Name: Autor destacado: Aplicaciones de la detección de TEER para evaluar la integridad de la barrera celular
Uploaded: 2023-09-29T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Agradecemos el apoyo financiero de la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de China (82274207 y 82104533), el Programa Clave de Investigación y Desarrollo de Ningxia (2023BEG02012) y el Proyecto de Promoción de la Investigación Xinglin Scholar de la Universidad de MTC de Chengdu (XKTD2022013).

NOTA: Se inocularon células endoteliales derivadas del cerebro de ratón.3 (bEnd.3) en las cámaras de una placa de 24 pocillos para construir un modelo in vitro simple de BHE en condiciones específicas del medio. Los TEER de células normales e hipóxicas se midieron con medidor TEER (Figura 1 y Figura 2).
1. Preparación de la solución
<ol><li>Prepare el medio de cultivo celular DMEM que contenga FBS (...

Medición de la resistencia transendotelial para evaluar la integridad de la barrera celular

<ol>
	<li>Kim, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLEC14A+deficiency+exacerbates+neuronal+loss+by+increasing+blood-brain+barrier+permeability+and+inflammation.">CLEC14A deficiency exacerbates neuronal loss by increasing blood-brain barrier permeability and inflammation.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 17 (1), 48 (2020).</li><li>Bagchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vitro+blood-brain+barrier+models+for+drug+screening+and+permeation+studies:+an+overview.">In-vitro blood-brain barrier models for drug screening and permeation studies: an overview.</a> Drug Des Devel Ther. 13, 3591-3605 (2019).</li><li>Daneman, R., Prat, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier.">The blood-brain barrier.</a> Cold Spring Harb perspect Biol. 7 (1), 020412 (2015).</li><li>Profaci, C. P., Munji, R. N., Pulido, R. S., Daneman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier+in+health+and+disease:+Important+unanswered+questions.">The blood-brain barrier in health and disease: Important unanswered questions.</a> J Exp Med. 217 (4), 20190062 (2020).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+delivery.">Blood-brain barrier delivery.</a> Drug Discov Today. 12 (1-2), 54-56 (2007).</li><li>Eigenmann, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+four+immortalized+human+brain+capillary+endothelial+cell+lines,+hCMEC/D3,+hBMEC,+TY10,+and+BB19,+and+optimization+of+culture+conditions,+for+an+in+vitro+blood-brain+barrier+model+for+drug+permeability+studies.">Comparative study of four immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hCMEC/D3, hBMEC, TY10, and BB19, and optimization of culture conditions, for an in vitro blood-brain barrier model for drug permeability studies.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 10 (1), 33 (2013).</li><li>Gajd&#225;cs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concept+of+an+ideal+antibiotic:+Implications+for+drug+design.">The concept of an ideal antibiotic: Implications for drug design.</a> Molecule. 24 (5), 892 (2019).</li><li>Stanimirovic, D. B., Bani-Yaghoub, M., Perkins, M., Haqqani, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+models:+in+vitro+to+in+vivo+translation+in+preclinical+development+of+CNS-targeting+biotherapeutics.">Blood-brain barrier models: in vitro to in vivo translation in preclinical development of CNS-targeting biotherapeutics.</a> Expert Opin Drug Discov. 10 (2), 141-155 (2015).</li><li>Helms, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+models+of+the+blood-brain+barrier:+An+overview+of+commonly+used+brain+endothelial+cell+culture+models+and+guidelines+for+their+use.">In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 36 (5), 862-890 (2016).</li><li>&#214;zyurt, M. G., Bayir, E., Do&#286;an, &. #. 3. 5. 0. ;., &#214;zt&#220;rk, &. #. 3. 5. 0. ;., &#350;endem&#304;r, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coculture+model+of+blood-brain+barrier+on+electrospun+nanofibers.">Coculture model of blood-brain barrier on electrospun nanofibers.</a> Turk J Biol. 44 (4), 121-132 (2020).</li><li>Kim, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+validation+of+the+simplified+in+vitro+3D+Co-culture+based+BBB+model.">Functional validation of the simplified in vitro 3D Co-culture based BBB model.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 625, 128-133 (2022).</li><li>Aazmi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularizing+the+brain+in+vitro.">Vascularizing the brain in vitro.</a> iScience. 25 (4), 104110 (2022).</li><li>Burkhart, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfection+of+brain+capillary+endothelial+cells+in+primary+culture+with+defined+blood-brain+barrier+properties.">Transfection of brain capillary endothelial cells in primary culture with defined blood-brain barrier properties.