Name: Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption at JoVE.com

Nogle analyse- og optimeringssoftware understøttes af Tsinghua University, Konkuk University, Chonnam National University, Mokpo University og Chiba University.

BEMÆRK: Køreplanen for forskningsteknologi er vist i figur 1, hvor modellerings-, simulerings- og optimeringssoftwaren anvendes. De krævede materialer er vist i materialetabellen.
1. Oprettelse af 3D-modellen
BEMÆRK: Vi brugte Solidworks til at skabe 3D-modellen.
<ol><li>Tegn et rektangel på 252 mm x 175 mm, klik på Ekstrudering af boss/base, og indtast 73. Opret et nyt plan 4 mm fra den ydre overflade.</li>
	<li>Te...

Optimizing Battery Heat Management in Dusty Environments

<ol>
	<li>Xia, G., Cao, L., Bi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+battery+thermal+management+in+electric+vehicle+application.">A review on battery thermal management in electric vehicle application.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 367 (1), 90-105 (2017).</li><li>Mahamud, R., Park, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocating+air+flow+for+Li-ion+battery+thermal+management+to+improve+temperature+uniformity.">Reciprocating air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 196 (13), 5685-5696 (2011).</li><li>Kumar, R., Goel, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+on+thermal+management+system+of+lithium-ion+batteries+for+electrical+vehicles:+A+critical+review.">A study on thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries for electrical vehicles: A critical review.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 71, 108025 (2023).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+the+thermal+management+performance+of+air+cooling+for+high+energy+density+cylindrical+lithium-ion+batteries.">Experimental study on the thermal management performance of air cooling for high energy density cylindrical lithium-ion batteries.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 155, 96-109 (2019).</li><li>Mohammadian, S. K., He, Y. L., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Internal+cooling+of+a+lithium-ion+battery+using+electrolyte+as+coolant+through+microchannels+embedded+inside+the+electrodes.">Internal cooling of a lithium-ion battery using electrolyte as coolant through microchannels embedded inside the electrodes.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 293, 458-466 (2015).</li><li>Skerlos, S. J., Winebrake, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+plug-in+hybrid+electric+vehicle+policies+to+increase+social+benefits.">Targeting plug-in hybrid electric vehicle policies to increase social benefits.</a> Energy Policy. 38 (2), 705-708 (2010).</li><li>Avadikyan, A., Llerena, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+real+options+reasoning+approach+to+hybrid+vehicle+investments.">A real options reasoning approach to hybrid vehicle investments.</a> Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 77 (4), 649-661 (2010).</li><li>Chen, K., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, F., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+the+cell+spacings+of+battery+pack+in+parallel+air-+cooled+battery+thermal+management+system.">Design of the cell spacings of battery pack in parallel air- cooled battery thermal management system.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 127, 393-401 (2018).</li><li>Jiang, Z. Y., Qu, Z. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+-+ion+battery+thermal+management+using+heat+pipe+and+phase+change+material+during+discharge+-+charge+cycle:+A+comprehensive+numerical+study.">Lithium - ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge - charge cycle: A comprehensive numerical study.</a> Applied Energy. 242, 378-392 (2019).</li><li>Saw, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+fluid+dynamic+and+thermal+analysis+of+Lithium-ion+battery+pack+with+air+cooling.">Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of Lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling.</a> Applied energy. 177, 783-792 (2016).</li><li>Park, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+design+of+air+flow+configuration+for+cooling+lithium+-+ion+battery+in+hybrid+electric+vehicles.">A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium - ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 239 (10), 30-36 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+runaway+caused+fire+and+explosion+of+lithium-ion+battery.">Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium-ion battery.</a> Journal of power sources. 208, 210-224 (2012).</li><li>Rao, Z., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+power+battery+thermal+energy+management.">A review of power battery thermal energy management.</a> Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (9), 4554-4571 (2011).</li><li>Chen, K., Wu, W., Yuan, F., Chen, L., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooling+efficiency+improvement+of+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system+through+designing+the+flow+pattern.">Cooling efficiency improvement of air-cooled battery thermal management system through designing the flow pattern.</a> Energy. 167, 781-790 (2019).</li><li>Lan, X., Li, X., Ji, S., Gao, C., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+optimization+of+a+novel+reverse+layered+air-cooling+battery+management+system+using+U+and+Z+type+flow+patterns.">Design and optimization of a novel reverse layered air-cooling battery management system using U and Z type flow patterns.</a> International Journal of Energy Research. 46 (10), 14206-14226 (2022).</li><li>Singh, G., Wu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+different+inlet/outlet+port+configurations+on+the+thermal+management+of+prismatic+Li-ion+batteries.">Effect of different inlet/outlet port configurations on the thermal management of prismatic Li-ion batteries.</a> Journal of Heat Transfer. 144 (11), 112901 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, J., Wu, X., Chen, K., Zhou, D., Song, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+numerical+studies+on+an+efficient+transient+heat+transfer+model+for+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+systems.">Experimental and numerical studies on an efficient transient heat transfer model for air-cooled battery thermal management systems.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 490, 229539 (2021).</li><li>Qian, X., Xuan, D., Zhao, X., Shi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+dissipation+optimization+of+lithium-ion+battery+pack+based+on+neural+networks.">Heat dissipation optimization of lithium-ion battery pack based on neural networks.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 162, 114289 (2019).