Name: Autor em destaque: Aplicações da detecção TEER para avaliar a integridade da barreira celular
Uploaded: 2023-09-29T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Agradecemos o apoio financeiro da Fundação Nacional de Ciências Naturais da China (82274207 e 82104533), do Programa Chave de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Ningxia (2023BEG02012) e do Projeto de Promoção de Pesquisa Acadêmica Xinglin da Universidade de Chengdu da TCM (XKTD2022013).

NOTA: Células endoteliais derivadas do cérebro de camundongos.3 (bEnd.3) foram inoculadas nas câmaras de uma placa de 24 poços para construir um modelo in vitro simples de BBB sob condições específicas de meio. O TEER das células normais e hipóxicas foi medido pelo medidor TEER (Figura 1 e Figura 2).
1. Preparação da solução
<ol><li>Preparar o meio de cultura celular DMEM contendo FBS (10%, v/v...

Medição da resistência transendotelial para avaliar a integridade da barreira celular

<ol>
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A., Shapiro, L. A., Huang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation+and+blood-brain+barrier+disruption+following+traumatic+brain+injury:+Pathophysiology+and+potential+therapeutic+targets.">Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets.</a> J Neurosci Res. 98 (1), 19-28 (2020).</li><li>Liu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notoginsenoside+R1+intervenes+degradation+and+redistribution+of+tight+junctions+to+ameliorate+blood-brain+barrier+permeability+by+Caveolin-1/MMP2/9+pathway+after+acute+ischemic+stroke.">Notoginsenoside R1 intervenes degradation and redistribution of tight junctions to ameliorate blood-brain barrier permeability by Caveolin-1/MMP2/9 pathway after acute ischemic stroke.</a> Phytomedicine. 90, 153660 (2021).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salidroside+intensifies+mitochondrial+function+of+CoCl2-damaged+HT22+cells+by+stimulating+PI3K-AKT-MAPK+signaling+pathway.">Salidroside intensifies mitochondrial function of CoCl2-damaged HT22 cells by stimulating PI3K-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway.</a> Phytomedicine. 109, 154568 (2023).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz-S&#225;nchez, J., Ch&#225;nez-C&#225;rdenas, M. 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X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+Cdk5+deficit+leads+to+the+development+of+spontaneous+epilepsy+through+CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated+reactive+astrogliosis.">Endothelial Cdk5 deficit leads to the development of spontaneous epilepsy through CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated reactive astrogliosis.</a> J Exp Med. 217 (1), 20180992 (2020).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Sporadic+Alzheimer's+Disease+in+Human+Brain+Organoids+under+Serum+Exposure.">Modeling Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Human Brain Organoids under Serum Exposure.</a> Adv Sci (Weinh). 8 (18), 2101462 (2021).</li><li>Qi, D., Lin, H., Hu, B., Wei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+in+vitro+model+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+based+on+hCMEC/D3+cells.">A review on in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on hCMEC/D3 cells.</a> J Control Release. 358, 78-97 (2023).</li><li>Artus, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt/planar+cell+polarity+signaling+pathway+contributes+to+the+integrity+of+tight+junctions+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">The Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway contributes to the integrity of tight junctions in brain endothelial cells.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (3), 433-440 (2014).</li><li>Sivandzade, F., Cucullo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vitro+blood-brain+barrier+modeling:+A+review+of+modern+and+fast-advancing+technologies.">In-vitro blood-brain barrier modeling: A review of modern and fast-advancing technologies.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 38 (10), 1667-1681 (2018).</li><li>Galla, H. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+sensors+for+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+on+a+chip.">In situ sensors for blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a chip.</a> Sens Actuators Rep. 3, 100031 (2021).</li><li>Ozg&#252;r, B., Helms, H. C. C., Tornabene, E., Brodin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+expression+of+selected+blood-brain+barrier+transporters+GLUT-1,+P-gp,+SLC7A5+and+TFRC,+while+maintaining+barrier+integrity,+in+brain+capillary+endothelial+monolayers.">Hypoxia increases expression of selected blood-brain barrier transporters GLUT-1, P-gp, SLC7A5 and TFRC, while maintaining barrier integrity, in brain capillary endothelial monolayers.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 19 (1), (2022).</li></ol>

Um dos órgãos corporais mais desenvolvidos, o cérebro controla uma ampla gama de processos fisiológicos intrincados, incluindo memória, cognição, audição, olfato e movimento27. O cérebro é um dos órgãos mais complicados e doentes do corpo humano ao mesmo tempo. A ocorrência de muitas doenças do sistema nervoso central apresenta tendência crescente ano após ano devido a fatores como poluição do ar, padrões alimentares irregulares e outros fatores 27,28,29...