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 12, 19 (2015).</li><li>Campisi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+self-organized+microvascular+model+of+the+human+blood-brain+barrier+with+endothelial+cells,+pericytes+and+astrocytes.">3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes.</a> Biomaterials. 180, 117-129 (2018).</li><li>Peng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammatory+in+vitro+cell+culture+models+and+the+potential+applications+for+neurological+disorders.">Neuroinflammatory in vitro cell culture models and the potential applications for neurological disorders.</a> Front Pharmacol. 12, 671734 (2021).</li><li>Secker, P. F., Schlichenmaier, N., Beilmann, M., Deschl, U., Dietrich, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+transepithelial+transport+measurements+to+detect+nephrotoxicity+in+vitro+using+the+RPTEC/TERT1+cell+line.">Functional transepithelial transport measurements to detect nephrotoxicity in vitro using the RPTEC/TERT1 cell line.</a> Arch Toxicol. 93 (7), 1965-1978 (2019).</li><li>Nazari, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+TEER+measurements+of+biological+barriers+in+microphysiological+systems.">Advances in TEER measurements of biological barriers in microphysiological systems.</a> Biosens Bioelectron. 234, 115355 (2023).</li><li>Nicolas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+transepithelial+electrical+resistance+(TEER)+measurements+on+perfused+membrane-free+epithelia.">High throughput transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements on perfused membrane-free epithelia.</a> Lab Chip. 21 (9), 1676-1685 (2021).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+alleviates+hypoxia-induced+blood-brain+barrier+injury+via+regulation+of+CLDN5+(claudin+5).">Autophagy alleviates hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier injury via regulation of CLDN5 (claudin 5).</a> Autophagy. 17 (10), 3048-3067 (2021).</li><li>Feng, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RhoA/ROCK-2+pathway+inhibition+and+tight+junction+protein+upregulation+by+catalpol+suppresses+lipopolysaccaride-induced+disruption+of+blood-brain+barrier+permeability.">RhoA/ROCK-2 pathway inhibition and tight junction protein upregulation by catalpol suppresses lipopolysaccaride-induced disruption of blood-brain barrier permeability.</a> Molecules. 23 (9), (2018).</li><li>Sulhan, S., Lyon, K. A., Shapiro, L. A., Huang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation+and+blood-brain+barrier+disruption+following+traumatic+brain+injury:+Pathophysiology+and+potential+therapeutic+targets.">Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets.</a> J Neurosci Res. 98 (1), 19-28 (2020).</li><li>Liu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notoginsenoside+R1+intervenes+degradation+and+redistribution+of+tight+junctions+to+ameliorate+blood-brain+barrier+permeability+by+Caveolin-1/MMP2/9+pathway+after+acute+ischemic+stroke.">Notoginsenoside R1 intervenes degradation and redistribution of tight junctions to ameliorate blood-brain barrier permeability by Caveolin-1/MMP2/9 pathway after acute ischemic stroke.</a> Phytomedicine. 90, 153660 (2021).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salidroside+intensifies+mitochondrial+function+of+CoCl2-damaged+HT22+cells+by+stimulating+PI3K-AKT-MAPK+signaling+pathway.">Salidroside intensifies mitochondrial function of CoCl2-damaged HT22 cells by stimulating PI3K-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway.</a> Phytomedicine. 109, 154568 (2023).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz-S&#225;nchez, J., Ch&#225;nez-C&#225;rdenas, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+cobalt+chloride+as+a+chemical+hypoxia+model.">The use of cobalt chloride as a chemical hypoxia model.</a> J Appl Toxicol. 39 (4), 556-570 (2019).</li><li>Jiang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salidroside+attenuates+high+altitude+hypobaric+hypoxia-induced+brain+injury+in+mice+via+inhibiting+NF-&#954;B/NLRP3+pathway.">Salidroside attenuates high altitude hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury in mice via inhibiting NF-&#954;B/NLRP3 pathway.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 925, 175015 (2022).</li><li>Xie, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodiola+crenulate+alleviates+hypobaric+hypoxia-induced+brain+injury+via+adjusting+NF-&#954;B/NLRP3-mediated+inflammation.">Rhodiola crenulate alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury via adjusting NF-&#954;B/NLRP3-mediated inflammation.