Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Anvendelser av TEER-deteksjon for å vurdere cellebarriereintegritet
Uploaded: 2023-09-29T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Vi setter pris på den økonomiske støtten fra National Natural Science Foundation of China (82274207 og 82104533), Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia (2023BEG02012) og Xinglin Scholar Research Promotion Project fra Chengdu University of TCM (XKTD2022013).

MERK: Musens hjerneavledede endotelceller.3 (bEnd.3) ble inokulert inn i kamrene i en 24-brønns plate for å konstruere en enkel in vitro-modell av BBB under spesifikke mediumforhold. TEER for normale celler og hypoksiske celler ble målt med TEER-måler (figur 1 og figur 2).
1. Forberedelse av løsning
<ol><li>Klargjør DMEM-cellekulturmediet som inneholder FBS (10 %, v/v), 100 U/ml penicillin og 10 mg/ml...

Transendotelial motstandsmåling for å vurdere cellebarriereintegritet

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+four+immortalized+human+brain+capillary+endothelial+cell+lines,+hCMEC/D3,+hBMEC,+TY10,+and+BB19,+and+optimization+of+culture+conditions,+for+an+in+vitro+blood-brain+barrier+model+for+drug+permeability+studies.">Comparative study of four immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hCMEC/D3, hBMEC, TY10, and BB19, and optimization of culture conditions, for an in vitro blood-brain barrier model for drug permeability studies.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 10 (1), 33 (2013).</li><li>Gajd&#225;cs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concept+of+an+ideal+antibiotic:+Implications+for+drug+design.">The concept of an ideal antibiotic: Implications for drug design.</a> Molecule. 24 (5), 892 (2019).</li><li>Stanimirovic, D. 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A., Shapiro, L. A., Huang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation+and+blood-brain+barrier+disruption+following+traumatic+brain+injury:+Pathophysiology+and+potential+therapeutic+targets.">Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets.</a> J Neurosci Res. 98 (1), 19-28 (2020).</li><li>Liu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notoginsenoside+R1+intervenes+degradation+and+redistribution+of+tight+junctions+to+ameliorate+blood-brain+barrier+permeability+by+Caveolin-1/MMP2/9+pathway+after+acute+ischemic+stroke.">Notoginsenoside R1 intervenes degradation and redistribution of tight junctions to ameliorate blood-brain barrier permeability by Caveolin-1/MMP2/9 pathway after acute ischemic stroke.</a> Phytomedicine. 90, 153660 (2021).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salidroside+intensifies+mitochondrial+function+of+CoCl2-damaged+HT22+cells+by+stimulating+PI3K-AKT-MAPK+signaling+pathway.">Salidroside intensifies mitochondrial function of CoCl2-damaged HT22 cells by stimulating PI3K-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway.</a> Phytomedicine. 109, 154568 (2023).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz-S&#225;nchez, J., Ch&#225;nez-C&#225;rdenas, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+cobalt+chloride+as+a+chemical+hypoxia+model.">The use of cobalt chloride as a chemical hypoxia model.</a> J Appl Toxicol. 39 (4), 556-570 (2019).</li><li>Jiang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salidroside+attenuates+high+altitude+hypobaric+hypoxia-induced+brain+injury+in+mice+via+inhibiting+NF-&#954;B/NLRP3+pathway.">Salidroside attenuates high altitude hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury in mice via inhibiting NF-&#954;B/NLRP3 pathway.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 925, 175015 (2022).</li><li>Xie, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodiola+crenulate+alleviates+hypobaric+hypoxia-induced+brain+injury+via+adjusting+NF-&#954;B/NLRP3-mediated+inflammation.">Rhodiola crenulate alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury via adjusting NF-&#954;B/NLRP3-mediated inflammation.</a> Phytomedicine. 103, 154240 (2022).