Name: Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption
Uploaded: 2023-11-03T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption at JoVE.com

Algunos programas de análisis y optimización son compatibles con la Universidad de Tsinghua, la Universidad de Konkuk, la Universidad Nacional de Chonnam, la Universidad de Mokpo y la Universidad de Chiba.

NOTA: La hoja de ruta de la tecnología de investigación se muestra en la Figura 1, donde se utiliza el software de modelado, simulación y optimización. Los materiales necesarios se muestran en la Tabla de Materiales.
1. Creación del modelo 3D
NOTA: Utilizamos Solidworks para crear el modelo 3D.
<ol><li>Dibuje un rectángulo de 252 mm x 175 mm, haga clic en Extruir saliente/base e introduzca 73. Cree un nuevo plano a ...

Optimizing Battery Heat Management in Dusty Environments

<ol>
	<li>Xia, G., Cao, L., Bi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+battery+thermal+management+in+electric+vehicle+application.">A review on battery thermal management in electric vehicle application.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 367 (1), 90-105 (2017).</li><li>Mahamud, R., Park, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocating+air+flow+for+Li-ion+battery+thermal+management+to+improve+temperature+uniformity.">Reciprocating air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 196 (13), 5685-5696 (2011).</li><li>Kumar, R., Goel, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+on+thermal+management+system+of+lithium-ion+batteries+for+electrical+vehicles:+A+critical+review.">A study on thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries for electrical vehicles: A critical review.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 71, 108025 (2023).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+the+thermal+management+performance+of+air+cooling+for+high+energy+density+cylindrical+lithium-ion+batteries.">Experimental study on the thermal management performance of air cooling for high energy density cylindrical lithium-ion batteries.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 155, 96-109 (2019).</li><li>Mohammadian, S. K., He, Y. L., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Internal+cooling+of+a+lithium-ion+battery+using+electrolyte+as+coolant+through+microchannels+embedded+inside+the+electrodes.">Internal cooling of a lithium-ion battery using electrolyte as coolant through microchannels embedded inside the electrodes.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 293, 458-466 (2015).</li><li>Skerlos, S. J., Winebrake, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+plug-in+hybrid+electric+vehicle+policies+to+increase+social+benefits.">Targeting plug-in hybrid electric vehicle policies to increase social benefits.</a> Energy Policy. 38 (2), 705-708 (2010).</li><li>Avadikyan, A., Llerena, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+real+options+reasoning+approach+to+hybrid+vehicle+investments.">A real options reasoning approach to hybrid vehicle investments.</a> Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 77 (4), 649-661 (2010).</li><li>Chen, K., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, F., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+the+cell+spacings+of+battery+pack+in+parallel+air-+cooled+battery+thermal+management+system.">Design of the cell spacings of battery pack in parallel air- cooled battery thermal management system.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 127, 393-401 (2018).</li><li>Jiang, Z. Y., Qu, Z. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+-+ion+battery+thermal+management+using+heat+pipe+and+phase+change+material+during+discharge+-+charge+cycle:+A+comprehensive+numerical+study.">Lithium - ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge - charge cycle: A comprehensive numerical study.</a> Applied Energy. 242, 378-392 (2019).</li><li>Saw, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+fluid+dynamic+and+thermal+analysis+of+Lithium-ion+battery+pack+with+air+cooling.">Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of Lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling.</a> Applied energy. 177, 783-792 (2016).</li><li>Park, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+design+of+air+flow+configuration+for+cooling+lithium+-+ion+battery+in+hybrid+electric+vehicles.">A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium - ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 239 (10), 30-36 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+runaway+caused+fire+and+explosion+of+lithium-ion+battery.">Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium-ion battery.</a> Journal of power sources. 208, 210-224 (2012).</li><li>Rao, Z., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+power+battery+thermal+energy+management.">A review of power battery thermal energy management.</a> Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (9), 4554-4571 (2011).</li><li>Chen, K., Wu, W., Yuan, F., Chen, L., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooling+efficiency+improvement+of+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system+through+designing+the+flow+pattern.">Cooling efficiency improvement of air-cooled battery thermal management system through designing the flow pattern.</a> Energy. 167, 781-790 (2019).</li><li>Lan, X., Li, X., Ji, S., Gao, C., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+optimization+of+a+novel+reverse+layered+air-cooling+battery+management+system+using+U+and+Z+type+flow+patterns.">Design and optimization of a novel reverse layered air-cooling battery management system using U and Z type flow patterns.</a> International Journal of Energy Research. 46 (10), 14206-14226 (2022).</li><li>Singh, G., Wu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+different+inlet/outlet+port+configurations+on+the+thermal+management+of+prismatic+Li-ion+batteries.">Effect of different inlet/outlet port configurations on the thermal management of prismatic Li-ion batteries.</a> Journal of Heat Transfer. 144 (11), 112901 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, J., Wu, X., Chen, K., Zhou, D., Song, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+numerical+studies+on+an+efficient+transient+heat+transfer+model+for+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+systems.">Experimental and numerical studies on an efficient transient heat transfer model for air-cooled battery thermal management systems.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 490, 229539 (2021).</li><li>Qian, X., Xuan, D., Zhao, X., Shi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+dissipation+optimization+of+lithium-ion+battery+pack+based+on+neural+networks.">Heat dissipation optimization of lithium-ion battery pack based on neural networks.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 162, 114289 (2019).