</a> Phytomedicine. 103, 154240 (2022).</li><li>Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Forkel, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergent+properties+of+the+connected+brain.">The emergent properties of the connected brain.</a> Science. 378 (6619), 505-510 (2022).</li><li>Tu, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimated+burden+of+stroke+in+China+in+2020.">Estimated burden of stroke in China in 2020.</a> JAMA Netw Open. 6 (3), 231455 (2023).</li><li>Alzheimers Dement. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease+facts+and+figures.">Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.</a> Alzheimers Dement. 17 (3), 327-406 (2021).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps+promote+tPA-induced+brain+hemorrhage+via+cGAS+in+mice+with+stroke.">Neutrophil extracellular traps promote tPA-induced brain hemorrhage via cGAS in mice with stroke.</a> Blood. 138 (1), 91-103 (2021).</li><li>Liu, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+Cdk5+deficit+leads+to+the+development+of+spontaneous+epilepsy+through+CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated+reactive+astrogliosis.">Endothelial Cdk5 deficit leads to the development of spontaneous epilepsy through CXCL1/CXCR2-mediated reactive astrogliosis.</a> J Exp Med. 217 (1), 20180992 (2020).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Sporadic+Alzheimer's+Disease+in+Human+Brain+Organoids+under+Serum+Exposure.">Modeling Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Human Brain Organoids under Serum Exposure.</a> Adv Sci (Weinh). 8 (18), 2101462 (2021).</li><li>Qi, D., Lin, H., Hu, B., Wei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+in+vitro+model+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+based+on+hCMEC/D3+cells.">A review on in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on hCMEC/D3 cells.</a> J Control Release. 358, 78-97 (2023).</li><li>Artus, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt/planar+cell+polarity+signaling+pathway+contributes+to+the+integrity+of+tight+junctions+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">The Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway contributes to the integrity of tight junctions in brain endothelial cells.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (3), 433-440 (2014).</li><li>Sivandzade, F., Cucullo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vitro+blood-brain+barrier+modeling:+A+review+of+modern+and+fast-advancing+technologies.">In-vitro blood-brain barrier modeling: A review of modern and fast-advancing technologies.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 38 (10), 1667-1681 (2018).</li><li>Galla, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocultures+of+primary+porcine+brain+capillary+endothelial+cells:+Still+a+functional+in+vitro+model+for+the+blood-brain-barrier.">Monocultures of primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells: Still a functional in vitro model for the blood-brain-barrier.</a> J Control Release. 285, 172-177 (2018).</li><li>Srinivasan, B., Kolli, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transepithelial/transendothelial+electrical+resistance+(TEER)+to+measure+the+integrity+of+blood-brain+barrier.">Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) to measure the integrity of blood-brain barrier.</a> Blood-Brain Barrier. 142, 99-114 (2019).</li><li>Liang, Y., Yoon, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+sensors+for+blood-brain+barrier+(BBB)+on+a+chip.">In situ sensors for blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a chip.</a> Sens Actuators Rep. 3, 100031 (2021).</li><li>Ozg&#252;r, B., Helms, H. C. C., Tornabene, E., Brodin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+expression+of+selected+blood-brain+barrier+transporters+GLUT-1,+P-gp,+SLC7A5+and+TFRC,+while+maintaining+barrier+integrity,+in+brain+capillary+endothelial+monolayers.">Hypoxia increases expression of selected blood-brain barrier transporters GLUT-1, P-gp, SLC7A5 and TFRC, while maintaining barrier integrity, in brain capillary endothelial monolayers.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 19 (1), (2022).</li></ol>

El cerebro, uno de los órganos corporales más desarrollados, controla una amplia gama de intrincados procesos fisiológicos, como la memoria, la cognición, la audición, el olfato yel movimiento. El cerebro es uno de los órganos más complicados y enfermos del cuerpo humano al mismo tiempo. La aparición de muchos trastornos del sistema nervioso central muestra una tendencia creciente año tras año debido a factores como la contaminación del aire, los patrones de alimentación irregulares y ...