A BHE é uma interface biológica única entre a circulação sanguínea e o tecido nervoso, que é composto por células endoteliais vasculares, pericitos, astrócitos, neurônios e outras estruturas celulares1. O fluxo de íons, produtos químicos e células entre o sangue e o cérebro é estritamente regulado por essa barreira. Essa homeostase protege os tecidos nervosos contra toxinas e patógenos, além de permitir o funcionamento adequado dos nervos cerebrais 2,3. A manutenção da integridade da BHE pode efetivamente prevenir o desenvolvimento e a progressão de distúrbios que afetam o sistema nervoso central, como disfunção neuronal, edema e neuroinflamação4. No entanto, as propriedades fisiológicas únicas da BHE impedem que mais de 98% dos medicamentos de pequenas moléculas e 100% dos fármacos macromoleculares entrem no sistema nervoso central5. Portanto, aumentar a penetração de medicamentos através da BHE durante o desenvolvimento de fármacos para o sistema nervoso central é essencial para alcançar a eficácia terapêutica 6,7. Embora a triagem de substratos por simulação computacional tenha aumentado significativamente a probabilidade de candidatos a fármacos cruzarem o BBB, modelos de BBB confiáveis e acessíveis in vitro/in vivo ainda são necessários para atender às necessidades da pesquisa científica8.
Uma técnica rápida e acessível para triagem de fármacos em alto rendimento é o modelo in vitro 9. Para lançar luz sobre os processos fundamentais dos efeitos dos medicamentos na função BBB e sua participação no desenvolvimento e progressão da doença, uma série de modelos simplificados in vitro de BBB foi criada. Atualmente, os modelos de BHE in vitro comuns são os modelos monocamada, co-cultura, dinâmico e microfluídico 10,11,12, construídos por células endoteliais vasculares e astrócitos, pericitos ou micróglia 13,14. Embora as culturas de células 3D estejam mais alinhadas com a estrutura fisiológica do BBB15, sua aplicação como meio de triagem de drogas para BBB ainda é limitada por seu design intrincado e reprodutibilidade inferior. Em contraste, o modelo in vitro de monocamada é o mais frequentemente utilizado para pesquisar a BBB e é aplicável para determinar a expressão de transportadores de membrana e proteínas de junção apertada em células específicas.
A medição da resistência elétrica transmembrana (TEER) é uma técnica para avaliar e monitorar a camada de células através da resistência e avaliar a integridade celular e a permeabilidade da barreira. Inserindo-se simultaneamente dois eletrodos no meio de crescimento ou solução tampão de cada lado da monocamada, é possível medir a corrente alternada ou a impedância elétrica através da camada compacta da célula 16,17. Para determinar se o modelo de BBB in vitro foi adequadamente criado, a mensuração do TEER será usualmente empregada como padrão-ouro18. Por outro lado, a tendência da ação do medicamento sobre a permeabilidade da BHE pode ser predita com precisão medindo-se a mudança na resistência elétrica da camada celular após o envolvimento da droga19. Por exemplo, Feng e col. descobriram que o catalpol (o monômero ativo primário de rehmanniae) poderia efetivamente reverter a regulação negativa induzida por lipopolissacarídeo de proteínas de junção apertada no BBB e aumentar o valor TEER da camada de células endoteliais cerebrais de camundongos20.
A resposta neuroinflamatória costuma ser a principal causa de desequilíbrio da homeostase BBB21. O tratamento hipóxico para induzir lesão neuroinflamatória é o principal método para destruir a barreira hematoencefálica, incluindo principalmente métodos físicos e métodos de reagentes químicos. A primeira utiliza primariamente uma incubadora de três gases para variar o conteúdo de oxigênio no ambiente de crescimento celular para simular condições hipóxicas22, enquanto a segunda é obtida pela introdução artificial de reagentes desoxi como a CoCl2 no meio de cultura celular23. As células permanecerão em uma condição desoxigenada se Fe2+ for substituído por Co2+ no heme. Se o Fe2+ for substituído por Co2+ no grupo catalítico, a atividade da prolina hidroxilase e do aspartato hidroxilase será inibida, resultando em um acúmulo do fator induzível por hipóxia-1α (HIF-1α)24. Sob hipóxia persistente, a desfosforilação do HIF-1α no citoplasma desencadeia a morte celular e ativa o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, o que, em última instância, eleva a permeabilidade vascular. Em estudos prévios25,26, foi bem demonstrado que a hipóxia pode reduzir significativamente a expressão de proteínas de tight junction endotelial para aumentar a permeabilidade da BHE. Neste estudo, a curva de resistência temporal de células bEnd.3 semeadas em placas de 24 poços foi medida para criar um modelo de BBB simples. Usando este modelo, caracterizamos as mudanças na célula TEER após a intervenção com CoCl2, a fim de construir um modelo celular que possa ser usado para rastrear drogas para proteção BBB.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well transwell plate</td>
			<td>Corning (Corning 3470, 0.33 cm2, 0.4 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>10522023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 % ethanol</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2023052901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Jet Bio-Filtration Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>220412-078-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bEnd.3 cells</td>
			<td>Hunan Fenghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>CL0049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BG0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100mm)</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Sorfa Life Science Research Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>1192022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>15862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>PYG0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8121587</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2166090RP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>9.0.0(121)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel (Contains collagen IV)</td>
			<td>MedChemexpress</td>
			<td>HY-K6002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax iD5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OriginPro 8 software</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation</td>
			<td>v8.0724(B724)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>17C18B16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8120485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hypochlorite</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2022091501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmembrane resistance meter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments LLC</td>
			<td>VOM3 (verison 1.6)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25% (1x)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>J210045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