</li><li>Chen, K., Wang, S., Song, M., Chen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+optimization+of+parallel+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system.">Structure optimization of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 111, 943-952 (2017).</li><li>Liu, Y., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-adapting+J-type+air-based+battery+thermal+management+system+via+model+predictive+control.">Self-adapting J-type air-based battery thermal management system via model predictive control.</a> Applied Energy. 263, 114640 (2020).</li><li>Baveja, R., Bhattacharya, J., Panchal, S., Fraser, R., Fowler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+temperature+distribution+of+passively+balanced+battery+module+under+realistic+driving+conditions+through+coupled+equivalent+circuit+method+and+lumped+heat+dissipation+method.">Predicting temperature distribution of passively balanced battery module under realistic driving conditions through coupled equivalent circuit method and lumped heat dissipation method.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 70, 107967 (2023).</li><li>Singh, L. K., Kumar, R., Gupta, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Panchal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+study+on+hybrid+air-PCM+cooling+inside+lithium-ion+battery+packs+with+varying+number+of+cells.">Computational study on hybrid air-PCM cooling inside lithium-ion battery packs with varying number of cells.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 67, 107649 (2023).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-objective+optimization+design+and+experimental+investigation+for+a+prismatic+lithium-ion+battery+integrated+with+a+multi-stage+Tesla+valve-based+cold+plate.">Multi-objective optimization design and experimental investigation for a prismatic lithium-ion battery integrated with a multi-stage Tesla valve-based cold plate.</a> Processes. 11 (6), 1618 (2023).</li><li>Feng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+Cooling+Performance+of+Symmetric+Battery+Thermal+Management+Systems+at+High+Discharge+Rates.">Optimization of the Cooling Performance of Symmetric Battery Thermal Management Systems at High Discharge Rates.</a> Energy Fuels. 37 (11), 7990-8004 (2023).</li><li>Talele, V., Moral&#305;, U., Patil, M. S., Panchal, S., Mathew, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+battery+preheating+in+critical+subzero+ambient+condition+using+different+preheating+arrangement+and+advance+pyro+linear+thermal+insulation.">Optimal battery preheating in critical subzero ambient condition using different preheating arrangement and advance pyro linear thermal insulation.</a> Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 42, 101908 (2023).</li><li>Kenny, Q. Y., Li, W., Sudjianto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algorithmic+construction+of+optimal+symmetric+Latin+hypercube+designs.">Algorithmic construction of optimal symmetric Latin hypercube designs.</a> Journal of statistical planning and inference. 90 (1), 145-159 (2000).</li><li>Oliveira Jr, H. A., Petraglia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+optimization+using+dimensional+jumping+and+fuzzy+adaptive+simulated+annealing.">Global optimization using dimensional jumping and fuzzy adaptive simulated annealing.</a> Applied Soft Computing. 11 (6), 4175-4182 (2011).</li><li>Ingber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+fast+simulated+re-annealing.">Very fast simulated re-annealing.</a> Mathematical and computer modelling. 12 (8), 967-973 (1989).</li><li>Yu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+transient+thermal+characteristics+of+stagger-arranged+lithium-ion+battery+pack+with+air+cooling+strategy.">Experimental study on transient thermal characteristics of stagger-arranged lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling strategy.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 143, 118576 (2019).</li><li>Li, W., Xiao, M., Peng, X., Garg, A., Gao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+surrogate+thermal+modeling+and+parametric+optimization+of+battery+pack+with+air+cooling+for+EVs.">A surrogate thermal modeling and parametric optimization of battery pack with air cooling for EVs.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 147, 90-100 (2019).</li><li>Chen, K., Zhang, Z., Wu, B., Song, M., Wu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+air-cooled+system+with+a+control+strategy+for+efficient+battery+thermal+management.">An air-cooled system with a control strategy for efficient battery thermal management.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 236, 121578 (2023).</li><li>Zhao, L., Li, W., Wang, G., Cheng, W., Chen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+thermal+management+system+for+lithium-ion+battery+modules+combining+direct+liquid-cooling+with+forced+air-cooling.">A novel thermal management system for lithium-ion battery modules combining direct liquid-cooling with forced air-cooling.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 232, 120992 (2023).</li><li>Oyewola, O. M., Awonusi, A. A., Ismail, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+optimization+of+Air-Cooled+Li-ion+battery+thermal+management+system+with+Step-like+divergence+plenum+for+electric+vehicles.">Design optimization of Air-Cooled Li-ion battery thermal management system with Step-like divergence plenum for electric vehicles.</a> Alexandria Engineering Journal. 71, 631-644 (2023).</li><li>Chen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+parallel+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system+through+numerical+study.">Design of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system through numerical study.</a> Energies. 10 (10), 1677 (2017).</li><li>Lyu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+structure+optimization+method+for+forced+air-cooling+system+based+on+the+simplified+multi-physics+model.">A new structure optimization method for forced air-cooling system based on the simplified multi-physics model.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 198, 117455 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, W. 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BTMS, der blev brugt i denne undersøgelse, blev etableret baseret på luftkølesystemet på grund af dets lave omkostninger og enkelhed i strukturen. På grund af den lave varmeoverførselskapacitet er luftkølesystemets ydeevne lavere end væskekølesystemets og faseskiftmaterialets kølesystem. Imidlertid har væskekølesystemet ulempen ved kølemiddellækage, og faseændringsmaterialekølesystemet har høj masse og lav energitæthed29. Disse kølesystemer har deres fordele og ulemper. Derfor k...