</li><li>Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Forkel, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergent+properties+of+the+connected+brain.">The emergent properties of the connected brain.</a> Science. 378 (6619), 505-510 (2022).</li><li>Tu, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimated+burden+of+stroke+in+China+in+2020.">Estimated burden of stroke in China in 2020.</a> JAMA Netw Open. 6 (3), 231455 (2023).</li><li>Alzheimers Dement. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease+facts+and+figures.">Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.</a> Alzheimers Dement. 17 (3), 327-406 (2021).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps+promote+tPA-induced+brain+hemorrhage+via+cGAS+in+mice+with+stroke.">Neutrophil extracellular traps promote tPA-induced brain hemorrhage via cGAS in mice with stroke.</a> Blood. 138 (1), 91-103 (2021).</li><li>Liu, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+Cdk5+deficit+leads+to+the+development+of+spontaneous+epilepsy+through+CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated+reactive+astrogliosis.">Endothelial Cdk5 deficit leads to the development of spontaneous epilepsy through CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated reactive astrogliosis.</a> J Exp Med. 217 (1), 20180992 (2020).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Sporadic+Alzheimer's+Disease+in+Human+Brain+Organoids+under+Serum+Exposure.">Modeling Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Human Brain Organoids under Serum Exposure.</a> Adv Sci (Weinh). 8 (18), 2101462 (2021).</li><li>Qi, D., Lin, H., Hu, B., Wei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+in+vitro+model+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+based+on+hCMEC/D3+cells.">A review on in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on hCMEC/D3 cells.</a> J Control Release. 358, 78-97 (2023).</li><li>Artus, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt/planar+cell+polarity+signaling+pathway+contributes+to+the+integrity+of+tight+junctions+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">The Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway contributes to the integrity of tight junctions in brain endothelial cells.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (3), 433-440 (2014).</li><li>Sivandzade, F., Cucullo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vitro+blood-brain+barrier+modeling:+A+review+of+modern+and+fast-advancing+technologies.">In-vitro blood-brain barrier modeling: A review of modern and fast-advancing technologies.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 38 (10), 1667-1681 (2018).</li><li>Galla, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocultures+of+primary+porcine+brain+capillary+endothelial+cells:+Still+a+functional+in+vitro+model+for+the+blood-brain-barrier.">Monocultures of primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells: Still a functional in vitro model for the blood-brain-barrier.</a> J Control Release. 285, 172-177 (2018).</li><li>Srinivasan, B., Kolli, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transepithelial/transendothelial+electrical+resistance+(TEER)+to+measure+the+integrity+of+blood-brain+barrier.">Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) to measure the integrity of blood-brain barrier.</a> Blood-Brain Barrier. 142, 99-114 (2019).</li><li>Liang, Y., Yoon, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+sensors+for+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+on+a+chip.">In situ sensors for blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a chip.</a> Sens Actuators Rep. 3, 100031 (2021).</li><li>Ozg&#252;r, B., Helms, H. C. C., Tornabene, E., Brodin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+expression+of+selected+blood-brain+barrier+transporters+GLUT-1,+P-gp,+SLC7A5+and+TFRC,+while+maintaining+barrier+integrity,+in+brain+capillary+endothelial+monolayers.">Hypoxia increases expression of selected blood-brain barrier transporters GLUT-1, P-gp, SLC7A5 and TFRC, while maintaining barrier integrity, in brain capillary endothelial monolayers.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 19 (1), (2022).</li></ol>