</li><li>Chen, K., Wang, S., Song, M., Chen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+optimization+of+parallel+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system.">Structure optimization of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 111, 943-952 (2017).</li><li>Liu, Y., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-adapting+J-type+air-based+battery+thermal+management+system+via+model+predictive+control.">Self-adapting J-type air-based battery thermal management system via model predictive control.</a> Applied Energy. 263, 114640 (2020).</li><li>Baveja, R., Bhattacharya, J., Panchal, S., Fraser, R., Fowler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+temperature+distribution+of+passively+balanced+battery+module+under+realistic+driving+conditions+through+coupled+equivalent+circuit+method+and+lumped+heat+dissipation+method.">Predicting temperature distribution of passively balanced battery module under realistic driving conditions through coupled equivalent circuit method and lumped heat dissipation method.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 70, 107967 (2023).</li><li>Singh, L. K., Kumar, R., Gupta, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Panchal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+study+on+hybrid+air-PCM+cooling+inside+lithium-ion+battery+packs+with+varying+number+of+cells.">Computational study on hybrid air-PCM cooling inside lithium-ion battery packs with varying number of cells.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 67, 107649 (2023).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-objective+optimization+design+and+experimental+investigation+for+a+prismatic+lithium-ion+battery+integrated+with+a+multi-stage+Tesla+valve-based+cold+plate.">Multi-objective optimization design and experimental investigation for a prismatic lithium-ion battery integrated with a multi-stage Tesla valve-based cold plate.</a> Processes. 11 (6), 1618 (2023).</li><li>Feng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+Cooling+Performance+of+Symmetric+Battery+Thermal+Management+Systems+at+High+Discharge+Rates.">Optimization of the Cooling Performance of Symmetric Battery Thermal Management Systems at High Discharge Rates.</a> Energy Fuels. 37 (11), 7990-8004 (2023).</li><li>Talele, V., Moral&#305;, U., Patil, M. S., Panchal, S., Mathew, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+battery+preheating+in+critical+subzero+ambient+condition+using+different+preheating+arrangement+and+advance+pyro+linear+thermal+insulation.">Optimal battery preheating in critical subzero ambient condition using different preheating arrangement and advance pyro linear thermal insulation.</a> Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 42, 101908 (2023).</li><li>Kenny, Q. Y., Li, W., Sudjianto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algorithmic+construction+of+optimal+symmetric+Latin+hypercube+designs.">Algorithmic construction of optimal symmetric Latin hypercube designs.</a> Journal of statistical planning and inference. 90 (1), 145-159 (2000).</li><li>Oliveira Jr, H. A., Petraglia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+optimization+using+dimensional+jumping+and+fuzzy+adaptive+simulated+annealing.">Global optimization using dimensional jumping and fuzzy adaptive simulated annealing.</a> Applied Soft Computing. 11 (6), 4175-4182 (2011).</li><li>Ingber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+fast+simulated+re-annealing.">Very fast simulated re-annealing.</a> Mathematical and computer modelling. 12 (8), 967-973 (1989).</li><li>Yu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+transient+thermal+characteristics+of+stagger-arranged+lithium-ion+battery+pack+with+air+cooling+strategy.">Experimental study on transient thermal characteristics of stagger-arranged lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling strategy.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 143, 118576 (2019).</li><li>Li, W., Xiao, M., Peng, X., Garg, A., Gao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+surrogate+thermal+modeling+and+parametric+optimization+of+battery+pack+with+air+cooling+for+EVs.">A surrogate thermal modeling and parametric optimization of battery pack with air cooling for EVs.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 147, 90-100 (2019).</li><li>Chen, K., Zhang, Z., Wu, B., Song, M., Wu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+air-cooled+system+with+a+control+strategy+for+efficient+battery+thermal+management.">An air-cooled system with a control strategy for efficient battery thermal management.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 236, 121578 (2023).</li><li>Zhao, L., Li, W., Wang, G., Cheng, W., Chen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+thermal+management+system+for+lithium-ion+battery+modules+combining+direct+liquid-cooling+with+forced+air-cooling.">A novel thermal management system for lithium-ion battery modules combining direct liquid-cooling with forced air-cooling.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 232, 120992 (2023).</li><li>Oyewola, O. M., Awonusi, A. A., Ismail, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+optimization+of+Air-Cooled+Li-ion+battery+thermal+management+system+with+Step-like+divergence+plenum+for+electric+vehicles.">Design optimization of Air-Cooled Li-ion battery thermal management system with Step-like divergence plenum for electric vehicles.</a> Alexandria Engineering Journal. 71, 631-644 (2023).</li><li>Chen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+parallel+air-cooled+battery+thermal+management+system+through+numerical+study.">Design of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system through numerical study.</a> Energies. 10 (10), 1677 (2017).</li><li>Lyu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+structure+optimization+method+for+forced+air-cooling+system+based+on+the+simplified+multi-physics+model.">A new structure optimization method for forced air-cooling system based on the simplified multi-physics model.</a> Applied Thermal Engineering. 198, 117455 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, W. C., Liang, Z. C., Ling, G. Z., Huang, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+phase+change+material+dosage+on+the+heat+dissipation+performance+of+the+battery+thermal+management+system.">Influence of phase change material dosage on the heat dissipation performance of the battery thermal management system.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 41, 102849 (2021).</li><li>Li, M. L., Zang, M. Y., Li, C. Y., Dai, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+structure+of+air+cooling+heat+dissipation+for+Li-ion+batteries.">Optimization of structure of air cooling heat dissipation for Li-ion batteries.</a> Battery Bimonthly. 50 (3), 1001 (2020).</li></ol>