Med den hurtige udvikling af bilindustrien forbruger traditionelle brændstofkøretøjer mange ikke-vedvarende ressourcer, hvilket resulterer i alvorlig miljøforurening og energimangel. En af de mest lovende løsninger er udviklingen af elektriske køretøjer1,2.
De strømbatterier, der bruges til elbiler, kan lagre elektrokemisk energi, hvilket er nøglen til at erstatte traditionelle brændstofkøretøjer. Strømbatterier, der bruges i elbiler, omfatter lithium-ion-batteri (LIB), nikkel-metalhydridbatteri (NiMH) og elektrisk dobbeltlagskondensator (EDLC)3. Sammenlignet med de andre batterier bruges lithium-ion-batterier i øjeblikket i vid udstrækning som energilagringsenheder i elbiler på grund af deres fordele såsom høj energitæthed, høj effektivitet og lang livscyklus 4,5,6,7.
På grund af kemisk reaktionsvarme og Joule-varme er det imidlertid let at akkumulere en stor mængde varme og øge batteritemperaturen under hurtig opladning og højintensiv afladning. Den ideelle driftstemperatur for LIB er 20-40 °C 8,9. Den maksimale temperaturforskel mellem batterierne i en batteristreng må ikke overstige 5 °C10,11. Ellers kan det føre til en række risici såsom temperaturubalance mellem batterierne, accelereret aldring, endda overophedning, brand, eksplosion og så videre12. Derfor er det kritiske problem, der skal løses, at designe og optimere et effektivt batterivarmestyringssystem (BTMS), der kan kontrollere temperaturen og temperaturforskellen på batteripakken inden for en smal.
Typisk BTMS inkluderer luftkøling, vandkøling og faseændring materialekøling13. Blandt disse kølemetoder anvendes luftkølingstypen i vid udstrækning på grund af dens lave omkostninger og enkelhed i strukturen14. På grund af luftens begrænsede specifikke varmekapacitet er det let at forekomme høje temperaturer og store temperaturforskelle mellem battericeller i luftkølede systemer. For at forbedre køleydelsen af luftkølet BTMS er det nødvendigt at designe et effektivt system 15,16,17. Qian et al.18 indsamlede batteripakkens maksimale temperatur og temperaturforskel for at træne den tilsvarende Bayesianske neurale netværksmodel, som bruges til at optimere celleafstanden i seriens luftkølede batteripakke. Chen et al.19 rapporterede ved hjælp af Newton-metoden og flowmodstandsnetværksmodellen til optimering af bredden af indløbsdivergensplenumet og udløbskonvergensplenumet i Z-type parallelt luftkølet system. Resultaterne viste en 45% reduktion i systemets temperaturforskel. Liu et al.20 samplede fem grupper af kølekanalerne i J-BTMS og opnåede den bedste kombination af celleafstand ved hjælp af ensemblesurrogatbaseret optimeringsalgoritme. Baveja et al.21 modellerede et passivt afbalanceret batterimodul, og undersøgelsen beskrev virkningerne af termisk forudsigelse på passiv balancering på modulniveau og omvendt. Singh et al.22 undersøgte et batterivarmestyringssystem (BTMS), der brugte indkapslet faseændringsmateriale sammen med tvungen konvektiv luftkøling designet ved hjælp af den koblede elektrokemisk-termiske modellering. Fan et al.23 foreslog en væskekøleplade bestående af en flertrins Tesla-ventilkonfiguration for at give et sikrere temperaturområde for et prismatisk lithium-ion-batteri med høj genkendelse i mikrofluidiske applikationer. Feng et al. 24 brugte variationskoefficientmetoden til at evaluere ordningerne med forskellige indløbsstrømningshastigheder og batteriafstande. Talele et al.25 introducerede vægforstærket pyroforing varmeisolering for at lagre potentiel genereret opvarmning baseret på optimal placering af varmefilm.
