medium</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>G009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>SCT-15ML-25-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>FBIS SRCAMB</td>
			<td>M<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/65862/65862eq01v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" />030/O61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Medigen</td>
			<td>PBS500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperatutre and humidity datalogger Ecklerk-M-11</td>
			<td>Relsib</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Waterproof datalogger</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental study on colorado potato beetle hibernation under natural conditions

温带地区马铃薯 Solanum tuberosum L.的主要害虫之一是昆虫科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫（CPB）。大多数关于CPB免疫和疾病的研究都是在主动喂养阶段进行的。尽管如此，关于休息阶段的研究较少，尽管这些甲虫的大部分生命周期都处于冬季滞育（冬眠）状态。在这项工作中，开发并测试了一种在自然条件下研究CPB冬眠的方法，为在冬季收集足够数量的个体提供了机会。在本文中，评估了CPB的存活率，并确定了处于不同冬眠阶段的传染性病原体。CPB死亡率在冬眠期间增加，在4-5月达到最大值。从死虫中分离出昆虫病原真菌（Beauveria、 Isaria 和 Lecanicillium）和细菌 Bacillus、Sphingobacterium、Peribacillus、Pseudomonas 和 Serratia 。甲虫在整个冬眠期的存活率为61%。没有发现冷冻或干燥的甲虫，表明所提出的方法取得了成功。

以下关于越冬 CPB 的结果显示了土壤温度、存活率和感染率。
土壤温度动态。 从11月底到4月初，网箱中30厘米深的温度低于零度（图1）。这一时期的平均气温为零下3.3°C±0.1°C（平均值±标准误差）。2月中旬的最低记录温度为零下7.9°C。
越冬CPB的存活率。 昆虫在冬眠期间死亡，在春季出苗前达到最大?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Study on Colorado Potato Beetle Hibernation Under Natural Conditions at JoVE.com

An Experimental Study on Colorado Potato Beetle Hibernation Under Natural Conditions

在这里，我们提出了一种在温带自然条件下研究科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫冬眠的方法以及一种在冬季收集甲虫的技术。该方法允许在冬眠的任何阶段获得所需数量的越冬个体进行各种分析。

自然条件下科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫冬眠的实验研究

One of the major pests of potato Solanum tuberosum L. in the temperate zone is the insect Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Most studies on the immunity and ...