barrier functional integrity recording on bend.3 vascular endothelial cells via transendothelial electrical resistance detection

A barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) é uma estrutura fisiológica dinâmica composta por células endoteliais microvasculares, astrócitos e pericitos. Ao coordenar a interação entre o trânsito restrito de substâncias nocivas, a absorção de nutrientes e a depuração de metabólitos no cérebro, a BHE é essencial na preservação da homeostase do sistema nervoso central. A construção de modelos in vitro do BBB é uma ferramenta valiosa para explorar a fisiopatologia de distúrbios neurológicos e criar tratamentos farmacológicos. Este estudo descreve um procedimento para criar um modelo in vitro de células BBB monocamada por semeadura de células bEnd.3 na câmara superior de uma placa de 24 poços. Para avaliar a integridade da função de barreira celular, o voltímetro de células epiteliais convencional foi usado para registrar a resistência elétrica transmembrana de células normais e hipóxicas induzidas por CoCl2 em tempo real. Antecipamos que os experimentos acima fornecerão ideias eficazes para a criação de modelos in vitro de BBB e drogas para tratar distúrbios de doenças do sistema nervoso central.

BBB is a unique biological interface between blood circulation and nerve tissue, which is composed of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and other cellular structures1. The flow of ions, chemicals, and cells between the blood and the brain is strictly regulated by this barrier. This homeostasis safeguards the nervous tissues against toxins and pathogens while also enabling the appropriate operation of the brain&#39;s nerves2,3. Maintaining the integrity of the BBB can effectively prevent the development and progression of disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as neuronal dysfunction, edema, and neuroinflammation4. However, the unique physiological properties of the BBB prevent more than 98% of small molecule medications and 100% of macromolecular pharmaceuticals from entering the central nervous system5. Therefore, increasing the penetration of medications through the BBB during the development of drugs for the central nervous system is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy6,7. Even though computer simulation screening of substrates has significantly raised the probability of drug candidates crossing the BBB, reliable and affordable in vitro/in vivo BBB models are still needed to meet the needs of scientific research8.
A quick and affordable technique for high-throughput drug screening is the in vitro model9. To shed light on the fundamental processes of medicines&#39; effects on BBB function and their part in the development and progression of disease, a series of simplified in vitro BBB models has been created. At present, the common in vitro BBB models are the monolayer, co-culture, dynamic, and microfluidic models10,11,12, constructed by vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes, pericytes, or microglia13,14. Although 3D cell cultures are morein line with the physiological structure of BBB15, their application as a means of drug screening for BBB is still constrained by their intricate design and subpar reproducibility. In contrast, the monolayer in vitro model is the one most frequently used to research the BBB and is applicable for determining the expression of membrane transporters and tight junction proteins in particular cells.
Transmembrane electrical resistance (TEER) measurement is a technique to evaluate and monitor the layer of cells across the resistance and evaluate the cell integrity and permeability of the barrier. By simultaneously inserting two electrodes into the growth medium or buffer solution on either side of the monolayer, it is possible to measure the alternating current or electrical impedance through the cell&#39;s compact layer16,17. In order to determine whether the in vitro BBB model has been properly created, the measurement of TEER will usually be employed as the gold standard18. On the other hand, the trend of medication action on BBB permeability can be accurately predicted by measuring the change in electrical resistance of the cell layer after drug involvement19. For example, Feng et al. discovered that catalpol (the primary active monomer of rehmanniae) could effectively reverse the lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of tight junction proteins in the BBB and raise the TEER value of the mouse brain endothelial cell layer20.
The neuroinflammatory response is usually the main cause of BBB homeostasis imbalance21. Hypoxic treatment to induce neuroinflammatory injury is the main method to destroy the blood-brain barrier, mainly including physical methods and chemical reagent methods. The former primarily utilizes a three-gas incubator to vary the oxygen content in the cell growth environment to simulate hypoxic conditions22,while the latter is achieved by artificially introducing deoxy reagents such as CoCl2 to the cell culture medium23. The cells will remain in a deoxygenated condition if Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the heme. If Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the catalytic group, proline hydroxylase and aspartate hydroxylase activity will be inhibited, resulting in an accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1&#945; (HIF-1&#945;)24. Under persistent hypoxia, the dephosphorylation of HIF-1&#945; in the cytoplasm triggers cell death and activates vascular endothelial growth factor, which ultimately raises vascular permeability. In previous studies25,26, it has been well demonstrated that hypoxia can significantly reduce the expression of endothelial tight junction proteins to increase the permeability of BBB. In this study, the time-resistance curve of bEnd.3 cells seeded in 24-well plates were measured in order to create a straightforward BBB model. Using this model, we characterized the changes in cell TEER after CoCl2 intervention in order to construct a cell model that can be used to screen drugs for BBB protection.