Når man bruger luftkølende BTMS, vil metalstøvpartikler, mineralstøvpartikler, byggematerialers støvpartikler og andre partikler i det ydre miljø blive bragt ind i luftkøling BTMS af blæseren, hvilket kan medføre, at batteriernes overflade dækkes med DPM. Hvis der ikke er nogen varmeafledningsplan, kan det forårsage ulykker på grund af den for høje batteritemperatur. Efter simulering tager vi den maksimale temperatur på batteripakken i en specificeret luftstrømshastighed og støvfrit miljø som den forventede temperatur i et støvet miljø. For det første henviser C-hastighed til den aktuelle værdi, der kræves, når batteriet frigiver sin nominelle kapacitet inden for den angivne tid, hvilket er lig med et multiplum af batteriets nominelle kapacitet i dataværdien. I dette papir bruger simuleringen 2C-hastighedsudladning. Den nominelle kapacitet er 10 Ah, og den nominelle spænding er 3,2 V. Lithiumjernphosphat (LiFePO4) bruges som det positive elektrodemateriale, og kulstof bruges som det negative elektrodemateriale. Elektrolytten har elektrolyt lithiumsalt, et organisk opløsningsmiddel med høj renhed, nødvendige tilsætningsstoffer og andre råmaterialer. Det tilfældige array, der repræsenterer de forskellige hastighedskombinationer ved indløbene, blev bestemt gennem OLHA, og en 2. ordens funktion mellem batteripakkens maksimale temperatur og kombinationen af indløbsstrømningshastighed blev oprettet under forudsætning af at kontrollere nøjagtigheden af kurvetilpasningen. Latin hypercube (LH) design er blevet anvendt i mange computereksperimenter, siden de blev foreslået af McKay et al.26. En LH er givet ved en N x p-matrix L, hvor hver kolonne af L består af en permutation af heltalene 1 til N. I dette papir bruges den optimale latinske hypercube-prøveudtagningsmetode til at reducere beregningsbyrden. Metoden anvender stratificeret prøveudtagning for at sikre, at prøveudtagningsstederne kan dække alle interne prøveudtagningsdele.
I det følgende trin blev kombinationen af indløbshastighed optimeret til at reducere batteriets maksimale temperatur i et støvet miljø baseret på ASAM under forudsætning af at energiforbruget overvejes samtidigt. Den adaptive simulerede udglødningsalgoritme er blevet udviklet i vid udstrækning og udbredt i mange optimeringsproblemer27,28. Denne algoritme kan undgå at blive fanget i et lokalt optimalt ved at acceptere den værste løsning med en vis sandsynlighed. Det globale optimale opnås ved at definere acceptsandsynligheden og temperaturen; Beregningshastigheden kan også justeres ved hjælp af disse to parametre. Endelig blev det optimale resultat sammenlignet med analyseresultatet opnået fra simuleringssoftwaren for at kontrollere optimeringens nøjagtighed.
I dette papir foreslås en optimeringsmetode for batteriboksens indløbsstrømningshastighed for batteripakken, hvis temperatur stiger på grund af støvdæksel. Formålet er at reducere den maksimale temperatur for den støvdækkede batteripakke til under den maksimale temperatur for den ikke-støvdækkede batteripakke i tilfælde af lavt energiforbrug.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ansys-Workbench</td>
			<td>ANSYS</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Multi-purpose finite element method computer design program software.https://www.ansys.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isight</td>
			<td>Engineous Sogtware</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Comprehensive computer-aided engineering software.https://www.3ds.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NVIDIA GPU</td>
			<td>NVIDIA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>An NVIDIA GPU is needed as some of the software frameworks below will not work otherwise. https://www.nvidia.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOLIDWORKS</td>
			<td>Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>SolidWorks provides different design solutions, reduces errors in the design process, and improves product quality 
			www.solidworks.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimization of an air-based heat management system for dusty particulate matter-covered lithium-ion battery packs