Et av de mest utviklede kroppsorganene, hjernen styrer et bredt spekter av intrikate fysiologiske prosesser, inkludert minne, kognisjon, hørsel, lukt og bevegelse27. Hjernen er et av menneskekroppens mest kompliserte og syke organer på samme tid. Forekomsten av mange sykdommer i sentralnervesystemet viser en økende tendens år over år på grunn av faktorer som luftforurensning, uregelmessige spisemønstre og andre faktorer 27,28,29.<su...

BBB er et unikt biologisk grensesnitt mellom blodsirkulasjon og nervevev, som består av vaskulære endotelceller, pericytter, astrocytter, nevroner og andre cellulære strukturer1. Strømmen av ioner, kjemikalier og celler mellom blodet og hjernen er strengt regulert av denne barrieren. Denne homeostasen beskytter nervevevet mot toksiner og patogener, samtidig som det muliggjør riktig drift av hjernens nerver 2,3. Opprettholde integriteten til BBB kan effektivt forhindre utvikling og progresjon av lidelser som påvirker sentralnervesystemet, som nevronal dysfunksjon, ødem og nevroinflammasjon4. Imidlertid forhindrer de unike fysiologiske egenskapene til BBB mer enn 98% av småmolekylære medisiner og 100% av makromolekylære legemidler fra å komme inn i sentralnervesystemet5. Derfor er økt penetrasjon av medisiner gjennom BBB under utvikling av medisiner for sentralnervesystemet avgjørende for å oppnå terapeutisk effekt 6,7. Selv om datasimuleringsscreening av substrater har økt sannsynligheten for at legemiddelkandidater krysser BBB, er det fortsatt behov for pålitelige og rimelige in vitro / in vivo BBB-modeller for å møte behovene til vitenskapelig forskning8.
En rask og rimelig teknikk for narkotikascreening med høy gjennomstrømning er in vitro-modell 9. For å belyse de grunnleggende prosessene for legemidlers effekter på BBB-funksjon og deres rolle i utvikling og progresjon av sykdom, er det laget en serie forenklede in vitro BBB-modeller. For tiden er de vanlige in vitro BBB-modellene monolags-, samkultur-, dynamiske og mikrofluidiske modeller 10,11,12, konstruert av vaskulære endotelceller og astrocytter, pericytter eller mikroglia 13,14. Selv om 3D-cellekulturer er mer i tråd med den fysiologiske strukturen til BBB15, er deres anvendelse som et middel til narkotikascreening for BBB fortsatt begrenset av deres intrikate design og subpar reproduserbarhet. I motsetning til dette er monolaget in vitro-modellen den som oftest brukes til å undersøke BBB og er anvendelig for å bestemme ekspresjonen av membrantransportører og stramme kryssproteiner i bestemte celler.
Transmembran elektrisk motstand (TEER) måling er en teknikk for å evaluere og overvåke laget av celler over motstanden og evaluere celleintegriteten og permeabiliteten til barrieren. Ved samtidig å sette inn to elektroder i vekstmediet eller bufferløsningen på hver side av monolaget, er det mulig å måle vekselstrøm eller elektrisk impedans gjennom cellens kompakte lag16,17. For å avgjøre om in vitro BBB-modellen er riktig opprettet, vil måling av TEER vanligvis bli brukt som gullstandard18. På den annen side kan trenden med medisineringsvirkning på BBB-permeabilitet nøyaktig forutsies ved å måle endringen i elektrisk motstand i cellelaget etter legemiddelinvolvering19. For eksempel oppdaget Feng et al. at catalpol (den primære aktive monomeren av rehmanniae) effektivt kunne reversere lipopolysakkaridindusert nedregulering av stramme kryssproteiner i BBB og øke TEER-verdien av mushjernens endotelcellelag20.
Den nevroinflammatoriske responsen er vanligvis hovedårsaken til BBB-homeostase ubalanse21. Hypoksisk behandling for å indusere nevroinflammatorisk skade er den viktigste metoden for å ødelegge blod-hjernebarrieren, hovedsakelig inkludert fysiske metoder og kjemiske reagensmetoder. Førstnevnte benytter primært en tregassinkubator for å variere oksygeninnholdet i cellevekstmiljøet for å simulere hypoksiske forhold22, mens sistnevnte oppnås ved kunstig innføring av deoksyreagenser som CoCl2 til cellekulturmediet23. Cellene vil forbli i deoksygenert tilstand hvis Fe2+ erstattes av Co2 + i heme. Hvis Fe2+ substitueres med Co2+ i katalytisk gruppe, vil prolinhydroksylase- og aspartathydroksylaseaktivitet hemmes, noe som resulterer i akkumulering av hypoksiinduserbar faktor-1α (HIF-1α)24. Under vedvarende hypoksi utløser defosforyleringen av HIF-1α i cytoplasma celledød og aktiverer vaskulær endotelial vekstfaktor, noe som til slutt øker vaskulær permeabilitet. I tidligere studier 25,26 har det blitt godt demonstrert at hypoksi kan redusere uttrykket av endoteliale tette kryssproteiner betydelig for å øke permeabiliteten til BBB. I denne studien ble tidsmotstandskurven til bEnd.3-celler sådd i 24-brønnsplater målt for å skape en enkel BBB-modell. Ved hjelp av denne modellen karakteriserte vi endringene i celle TEER etter CoCl2-intervensjon for å konstruere en cellemodell som kan brukes til å screene medisiner for BBB-beskyttelse.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well transwell plate</td>
			<td>Corning (Corning 3470, 0.33 cm2, 0.4 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>10522023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 % ethanol</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2023052901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Jet Bio-Filtration Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>220412-078-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bEnd.3 cells</td>
			<td>Hunan Fenghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>CL0049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BG0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100mm)</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Sorfa Life Science Research Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>1192022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>15862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>PYG0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8121587</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2166090RP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>9.0.0(121)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel (Contains collagen IV)</td>
			<td>MedChemexpress</td>
			<td>HY-K6002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax iD5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OriginPro 8 software</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation</td>
			<td>v8.0724(B724)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>17C18B16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8120485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hypochlorite</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2022091501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmembrane resistance meter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments LLC</td>
			<td>VOM3 (verison 1.6)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25% (1x)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>J210045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

barrier functional integrity recording on bend.3 vascular endothelial cells via transendothelial electrical resistance detection