El BTMS utilizado en este estudio se estableció en base al sistema de enfriamiento por aire debido a su bajo costo y simplicidad de la estructura. Debido a la baja capacidad de transferencia de calor, el rendimiento del sistema de refrigeración por aire es inferior al del sistema de refrigeración líquida y el sistema de refrigeración por material de cambio de fase. Sin embargo, el sistema de refrigeración líquida tiene la desventaja de las fugas de refrigerante, y el sistema de refrigeración del material de cambi...

Con el rápido desarrollo de la industria del automóvil, los vehículos de combustible tradicionales consumen una gran cantidad de recursos no renovables, lo que resulta en una grave contaminación ambiental y escasez de energía. Una de las soluciones más prometedoras es el desarrollo de vehículos eléctricos (VE)1,2.
Las baterías de energía utilizadas para los vehículos eléctricos pueden almacenar energía electroquímica, que es la clave para reemplazar los vehículos de combustible tradicionales. Las baterías de potencia utilizadas en los vehículos eléctricos incluyen la batería de iones de litio (LIB), la batería de níquel-hidruro metálico (NiMH) y el condensador eléctrico de doble capa (EDLC)3. En comparación con las otras baterías, las baterías de iones de litio se utilizan actualmente ampliamente como unidades de almacenamiento de energía en vehículos eléctricos debido a sus ventajas, como la alta densidad de energía, la alta eficiencia y el largo ciclo de vida 4,5,6,7.
Sin embargo, debido al calor de la reacción química y al calor Joule, es fácil acumular una gran cantidad de calor y aumentar la temperatura de la batería durante la carga rápida y la descarga de alta intensidad. La temperatura ideal de funcionamiento de LIB es de 20-40 °C 8,9. La diferencia máxima de temperatura entre las baterías de una cadena de baterías no debe superar los 5 °C10,11. De lo contrario, puede conllevar una serie de riesgos como el desequilibrio de temperatura entre las baterías, el envejecimiento acelerado, incluso el sobrecalentamiento, el incendio, la explosión, etc.12. Por lo tanto, el problema crítico a resolver es diseñar y optimizar un sistema eficiente de gestión térmica de la batería (BTMS) que pueda controlar la temperatura y la diferencia de temperatura del paquete de baterías dentro de un estrecho.
Los BTMS típicos incluyen enfriamiento por aire, enfriamiento por agua y enfriamiento de material de cambio de fase13. Entre estos métodos de enfriamiento, el tipo de enfriamiento por aire es ampliamente utilizado debido a su bajo costo y simplicidad de la estructura14. Debido a la limitada capacidad calorífica específica del aire, es fácil que se produzcan altas temperaturas y grandes diferencias de temperatura entre las celdas de la batería en los sistemas refrigerados por aire. Con el fin de mejorar el rendimiento de enfriamiento de los BTMS refrigerados por aire, es necesario diseñar un sistema eficiente 15,16,17. Qian et al.18 recopilaron la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías y la diferencia de temperatura para entrenar el modelo de red neuronal bayesiana correspondiente, que se utiliza para optimizar los espaciamientos de celdas del paquete de baterías refrigeradas por aire de la serie. Chen et al.19 reportaron el uso del método de Newton y el modelo de red de resistencia al flujo para la optimización de los anchos de la cámara de divergencia de entrada y la cámara de convergencia de salida en el sistema paralelo de enfriamiento por aire tipo Z. Los resultados mostraron una reducción del 45% en la diferencia de temperatura del sistema. Liu et al.20 muestrearon cinco grupos de conductos de enfriamiento en el J-BTMS y obtuvieron la mejor combinación de espaciamientos de celdas mediante el algoritmo de optimización basado en sustitutos de conjuntos. Baveja et al.21 modelaron un módulo de batería pasivamente balanceado, y el estudio describió los efectos de la predicción térmica en el balanceo pasivo a nivel de módulo y viceversa. Singh et al.22 investigaron un sistema de gestión térmica de baterías (BTMS) que utilizaba material encapsulado de cambio de fase junto con refrigeración por aire convectivo forzado diseñado utilizando el modelado electroquímico-térmico acoplado. Fan et al.23 propusieron una placa de refrigeración líquida que comprende una configuración de válvula Tesla de varias etapas para proporcionar un rango de temperatura más seguro para una batería de iones de litio de tipo prismático con alto reconocimiento en aplicaciones microfluídicas. Feng et al. 24 utilizaron el método del coeficiente de variación para evaluar los esquemas con diferentes caudales de entrada y holguras de batería. Talele et al.25 introdujeron el aislamiento térmico de pirolinero mejorado con paredes para almacenar el potencial de calor generado en función de la colocación óptima de las películas calefactoras.