Denne undersøgelse har til formål at løse problemet med celletemperaturstigning og ydelsesfald forårsaget af støvede partikler, der dækker cellens overflade gennem tildeling af luftstrømshastigheder ved indløb i batterikøleboksen under målet om lavt energiforbrug. Vi tager batteripakkens maksimale temperatur ved en bestemt luftstrømshastighed og støvfrit miljø som den forventede temperatur i et støvet miljø. Den maksimale temperatur på batteripakken i et støvet miljø løses ved forskellige indløbshastigheder, som er grænsebetingelserne for analysemodellen, der er konstrueret i simuleringssoftwaren. Arrayerne, der repræsenterer de forskellige luftstrømshastighedskombinationer af indløb, genereres tilfældigt gennem den optimale latinske hypercubealgoritme (OLHA), hvor de nedre og øvre grænser for hastigheder svarende til temperaturerne over den ønskede temperatur indstilles i optimeringssoftwaren. Vi etablerer en omtrentlig QRSM mellem hastighedskombinationen og den maksimale temperatur ved hjælp af monteringsmodulet i optimeringssoftwaren. QRSM er optimeret baseret på ASAM, og det optimale resultat er i god overensstemmelse med analyseresultatet opnået af simuleringssoftwaren. Efter optimering ændres strømningshastigheden for det midterste indløb fra 5,5 m / s til 5 m / s, og den samlede luftstrømshastighed reduceres med 3%. Protokollen her præsenterer en optimeringsmetode, der samtidig overvejer energiforbrug og termisk ydeevne for det batteristyringssystem, der er etableret, og det kan i vid udstrækning bruges til at forbedre batteripakkens livscyklus med minimale driftsomkostninger.