科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫是温带地区最严重的马铃薯害虫之一。该害虫的免疫力和发病机制的研究主要在活动期进行。然而，在温带地区，这种害虫的大部分时间都处于冬眠状态。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫冬眠的方法和一种冬季收集甲虫的技术。这种方法的主要优点是它允许在任何冬眠期间获得任意数量的越冬个体进行病毒分析。使用由 25 x 25 x 40 厘米的刚性木框架制成的笼子。要为笼子搭建框架，请使用至少两厘米厚、四厘米宽的木板条。用尺寸不超过 5 x 3 毫米的不锈钢网覆盖笼子内部。用木制订书机固定网眼。在笼子内侧铺上密度为每平方米 60 克的黑色合成土工布。将一根约 60 厘米高的合成半透明透气织物管紧紧地固定在笼子的顶部。将两根结实的绳索交叉并固定在笼子的底部，以便在需要时将其从土壤中拉出。在土壤中挖一个 40 厘米深的洞。将干草或干草铺在洞上。将笼子放在里面，使干草或干草位于笼子的墙壁和土壤之间。用收集昆虫的同一块马铃薯田的土壤填满笼子。将防水温度和湿度数据记录仪安装到笼子中所需的深度。在引入甲虫前三到四个星期，将马铃薯幼苗种植在笼子内，并适度浇水。将一根合成纤维管垂直固定在安装在笼子外侧的任何材料的棍子上。在马铃薯植被末端的无农药马铃薯田中手动收集成年甲虫。将收集到的甲虫放在装有土豆顶部的 20 升塑料桶中，用于喂食昆虫，然后再放入笼子。用透气织物盖住水桶。将不超过 200 只甲虫放在合成织物网覆盖的马铃薯植物上。食用马铃薯盖时，加入装有水的塑料罐中的新鲜豆盖，然后每天更换马铃薯盖。一旦所有的甲虫都钻入土壤中越冬，从棍子上解开合成织物管，然后放下织物。清除笼子表面以上的积雪。用强力铲子松开两侧的笼子。用绳索将笼子从土壤中拉出。将笼子带到实验室。将土壤从笼子中取出小份，小心地打碎大块土壤，并用镊子隔离甲虫。将活甲虫与尸体分开。活的、健康的甲虫在它们周围压实土壤，形成一个气腔，即所谓的摇篮，因此很容易与土壤分离。被真菌杀死的甲虫被木乃伊化或表面有可见的菌丝体。细菌分解的昆虫是深色的。通过筛子筛选土壤，以确保所有甲虫都被隔离且未受损。将有真菌感染或细菌分解症状的尸体放入单个无菌 Falcon 管中，以备将来识别。将活甲虫储存在温度为2摄氏度的冰箱中，直到分析在装有湿棉球的密闭通风容器中。要收集血淋巴，请用胰岛素针在主动脉下方的腹部外侧部分穿刺。为了分离肠道，切掉头部胶囊，将所有内容物挤出到含有磷酸盐缓冲液的培养皿中。将肠道分离出来，将其从脂肪和Malpighian血管中清除。分离肠道的所需部分，例如前肠、中肠或后肠。要分离脂肪体，请在肠道分离后将其与其他组织分开。为了从尸体中分离出昆虫病原真菌，将木乃伊尸体放入无菌的湿度室中。使用甲虫内部内容物中的气生分生孢子或菌核，用0.4%乳酸接种在Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂上。从有细菌腐烂症状的尸体中分离出细菌。切下甲虫的头，挤出内部内容物并收集到管中，以便随后在培养基上接种细菌。从11月底到4月初，网箱中30厘米深的温度低于零度。这一时期的平均气温为3.3-0.1摄氏度。2月中旬录得的最低气温为摄氏7.9度。昆虫死亡率在冬眠期间增加，在出苗前的春季达到最大值。甲虫的初始数量为 2， 000 只，其中 1， 470 只幸存下来。因此，甲虫在冬眠期间的存活率为61%，对530具尸体的分析表明，在冬眠期间，53%的尸体以细菌分解症状为特征，25%以真菌感染症状为特征。Beauveria 在昆虫病原真菌的分离培养物中占主导地位。根茎、冬虫夏草和鳞虫属则少得多。在从尸体中分离出的具有细菌分解症状的细菌中，鉴定出属于芽孢杆菌属、鞘杆菌属、周芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、沙雷氏菌属、拉氏菌属和谷氨酸杆菌属的物种。使用这种方法可以解决冬季从田间获取科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫的问题。它允许以昆虫的低死亡率获得尽可能多的个体。从基本和应用的角度来看，对甲虫冬眠各个方面的研究对于改进控制这种害虫的方法都很重要。当然，这种技术可以适用于在土壤中越冬的其他昆虫物种。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

测试的速度和运动方向的视觉灵敏度在蜥蜴

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

科研

生物学

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

计算机生成的动物模型的刺激

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In ...

Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase

专访：HIV - 1前病毒DNA切除使用一个演进的重组酶

HIV-1 integrates into the host chromosome of infected cells and persists as a provirus flanked by long terminal repeats. Current treatment strategies ...

Using Unfixed, Frozen Tissues to Study Natural Mucin Distribution

使用不固定，冷冻的组织，以研究自然的粘蛋白分布

Mucins are complex and heavily glycosylated O-linked glycoproteins, which contain more than 70% carbohydrate by weight1-3. Secreted mucins, produced by ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

肿瘤细胞球体的高通量图像分析：一个用户友好的软件应用来测量球体的大小自动准确

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

The red flour beetle, Tribolium&#160;castaneum, offers a repertoire of experimental tools for genetic and developmental studies, including a fully ...

Applications of the Single-probe: Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Single Cell Analysis under Ambient Conditions

单探头的应用：根据环境条件质谱成像和单细胞分析

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and in-situ single cell mass spectrometry (SCMS) analysis under ambient conditions are two emerging fields with great ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

利用果蝇作为无脊椎动物毒性试验模型系统的实验协议

Emergent properties and external factors (population-level and ecosystem-level interactions, in particular) play important roles in mediating ...

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

缺氧条件下培养细胞内源性核蛋白的共免疫沉淀测定

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) trigger a variety of adaptive responses with the Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) complex acting as a master regulator. ...

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function

研究蛋白质和微RNA调制对脂肪细胞功能的影响的脂肪细胞培养模型

Alteration of adipocyte function contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases including Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. This highlights ...