Cuando se utiliza BTMS de refrigeración por aire, el soplador introducirá partículas de polvo metálico, partículas de polvo mineral, partículas de polvo de materiales de construcción y otras partículas en el entorno externo, lo que puede hacer que la superficie de las baterías se cubra con DPM. Si no hay un plan de disipación de calor, puede causar accidentes debido a la temperatura excesivamente alta de la batería. Después de la simulación, tomamos la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías en una velocidad de flujo de aire especificada y un entorno libre de polvo como la temperatura esperada en un entorno polvoriento. En primer lugar, la tasa C se refiere al valor de corriente requerido cuando la batería libera su capacidad nominal dentro del tiempo especificado, que es igual a un múltiplo de la capacidad nominal de la batería en el valor de datos. En este artículo, la simulación utiliza una descarga de velocidad de 2C. La capacidad nominal es de 10 Ah y el voltaje nominal es de 3.2 V. El fosfato de hierro y litio (LiFePO4) se usa como material de electrodo positivo y el carbono se usa como material de electrodo negativo. El electrolito tiene sal de litio electrolítica, un solvente orgánico de alta pureza, los aditivos necesarios y otras materias primas. La matriz aleatoria que representa las diferentes combinaciones de velocidades en las entradas se determinó a través del OLHA, y se estableció una función de 2º orden entre la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías y la combinación de velocidades de flujo de entrada con la condición de verificar la precisión del ajuste de la curva. Los diseños de hipercubos latinos (LH) se han aplicado en muchos experimentos informáticos desde que fueron propuestos por McKay et al.26. Una LH viene dada por una matriz N x p L, donde cada columna de L consiste en una permutación de los enteros 1 a N. En este trabajo, se utiliza el método óptimo de muestreo de hipercubos latinos para reducir la carga computacional. El método utiliza un muestreo estratificado para garantizar que los puntos de muestreo puedan cubrir todos los componentes internos del muestreo.
En el siguiente paso, la combinación de velocidad de flujo de entrada se optimizó para disminuir la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías en un entorno polvoriento basado en el ASAM bajo la condición de considerar el consumo de energía simultáneamente. El algoritmo de recocido simulado adaptativo ha sido ampliamente desarrollado y ampliamente utilizado en muchos problemas de optimización27,28. Este algoritmo puede evitar quedar atrapado en un óptimo local aceptando la peor solución con cierta probabilidad. El óptimo global se logra definiendo la probabilidad de aceptación y la temperatura; La velocidad de cálculo también se puede ajustar utilizando estos dos parámetros. Finalmente, para verificar la precisión de la optimización, se comparó el resultado óptimo con el resultado del análisis obtenido del software de simulación.
En este artículo, se propone un método de optimización para el caudal de entrada de la caja de baterías para el paquete de baterías cuya temperatura aumenta debido a la cubierta antipolvo. El objetivo es reducir la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías cubierto de polvo por debajo de la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías sin polvo en caso de bajo consumo de energía.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ansys-Workbench</td>
			<td>ANSYS</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Multi-purpose finite element method computer design program software.https://www.ansys.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isight</td>
			<td>Engineous Sogtware</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Comprehensive computer-aided engineering software.https://www.3ds.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NVIDIA GPU</td>
			<td>NVIDIA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>An NVIDIA GPU is needed as some of the software frameworks below will not work otherwise. https://www.nvidia.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOLIDWORKS</td>
			<td>Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>SolidWorks provides different design solutions, reduces errors in the design process, and improves product quality 
			www.solidworks.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimization of an air-based heat management system for dusty particulate matter-covered lithium-ion battery packs