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, traditional fuel vehicles consume a lot of non-renewable resources, resulting in serious environmental pollution and energy shortage. One of the most promising solutions is the development of electric vehicles (EVs)1,2.
The power batteries used for EVs can store electrochemical energy, which is the key to replacing traditional fuel vehicles. Power batteries used in EVs include lithium-ion battery (LIB), nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), and electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)3. Compared to the other batteries, lithium-ion batteries are currently widely used as energy storage units in EVs owing to their advantages such as high energy density, high efficiency, and long life cycle4,5,6,7.
However, due to chemical reaction heat and Joule heat, it is easy to accumulate a large amount of heat and increase the battery temperature during rapid charging and high-intensity discharging. The ideal operating temperature of LIB is 20-40 &#176;C8,9. The maximum temperature difference between the batteries in a battery string should not exceed 5 &#176;C10,11. Otherwise, it may lead to a series of risks such as temperature imbalance between the batteries, accelerated aging, even overheating, fire, explosion, and so on12. Therefore, the critical issue to be resolved is designing and optimizing an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) that can control the temperature and temperature difference of the battery pack within a narrow.
Typical BTMS include air cooling, water cooling, and phase change material cooling13. Among these cooling methods, the air cooling type is widely used because of its low cost and simplicity of the structure14. Due to the limited specific heat capacity of air, high temperature and large temperature differences are easy to occur between battery cells in air-cooled systems. In order to improve the cooling performance of air-cooled BTMS, it is necessary to design an efficient system15,16,17. Qian et al.18 collected the battery pack&#39;s maximum temperature and temperature difference to train the corresponding Bayesian neural network model, which is used to optimize cell spacings of the series air-cooled battery pack. Chen et al.19 reported using the Newton method and the flow resistance network model for optimization of the widths of the inlet divergence plenum and the outlet convergence plenum in the Z-type parallel air-cooled system. The results showed a 45% reduction in the temperature difference of the system. Liu et al.20 sampled five groups of the cooling ducts in the J-BTMS and obtained the best combination of cell spacings by the ensemble surrogate-based optimization algorithm. Baveja et al.21 modeled a passively balanced battery module, and the study described the effects of thermal prediction on module-level passive balancing and vice versa. Singh et al.22 investigated a battery thermal management system (BTMS) that used encapsulated phase change material along with forced convective air cooling designed using the coupled electrochemical-thermal modeling. Fan et al.23 proposed a liquid cooling plate comprising a multi-stage Tesla valve configuration to provide a safer temperature range for a prismatic-type lithium-ion battery with high recognition in microfluidic applications. Feng et al. 24 used the coefficient of variation method to evaluate the schemes with different inlet flow rates and battery clearances. Talele et al.25 introduced wall-enhanced pyro lining thermal insulation to store potential generated heating based on optimal placement of heating films.
When one uses air-cooling BTMS, metal dust particles, mineral dust particles, building materials dust particles, and other particles in the external environment will be brought into the air-cooling BTMS by the blower, which can cause the surface of the batteries to be covered with DPM. If there is no heat dissipation plan, it may cause accidents due to the excessively high battery temperature. After simulation, we take the maximum temperature of the battery pack in a specified airflow velocity and dust-free environment as the expected temperature in a dusty environment. First, C-rate refers to the current value required when the battery releases its rated capacity within the specified time, which is equal to a multiple of the battery&#39;s rated capacity in the data value. In this paper, the simulation uses 2C rate discharge. The rated capacity is 10 Ah, and the nominal voltage is 3.2 V. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is used as the positive electrode material, and carbon is used as the negative electrode material. The electrolyte has electrolyte lithium salt, a high-purity organic solvent, necessary additives, and other raw materials. The random array representing the different velocity combinations at the inlets was determined through the OLHA, and a 2nd order function between the maximum temperature of the battery pack and the inlet flow velocity combination was set up under the condition of checking the accuracy of the curve fitting. Latin hypercube (LH) designs have been applied in many computer experiments since they were proposed by McKay et al.26. An LH is given by an N x p-matrix L, where each column of L consists of a permutation of the integers 1 to N. In this paper, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is used to reduce the computational burden. The method uses stratified sampling to ensure that the sampling points can cover all the sampling internals.
In the following step, the inlet flow velocity combination was optimized to decrease the maximum temperature of the battery pack in a dusty environment based on the ASAM under the condition of considering energy consumption simultaneously. The adaptive simulated annealing algorithm has been extensively developed and widely used in many optimization problems27,28. This algorithm can avoid getting trapped in a local optimum by accepting the worst solution with a certain probability. The global optimum is achieved by defining the acceptance probability and temperature; the calculation speed can also be adjusted by using these two parameters. Finally, for checking the accuracy of the optimization, the optimal result was compared with the analysis result obtained from the simulation software.
In this paper, an optimization method for the inlet flow rate of the battery box is proposed for the battery pack whose temperature rises due to dust cover. The purpose is to reduce the maximum temperature of the dust-covered battery pack to below the maximum temperature of the non-dust-covered battery pack in the case of low energy consumption.