Blod-hjernebarrieren (BBB) er en dynamisk fysiologisk struktur sammensatt av mikrovaskulære endotelceller, astrocytter og pericytter. Ved å koordinere samspillet mellom begrenset transitt av skadelige stoffer, næringsopptak og metabolittclearance i hjernen, er BBB avgjørende for å bevare sentralnervesystemets homeostase. Å bygge in vitro-modeller av BBB er et verdifullt verktøy for å utforske patofysiologien til nevrologiske lidelser og skape farmakologiske behandlinger. Denne studien beskriver en prosedyre for å lage en in vitro monolayer BBB-cellemodell ved å så bEnd.3-celler inn i det øvre kammeret på en 24-brønnsplate. For å vurdere integriteten til cellebarrierefunksjonen ble det konvensjonelle epitelcellevoltmeteret brukt til å registrere den transmembrane elektriske motstanden til normale celler og CoCl 2-induserte hypoksiske celler i sanntid. Vi forventer at de ovennevnte forsøkene vil gi effektive ideer for opprettelse av in vitro-modeller av BBB og legemidler for å behandle lidelser i sykdommer i sentralnervesystemet.

BBB is a unique biological interface between blood circulation and nerve tissue, which is composed of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and other cellular structures1. The flow of ions, chemicals, and cells between the blood and the brain is strictly regulated by this barrier. This homeostasis safeguards the nervous tissues against toxins and pathogens while also enabling the appropriate operation of the brain&#39;s nerves2,3. Maintaining the integrity of the BBB can effectively prevent the development and progression of disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as neuronal dysfunction, edema, and neuroinflammation4. However, the unique physiological properties of the BBB prevent more than 98% of small molecule medications and 100% of macromolecular pharmaceuticals from entering the central nervous system5. Therefore, increasing the penetration of medications through the BBB during the development of drugs for the central nervous system is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy6,7. Even though computer simulation screening of substrates has significantly raised the probability of drug candidates crossing the BBB, reliable and affordable in vitro/in vivo BBB models are still needed to meet the needs of scientific research8.
A quick and affordable technique for high-throughput drug screening is the in vitro model9. To shed light on the fundamental processes of medicines&#39; effects on BBB function and their part in the development and progression of disease, a series of simplified in vitro BBB models has been created. At present, the common in vitro BBB models are the monolayer, co-culture, dynamic, and microfluidic models10,11,12, constructed by vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes, pericytes, or microglia13,14. Although 3D cell cultures are morein line with the physiological structure of BBB15, their application as a means of drug screening for BBB is still constrained by their intricate design and subpar reproducibility. In contrast, the monolayer in vitro model is the one most frequently used to research the BBB and is applicable for determining the expression of membrane transporters and tight junction proteins in particular cells.
Transmembrane electrical resistance (TEER) measurement is a technique to evaluate and monitor the layer of cells across the resistance and evaluate the cell integrity and permeability of the barrier. By simultaneously inserting two electrodes into the growth medium or buffer solution on either side of the monolayer, it is possible to measure the alternating current or electrical impedance through the cell&#39;s compact layer16,17. In order to determine whether the in vitro BBB model has been properly created, the measurement of TEER will usually be employed as the gold standard18. On the other hand, the trend of medication action on BBB permeability can be accurately predicted by measuring the change in electrical resistance of the cell layer after drug involvement19. For example, Feng et al. discovered that catalpol (the primary active monomer of rehmanniae) could effectively reverse the lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of tight junction proteins in the BBB and raise the TEER value of the mouse brain endothelial cell layer20.
The neuroinflammatory response is usually the main cause of BBB homeostasis imbalance21. Hypoxic treatment to induce neuroinflammatory injury is the main method to destroy the blood-brain barrier, mainly including physical methods and chemical reagent methods. The former primarily utilizes a three-gas incubator to vary the oxygen content in the cell growth environment to simulate hypoxic conditions22,while the latter is achieved by artificially introducing deoxy reagents such as CoCl2 to the cell culture medium23. The cells will remain in a deoxygenated condition if Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the heme. If Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the catalytic group, proline hydroxylase and aspartate hydroxylase activity will be inhibited, resulting in an accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1&#945; (HIF-1&#945;)24. Under persistent hypoxia, the dephosphorylation of HIF-1&#945; in the cytoplasm triggers cell death and activates vascular endothelial growth factor, which ultimately raises vascular permeability. In previous studies25,26, it has been well demonstrated that hypoxia can significantly reduce the expression of endothelial tight junction proteins to increase the permeability of BBB. In this study, the time-resistance curve of bEnd.3 cells seeded in 24-well plates were measured in order to create a straightforward BBB model. Using this model, we characterized the changes in cell TEER after CoCl2 intervention in order to construct a cell model that can be used to screen drugs for BBB protection.