Este estudio tiene como objetivo resolver el problema del aumento de la temperatura de la celda y la disminución del rendimiento causado por las partículas polvorientas que cubren la superficie de la celda a través de la asignación de velocidades de flujo de aire en las entradas de la caja de enfriamiento de la batería bajo el objetivo de un bajo consumo de energía. Tomamos la temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías a una velocidad de flujo de aire especificada y un entorno libre de polvo como la temperatura esperada en un entorno polvoriento. La temperatura máxima del paquete de baterías en un entorno polvoriento se resuelve a diferentes velocidades de flujo de aire de entrada, que son las condiciones de contorno del modelo de análisis construido en el software de simulación. Las matrices que representan las diferentes combinaciones de velocidades de flujo de aire de las entradas se generan aleatoriamente a través del algoritmo de hipercubo latino óptimo (OLHA), donde los límites inferior y superior de las velocidades correspondientes a las temperaturas por encima de la temperatura deseada se establecen en el software de optimización. Establecemos un QRSM aproximado entre la combinación de velocidades y la temperatura máxima utilizando el módulo de ajuste del software de optimización. El QRSM está optimizado en base al ASAM, y el resultado óptimo está en buena concordancia con el resultado del análisis obtenido por el software de simulación. Después de la optimización, el caudal de la entrada central cambia de 5,5 m/s a 5 m/s, y la velocidad total del flujo de aire se reduce en un 3%. El protocolo aquí presenta un método de optimización que considera simultáneamente el consumo de energía y el rendimiento térmico del sistema de gestión de baterías que se ha establecido, y puede ser ampliamente utilizado para mejorar el ciclo de vida del paquete de baterías con un costo operativo mínimo.