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption 

Optimering af et luftbaseret varmestyringssystem til støvede partikler dækket lithium-ion-batteripakker

Efter protokollen er de første tre dele de vigtigste, som inkluderer modellering, mesh og simulering, alt sammen for at få den maksimale temperatur på batteripakken. Derefter justeres luftstrømningshastigheden ved prøveudtagning, og endelig opnås den optimale strømningshastighedskombination ved optimering.
Figur 9 viser sammenligningen af batteripakkens temperaturfordeling i forskellige milj?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption at JoVE.com

Her præsenterer vi den adaptive simulerede udglødningsmetode (ASAM) for at optimere en omtrentlig kvadratisk responsoverflademodel (QRSM) svarende til et støvet partikeldækket batterivarmestyringssystem og opfylde temperaturfaldene tilbage ved at justere luftstrømshastighedskombinationen af systemindløb.

This study aims to solve the problem of the cell temperature rise and performance decline caused by dusty particulate matter covering the surface of the ...

Denne undersøgelse har til formål at løse problemet med celletemperaturstigningen og præstationsnedgangen forårsaget af de støvede partikler, der dækker cellens overflade gennem tildeling af luftstrømshastigheder ved mindre batterikøleboks under målet om lavt energiforbrug. Der er etableret en optimeringsmetode, der samtidig overvejer energiforbrug og termisk ydeevne for batteristyringssystemet. Og det kan i vid udstrækning bruges til at forbedre batteriets livscyklus med minimale driftsomkostninger.