Autor em destaque: Aplicações da detecção TEER para avaliar a integridade da barreira celular 

Registro da Integridade Funcional da Barreira em bEnd.3 Células Endoteliais Vasculares via Detecção de Resistência Elétrica Transendotelial

Current studies typically use permeability tests and associated protein expression to verify the accuracy of TEER detection. The BBB model of monolayer cells in virtue is less effective for drug screening, and the use of more cells makes it more difficult to construct the model. The protocol of this study is relatively simple, as the non-invasive procedure allows the cell samples to be used in other experiments after TEER detection.The detection of TEER to assess the permeability of cell models can accelerate the screening of drugs for treatment and prevention of the central nervous system to increase the success rate of new drug development. In the future, we will detect the expression of tight junction protein in upper compartment cells of chest wall to verify that TEER test results can effectively represent the integrity of BBB barrier function.

Este protocolo permitiu o registro das mudanças nos valores de resistência das células de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos no resistor transendotelial. A viabilidade de células bEnd.3 (número de células vivas) tratadas com diferentes concentrações de CoCl2 foi avaliada pelo ensaio CCK-8. O maior dano celular produzido pela CoCl2 foi representado pela menor viabilidade celular. Verificamos que 300 μM de CoCl2 foi significativamente citotóxico in vitro, e essa conc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Este protocolo descreve um modelo in vitro confiável e eficiente da barreira sanguínea cerebral. O método utiliza células endoteliais vasculares cerebrais de camundongos bEnd.3 e mede a resistência elétrica transmembrana.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating ...

Os estudos atuais normalmente usam testes de permeabilidade e expressão de proteínas associadas para verificar a precisão da detecção de TEER. O modelo BBB de células monocamadas, em virtude, é menos eficaz para a triagem de drogas, e o uso de mais células dificulta a construção do modelo. O protocolo deste estudo é relativamente simples, pois o procedimento não invasivo permite que as amostras celulares sejam utilizadas em outros experimentos após a detecção do TEA.A detecção de TEER para avaliar a permeabilidade de modelos celulares pode acelerar a triagem de drogas para tratamento e prevenção do sistema nervoso central para aumentar a taxa de sucesso do desenvolvimento de novas drogas. No futuro, detectaremos a expressão da proteína tight junction em células do compartimento superior da parede torácica para verificar se os resultados do teste TEER podem representar efetivamente a integridade da função da barreira BBB.

barrier-functional-integrity-recording-on-bend3-vascular-endothelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Barrier Functional Integrity Recording on bEnd.3 Vascular Endothelial Cells via Transendothelial Electrical Resistance Detection

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating the interaction between restricted transit of harmful substances, nutrient absorption, and metabolite clearance in the brain, the BBB is essential in preserving central nervous system homeostasis. Building in vitro models of the BBB is a valuable tool for exploring the pathophysiology of neurological disorders and creating pharmacological treatments. This study describes a procedure for creating an in vitro monolayer BBB cell model by seeding bEnd.3 cells into the upper chamber of a 24-well plate. To assess the integrity of cell barrier function, the conventional epithelial cell voltmeter was used to record the transmembrane electrical resistance of normal cells and CoCl2-induced hypoxic cells in real-time. We anticipate that the above experiments will provide effective ideas for the creation of in vitro models of BBB and drugs to treat disorders of central nervous system diseases.