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, traditional fuel vehicles consume a lot of non-renewable resources, resulting in serious environmental pollution and energy shortage. One of the most promising solutions is the development of electric vehicles (EVs)1,2.
The power batteries used for EVs can store electrochemical energy, which is the key to replacing traditional fuel vehicles. Power batteries used in EVs include lithium-ion battery (LIB), nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), and electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)3. Compared to the other batteries, lithium-ion batteries are currently widely used as energy storage units in EVs owing to their advantages such as high energy density, high efficiency, and long life cycle4,5,6,7.
However, due to chemical reaction heat and Joule heat, it is easy to accumulate a large amount of heat and increase the battery temperature during rapid charging and high-intensity discharging. The ideal operating temperature of LIB is 20-40 &#176;C8,9. The maximum temperature difference between the batteries in a battery string should not exceed 5 &#176;C10,11. Otherwise, it may lead to a series of risks such as temperature imbalance between the batteries, accelerated aging, even overheating, fire, explosion, and so on12. Therefore, the critical issue to be resolved is designing and optimizing an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) that can control the temperature and temperature difference of the battery pack within a narrow.
Typical BTMS include air cooling, water cooling, and phase change material cooling13. Among these cooling methods, the air cooling type is widely used because of its low cost and simplicity of the structure14. Due to the limited specific heat capacity of air, high temperature and large temperature differences are easy to occur between battery cells in air-cooled systems. In order to improve the cooling performance of air-cooled BTMS, it is necessary to design an efficient system15,16,17. Qian et al.18 collected the battery pack&#39;s maximum temperature and temperature difference to train the corresponding Bayesian neural network model, which is used to optimize cell spacings of the series air-cooled battery pack. Chen et al.19 reported using the Newton method and the flow resistance network model for optimization of the widths of the inlet divergence plenum and the outlet convergence plenum in the Z-type parallel air-cooled system. The results showed a 45% reduction in the temperature difference of the system. Liu et al.20 sampled five groups of the cooling ducts in the J-BTMS and obtained the best combination of cell spacings by the ensemble surrogate-based optimization algorithm. Baveja et al.21 modeled a passively balanced battery module, and the study described the effects of thermal prediction on module-level passive balancing and vice versa. Singh et al.22 investigated a battery thermal management system (BTMS) that used encapsulated phase change material along with forced convective air cooling designed using the coupled electrochemical-thermal modeling. Fan et al.23 proposed a liquid cooling plate comprising a multi-stage Tesla valve configuration to provide a safer temperature range for a prismatic-type lithium-ion battery with high recognition in microfluidic applications. Feng et al. 24 used the coefficient of variation method to evaluate the schemes with different inlet flow rates and battery clearances. Talele et al.25 introduced wall-enhanced pyro lining thermal insulation to store potential generated heating based on optimal placement of heating films.
When one uses air-cooling BTMS, metal dust particles, mineral dust particles, building materials dust particles, and other particles in the external environment will be brought into the air-cooling BTMS by the blower, which can cause the surface of the batteries to be covered with DPM. If there is no heat dissipation plan, it may cause accidents due to the excessively high battery temperature. After simulation, we take the maximum temperature of the battery pack in a specified airflow velocity and dust-free environment as the expected temperature in a dusty environment. First, C-rate refers to the current value required when the battery releases its rated capacity within the specified time, which is equal to a multiple of the battery&#39;s rated capacity in the data value. In this paper, the simulation uses 2C rate discharge. The rated capacity is 10 Ah, and the nominal voltage is 3.2 V. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is used as the positive electrode material, and carbon is used as the negative electrode material. The electrolyte has electrolyte lithium salt, a high-purity organic solvent, necessary additives, and other raw materials. The random array representing the different velocity combinations at the inlets was determined through the OLHA, and a 2nd order function between the maximum temperature of the battery pack and the inlet flow velocity combination was set up under the condition of checking the accuracy of the curve fitting. Latin hypercube (LH) designs have been applied in many computer experiments since they were proposed by McKay et al.26. An LH is given by an N x p-matrix L, where each column of L consists of a permutation of the integers 1 to N. In this paper, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is used to reduce the computational burden. The method uses stratified sampling to ensure that the sampling points can cover all the sampling internals.
In the following step, the inlet flow velocity combination was optimized to decrease the maximum temperature of the battery pack in a dusty environment based on the ASAM under the condition of considering energy consumption simultaneously. The adaptive simulated annealing algorithm has been extensively developed and widely used in many optimization problems27,28. This algorithm can avoid getting trapped in a local optimum by accepting the worst solution with a certain probability. The global optimum is achieved by defining the acceptance probability and temperature; the calculation speed can also be adjusted by using these two parameters. Finally, for checking the accuracy of the optimization, the optimal result was compared with the analysis result obtained from the simulation software.
In this paper, an optimization method for the inlet flow rate of the battery box is proposed for the battery pack whose temperature rises due to dust cover. The purpose is to reduce the maximum temperature of the dust-covered battery pack to below the maximum temperature of the non-dust-covered battery pack in the case of low energy consumption.