Forfatter Spotlight: Anvendelser av TEER-deteksjon for å vurdere cellebarriereintegritet 

Registrering av barrierefunksjonell integritet på bEnd.3 Vaskulære endotelceller via deteksjon av transendotelial elektrisk motstand

Current studies typically use permeability tests and associated protein expression to verify the accuracy of TEER detection. The BBB model of monolayer cells in virtue is less effective for drug screening, and the use of more cells makes it more difficult to construct the model. The protocol of this study is relatively simple, as the non-invasive procedure allows the cell samples to be used in other experiments after TEER detection.The detection of TEER to assess the permeability of cell models can accelerate the screening of drugs for treatment and prevention of the central nervous system to increase the success rate of new drug development. In the future, we will detect the expression of tight junction protein in upper compartment cells of chest wall to verify that TEER test results can effectively represent the integrity of BBB barrier function.

Denne protokollen tillot registrering av endringer i motstandsverdiene til celler i henhold til parametrene angitt i transendotelial motstandsmåleren. Levedyktigheten til bEnd.3-celler (antall levende celler) behandlet med forskjellige konsentrasjoner av CoCl2 ble screenet ved CCK-8-analyse. Større celleskader produsert av CoCl2 ble representert ved lavere celle levedyktighet. Vi fant at 300 μMCoCl2 var signifikant cytotoksisk in vitro, og denne konsentrasjonen ble brukt til d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Denne protokollen beskriver en pålitelig og effektiv in vitro-modell av hjernens blodbarriere. Metoden bruker mus, cerebrale vaskulære endotelceller bEnd.3 og måler transmembran elektrisk motstand.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating ...

Nåværende studier bruker vanligvis permeabilitetstester og tilhørende proteinuttrykk for å verifisere nøyaktigheten av TEER-deteksjon. BBB-modellen av monolagsceller i kraft er mindre effektiv for medikamentscreening, og bruken av flere celler gjør det vanskeligere å konstruere modellen. Protokollen for denne studien er relativt enkel, da den ikke-invasive prosedyren gjør at celleprøvene kan brukes i andre eksperimenter etter TEER-deteksjon.Deteksjon av TEER for å vurdere permeabiliteten til cellemodeller kan akselerere screening av legemidler for behandling og forebygging av sentralnervesystemet for å øke suksessraten for ny legemiddelutvikling. I fremtiden vil vi oppdage uttrykket av tett kryssprotein i øvre romceller i brystveggen for å verifisere at TEER-testresultater effektivt kan representere integriteten til BBB-barrierefunksjonen.

barrier-functional-integrity-recording-on-bend3-vascular-endothelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Barrier Functional Integrity Recording on bEnd.3 Vascular Endothelial Cells via Transendothelial Electrical Resistance Detection

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating the interaction between restricted transit of harmful substances, nutrient absorption, and metabolite clearance in the brain, the BBB is essential in preserving central nervous system homeostasis. Building in vitro models of the BBB is a valuable tool for exploring the pathophysiology of neurological disorders and creating pharmacological treatments. This study describes a procedure for creating an in vitro monolayer BBB cell model by seeding bEnd.3 cells into the upper chamber of a 24-well plate. To assess the integrity of cell barrier function, the conventional epithelial cell voltmeter was used to record the transmembrane electrical resistance of normal cells and CoCl2-induced hypoxic cells in real-time. We anticipate that the above experiments will provide effective ideas for the creation of in vitro models of BBB and drugs to treat disorders of central nervous system diseases.

This protocol describes a dependable and efficient in vitro model of the brain blood barrier. The method uses mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cells bEnd.3 and measures transmembrane electrical resistance.