This protocol describes a dependable and efficient in vitro model of the brain blood barrier. The method uses mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cells bEnd.3 and measures transmembrane electrical resistance.

Neurociência

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment  

To begin, prepare DMEM cell culture medium containing FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin. Also, prepare a 100 millimolar cobalt chloride stock solution by adding 1.30 milligrams of cobalt chloride to 100 microliters of DMSO. Next, seed one milliliter of BEND3 cells in a 100-milliliter culture dish containing DMEM medium and culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified atmosphere of 5%carbon dioxide.Change the medium every two to three days and subculture the cells two times a week. After BEND3 cells grow to 80%confluence, digest the cells with 0.25%trypsin for 30 seconds. Count the cells using a cell counter and make a suspension of density seven times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter.Then, seed 100 microliters of this cell suspension in a 96-well plate for cell adhesion. Then wash the cells with PBS and add 100 microliters of culture medium containing cobalt chloride. Culture the cells for 24 hours.After incubation, remove the medium and wash with PBS. Next, add 100 microliters of CCK-8 solution. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour, then measure the absorbance at 450 nanometers using a microplate reader.Calculate the cell viability induced by cobalt chloride according to this formula. Select the concentration with a significant difference in cell viability reduction compared with the control group. The viability of BEND3 cells treated with different concentrations of cobalt chloride was analyzed by CoCl2.The results indicated that 300 micromolar of cobalt chloride showed significant in vitro cytotoxicity.

Cultura de células bEnd.3 e viabilidade celular após tratamento com CoCl2

In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Assembly for Measurement of TEER

To begin, rinse the upper chamber of 24 well plates with PBS. Mix the BEND3 cells with DMEM medium using a vortex mixer to make a suspension. Then, seed 200 microliters of BEND3 cell suspension on the PET membrane in the upper chamber of a 24 well plate.Add 1, 200 microliters of complete medium to the lower chamber of the plate to stabilize the osmotic pressure of the upper and lower chambers. Change the medium by slowly removing the old medium from one side with a negative-pressure pipette and adding a new medium along the wall during fluid exchange. Before measuring TEER, place the resistor, 5%sodium hypochlorite solution, 75%ethanol, and double distilled water on an ultra clean table.Turn on the UV irradiation for 30 minutes to eliminate residual bacteria and pathogens. Place the electrodes in 5%sodium hypochlorite solution with slow shaking for three to five seconds. Then immerse in 75%ethanol for 15 minutes.Finally, transfer to PBS or double distilled water until use. Next, turn on the switch at the back of the cell resistor meter. Click Select Plate and Select 24 well plate.According to the operation, select the appropriate detection sequence. Insert a kilo ohm resistor into the right plug to calibrate the instrument. If the calibration result is 1000 plus minus 5 ohms, consider the instrument accurate.If not, click on Mode Units on the main interface to select Ohms and then click Calibrate. Then, remove the kilo ohm resistor and replace it with the measuring electrode using a connecting wire. Place the electrode vertically into the 24 well plate containing only medium and click Blank Handling on the instrument.The background value of the plate resistance without seated cells should be about 134.4 ohm. Next, insert the two electrodes into the upper and lower chambers of the seated plate, such that the cell layer is between them. Record the resistance value by gently stepping on the pedal.Make sure that the electrode does not touch the cells in the upper chamber and the bottom of the lower chamber. Obtain TEER values by multiplying electrical resistance values with the bottom area of the upper chamber, as shown in the equation. Draw a line plot of TEER versus time in days.When the resistance value does not increase with time, the cells have formed a barrier. The resistance values plotted versus time for BEND3 cells showed that the cell TEER values began to stabilize on the fifth day.

Montagem do Modelo de Barreira Hematoencefálica In Vitro para Medição de TEER

Barrier Destruction and Statistical Analysis After TEER Measurement in an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model

Begin by culturing the BEND3 cells, then divide the wells into the control group and cobalt chloride group. Add 200 microliters of culture medium into the upper chamber of the control group and culture medium containing 300 micromolar cobalt chloride into the cobalt chloride group. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius and detect the resistance values at 12 and 24 hours of incubation using TEER method.Use commercial software to map the trend of TEER values of the cell barrier. Use statistical analysis software to analyze the difference in resistance values between cobalt chloride treated cells and control cells. Addition of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride resulted in a significant decrease in TEER values compared to the control at both the 12-hour and 24-hour time points.After 24 hours, the TEER value of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride group reduced compared to the control group, indicating breakdown of the cell barrier that was induced by hypoxic conditions due to cobalt chloride.