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption 

Optimización de un sistema de gestión del calor basado en aire para paquetes de baterías de iones de litio cubiertos de partículas polvorientas

Siguiendo el protocolo, las tres primeras partes son las más importantes, que incluyen el modelado, el mallado y la simulación, todo con el fin de obtener la máxima temperatura del paquete de baterías. Luego, la velocidad del flujo de aire se ajusta por muestreo y, finalmente, se obtiene la combinación óptima de caudal mediante optimización.
La Figura 9 muestra la comparación de la distribuc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption at JoVE.com

Aquí, presentamos el método de recocido simulado adaptativo (ASAM) para optimizar un modelo de superficie de respuesta cuadrática aproximada (QRSM) correspondiente a un sistema de gestión del calor de la batería cubierto de partículas polvorientas y cumplir con las caídas de temperatura ajustando la combinación de velocidades de flujo de aire de las entradas del sistema.

This study aims to solve the problem of the cell temperature rise and performance decline caused by dusty particulate matter covering the surface of the ...

Este estudio tiene como objetivo resolver el problema del aumento de la temperatura de la celda y la disminución del rendimiento causada por las partículas polvorientas que cubren la superficie de la celda mediante la asignación de velocidades de flujo de aire a la menor cantidad de caja de enfriamiento de la batería bajo el objetivo de un bajo consumo de energía. Se ha establecido un método de optimización que considera simultáneamente el consumo de energía y el rendimiento térmico del sistema de gestión de baterías. Y se puede utilizar ampliamente para mejorar el ciclo de vida del paquete de baterías con un costo operativo mínimo.

optimization-an-air-based-heat-management-system-for-dusty

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Electrical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Transient Stability and System Controls