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment  

To begin, prepare DMEM cell culture medium containing FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin. Also, prepare a 100 millimolar cobalt chloride stock solution by adding 1.30 milligrams of cobalt chloride to 100 microliters of DMSO. Next, seed one milliliter of BEND3 cells in a 100-milliliter culture dish containing DMEM medium and culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified atmosphere of 5%carbon dioxide.Change the medium every two to three days and subculture the cells two times a week. After BEND3 cells grow to 80%confluence, digest the cells with 0.25%trypsin for 30 seconds. Count the cells using a cell counter and make a suspension of density seven times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter.Then, seed 100 microliters of this cell suspension in a 96-well plate for cell adhesion. Then wash the cells with PBS and add 100 microliters of culture medium containing cobalt chloride. Culture the cells for 24 hours.After incubation, remove the medium and wash with PBS. Next, add 100 microliters of CCK-8 solution. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour, then measure the absorbance at 450 nanometers using a microplate reader.Calculate the cell viability induced by cobalt chloride according to this formula. Select the concentration with a significant difference in cell viability reduction compared with the control group. The viability of BEND3 cells treated with different concentrations of cobalt chloride was analyzed by CoCl2.The results indicated that 300 micromolar of cobalt chloride showed significant in vitro cytotoxicity.

Kultur av bEnd.3 Celler og cellelevedyktighet etter CoCl2-behandling

In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Assembly for Measurement of TEER

To begin, rinse the upper chamber of 24 well plates with PBS. Mix the BEND3 cells with DMEM medium using a vortex mixer to make a suspension. Then, seed 200 microliters of BEND3 cell suspension on the PET membrane in the upper chamber of a 24 well plate.Add 1, 200 microliters of complete medium to the lower chamber of the plate to stabilize the osmotic pressure of the upper and lower chambers. Change the medium by slowly removing the old medium from one side with a negative-pressure pipette and adding a new medium along the wall during fluid exchange. Before measuring TEER, place the resistor, 5%sodium hypochlorite solution, 75%ethanol, and double distilled water on an ultra clean table.Turn on the UV irradiation for 30 minutes to eliminate residual bacteria and pathogens. Place the electrodes in 5%sodium hypochlorite solution with slow shaking for three to five seconds. Then immerse in 75%ethanol for 15 minutes.Finally, transfer to PBS or double distilled water until use. Next, turn on the switch at the back of the cell resistor meter. Click Select Plate and Select 24 well plate.According to the operation, select the appropriate detection sequence. Insert a kilo ohm resistor into the right plug to calibrate the instrument. If the calibration result is 1000 plus minus 5 ohms, consider the instrument accurate.If not, click on Mode Units on the main interface to select Ohms and then click Calibrate. Then, remove the kilo ohm resistor and replace it with the measuring electrode using a connecting wire. Place the electrode vertically into the 24 well plate containing only medium and click Blank Handling on the instrument.The background value of the plate resistance without seated cells should be about 134.4 ohm. Next, insert the two electrodes into the upper and lower chambers of the seated plate, such that the cell layer is between them. Record the resistance value by gently stepping on the pedal.Make sure that the electrode does not touch the cells in the upper chamber and the bottom of the lower chamber. Obtain TEER values by multiplying electrical resistance values with the bottom area of the upper chamber, as shown in the equation. Draw a line plot of TEER versus time in days.When the resistance value does not increase with time, the cells have formed a barrier. The resistance values plotted versus time for BEND3 cells showed that the cell TEER values began to stabilize on the fifth day.

In vitro blod-hjernebarrieremodellmontering for måling av TEER

Barrier Destruction and Statistical Analysis After TEER Measurement in an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model

Begin by culturing the BEND3 cells, then divide the wells into the control group and cobalt chloride group. Add 200 microliters of culture medium into the upper chamber of the control group and culture medium containing 300 micromolar cobalt chloride into the cobalt chloride group. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius and detect the resistance values at 12 and 24 hours of incubation using TEER method.Use commercial software to map the trend of TEER values of the cell barrier. Use statistical analysis software to analyze the difference in resistance values between cobalt chloride treated cells and control cells. Addition of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride resulted in a significant decrease in TEER values compared to the control at both the 12-hour and 24-hour time points.After 24 hours, the TEER value of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride group reduced compared to the control group, indicating breakdown of the cell barrier that was induced by hypoxic conditions due to cobalt chloride.