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Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Transient Stability and System Controls

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

This study aims to solve the problem of the cell temperature rise and performance decline caused by dusty particulate matter covering the surface of the cell through the allocation of airflow velocities at the inlets of the battery cooling box under the goal of low energy consumption. We take the maximum temperature of the battery pack at a specified airflow velocity and dust-free environment as the expected temperature in a dusty environment. The maximum temperature of the battery pack in a dusty environment is solved at different inlet airflow velocities, which are the boundary conditions of the analysis model constructed in the simulation software. The arrays representing the different airflow velocity combinations of inlets are generated randomly through the optimal Latin hypercube algorithm (OLHA), where the lower and upper limits of velocities corresponding to the temperatures above the desired temperature are set in the optimization software. We establish an approximate QRSM between the velocity combination and the maximum temperature using the fitting module of the optimization software. The QRSM is optimized based on the ASAM, and the optimal result is in good agreement with the analysis result obtained by the simulation software. After optimization, the flow rate of the middle inlet is changed from 5.5 m/s to 5 m/s, and the total airflow velocity is decreased by 3%. The protocol here presents an optimization method simultaneously considering energy consumption and thermal performance of the battery management system that has been established, and it can be widely used to improve the life cycle of the battery pack with minimum operating cost.

Here, we present the adaptive simulated annealing method (ASAM) to optimize an approximate quadratic response surface model (QRSM) corresponding to a dusty particulate matter-covered battery heat management system and fulfill the temperature drops back by adjusting the airflow velocities combination of system inlets.

Simulation Analysis for Evaluating Temperature and Airflow Dynamics in Battery Packs 

To begin the fluid flow analysis, drag Fluid Flow from the toolbox and Analysis Systems into the project schematic zone. Then hold airFEM mesh, batteryFEM mesh, and dpmFEM mesh fluid flow with the left mouse button and move them to fluid flow setup. Right click on Fluid Flow, then set up and select Update to enter the Setup window.Confirm the validity of the FEM model and check if the mesh has a negative volume. Now, enter the setting interface of the Viscous model and the Radiation model and select the K-epsilon model and the Discrete Ordinates model respectively. Change the fluid type of the numbered battery domains to the solid type.Then on the Solid window, double click each battery domain to change the DPM material to the battery material. Subsequently, choose the source terms item and check the highlighted source terms to add an energy source by assigning the number and the number of energy sources and selecting constant type to input the source value. Change the fluid type of numbered DPM domains to solid type.Next, convert the type of all renamed surfaces, including the inner surfaces of the air domain, all sides of the battery domains, and DPM domains from the default wall to the interface. To generate mesh interfaces, click the Mesh Interfaces and enter the Create and Edit Mesh Interfaces Window. Match the cavity surfaces to all sides, except the upper sides of the battery domains and the lower sides of the DPM domains.Name and number them as interface1 to interface11 respectively. Then match the upper sides of the battery domains and the lower sides of the DPM domains. Name and number them as interface12 to interface22 respectively.To assign the outer border surface as the wall thermal boundary, set the heat transfer coefficient as five in the mixed thermal condition. Then change the material from default aluminum to the previously self-defined battery box material. In the Velocity Inlet window, set airflow velocities of all inlets to five meters per second.Then set the gauge pressure of the outlet to zero in the Pressure Outlet window. Next, set the state of the computing domain with an initial temperature of 300 kelvin and solution initialization type, best standard initialization. Set the number of iterations to 2000 and click Calculate to begin the simulation.To enter the CFD Post window, double click Fluid Flow followed by Results. Then from the toolbox, double click the icon of contour. In the location selector, choose all sides of the batteries and switch from pressure to temperature.Then click Apply to generate the temperature contour of the batteries. Click File, then Export. To select the temperature of the selected variables, then click the dropdown button of the locations to select the battery domains.Click OK followed by the Save button to quit. Battery pack temperature variation at different inlet airflow velocities demonstrated that the maximum battery pack temperature decreases with the increase of inlet airflow velocity. The comparison of the battery pack temperature distribution and the second battery temperature distribution in different environments showed that the temperature of the battery increases under dusty conditions due to the low thermal conductivity of DPM.