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

This study aims to solve the problem of the cell temperature rise and performance decline caused by dusty particulate matter covering the surface of the cell through the allocation of airflow velocities at the inlets of the battery cooling box under the goal of low energy consumption. We take the maximum temperature of the battery pack at a specified airflow velocity and dust-free environment as the expected temperature in a dusty environment. The maximum temperature of the battery pack in a dusty environment is solved at different inlet airflow velocities, which are the boundary conditions of the analysis model constructed in the simulation software. The arrays representing the different airflow velocity combinations of inlets are generated randomly through the optimal Latin hypercube algorithm (OLHA), where the lower and upper limits of velocities corresponding to the temperatures above the desired temperature are set in the optimization software. We establish an approximate QRSM between the velocity combination and the maximum temperature using the fitting module of the optimization software. The QRSM is optimized based on the ASAM, and the optimal result is in good agreement with the analysis result obtained by the simulation software. After optimization, the flow rate of the middle inlet is changed from 5.5 m/s to 5 m/s, and the total airflow velocity is decreased by 3%. The protocol here presents an optimization method simultaneously considering energy consumption and thermal performance of the battery management system that has been established, and it can be widely used to improve the life cycle of the battery pack with minimum operating cost.

Here, we present the adaptive simulated annealing method (ASAM) to optimize an approximate quadratic response surface model (QRSM) corresponding to a dusty particulate matter-covered battery heat management system and fulfill the temperature drops back by adjusting the airflow velocities combination of system inlets.

Investigación

Ingeniería

Simulation Analysis for Evaluating Temperature and Airflow Dynamics in Battery Packs 

To begin the fluid flow analysis, drag Fluid Flow from the toolbox and Analysis Systems into the project schematic zone. Then hold airFEM mesh, batteryFEM mesh, and dpmFEM mesh fluid flow with the left mouse button and move them to fluid flow setup. Right click on Fluid Flow, then set up and select Update to enter the Setup window.Confirm the validity of the FEM model and check if the mesh has a negative volume. Now, enter the setting interface of the Viscous model and the Radiation model and select the K-epsilon model and the Discrete Ordinates model respectively. Change the fluid type of the numbered battery domains to the solid type.Then on the Solid window, double click each battery domain to change the DPM material to the battery material. Subsequently, choose the source terms item and check the highlighted source terms to add an energy source by assigning the number and the number of energy sources and selecting constant type to input the source value. Change the fluid type of numbered DPM domains to solid type.Next, convert the type of all renamed surfaces, including the inner surfaces of the air domain, all sides of the battery domains, and DPM domains from the default wall to the interface. To generate mesh interfaces, click the Mesh Interfaces and enter the Create and Edit Mesh Interfaces Window. Match the cavity surfaces to all sides, except the upper sides of the battery domains and the lower sides of the DPM domains.Name and number them as interface1 to interface11 respectively. Then match the upper sides of the battery domains and the lower sides of the DPM domains. Name and number them as interface12 to interface22 respectively.To assign the outer border surface as the wall thermal boundary, set the heat transfer coefficient as five in the mixed thermal condition. Then change the material from default aluminum to the previously self-defined battery box material. In the Velocity Inlet window, set airflow velocities of all inlets to five meters per second.Then set the gauge pressure of the outlet to zero in the Pressure Outlet window. Next, set the state of the computing domain with an initial temperature of 300 kelvin and solution initialization type, best standard initialization. Set the number of iterations to 2000 and click Calculate to begin the simulation.To enter the CFD Post window, double click Fluid Flow followed by Results. Then from the toolbox, double click the icon of contour. In the location selector, choose all sides of the batteries and switch from pressure to temperature.Then click Apply to generate the temperature contour of the batteries. Click File, then Export. To select the temperature of the selected variables, then click the dropdown button of the locations to select the battery domains.Click OK followed by the Save button to quit. Battery pack temperature variation at different inlet airflow velocities demonstrated that the maximum battery pack temperature decreases with the increase of inlet airflow velocity. The comparison of the battery pack temperature distribution and the second battery temperature distribution in different environments showed that the temperature of the battery increases under dusty conditions due to the low thermal conductivity of DPM.