La BHE es una interfaz biológica única entre la circulación sanguínea y el tejido nervioso, que está compuesta por células endoteliales vasculares, pericitos, astrocitos, neuronas yotras estructuras celulares. El flujo de iones, sustancias químicas y células entre la sangre y el cerebro está estrictamente regulado por esta barrera. Esta homeostasis protege los tejidos nerviosos contra toxinas y patógenos, al tiempo que permite el funcionamiento adecuado de los nervios del cerebro 2,3. Mantener la integridad de la BHE puede prevenir eficazmente el desarrollo y la progresión de trastornos que afectan al sistema nervioso central, como la disfunción neuronal, el edema y la neuroinflamación. Sin embargo, las propiedades fisiológicas únicas de la BHE impiden que más del 98% de los medicamentos de moléculas pequeñas y el 100% de los productos farmacéuticos macromoleculares entren enel sistema nervioso central. Por lo tanto, el aumento de la penetración de los medicamentos a través de la BHE durante el desarrollo de fármacos para el sistema nervioso central es esencial para alcanzar la eficacia terapéutica 6,7. A pesar de que el cribado por simulación informática de sustratos ha aumentado significativamente la probabilidad de que los candidatos a fármacos crucen la barrera hematoencefálica, todavía se necesitan modelos fiables y asequibles in vitro/in vivo de la BHE para satisfacer las necesidades de la investigación científica8.
Una técnica rápida y asequible para el cribado de fármacos de alto rendimiento es el modelo in vitro 9. Para arrojar luz sobre los procesos fundamentales de los efectos de los medicamentos sobre la función de la BHE y su papel en el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad, se han creado una serie de modelos simplificados de BHE in vitro. En la actualidad, los modelos más comunes de BHE in vitro son los modelos monocapa, cocultivo, dinámico y microfluídico 10,11,12, construidos por células endoteliales vasculares y astrocitos, pericitos o microglía 13,14. Aunque los cultivos celulares 3D están más en línea con la estructura fisiológica de la barrera hematoencefálica15, su aplicación como medio de detección de fármacos para la barrera hematoencefálica sigue estando limitada por su intrincado diseño y su deficiente reproducibilidad. Por el contrario, el modelo monocapa in vitro es el más utilizado para investigar la BHE y es aplicable para determinar la expresión de transportadores de membrana y proteínas de unión estrecha en células particulares.
La medición de la resistencia eléctrica transmembrana (TEER) es una técnica para evaluar y monitorear la capa de células a través de la resistencia y evaluar la integridad celular y la permeabilidad de la barrera. Al insertar simultáneamente dos electrodos en el medio de crecimiento o en la solución tampón a cada lado de la monocapa, es posible medir la corriente alterna o la impedancia eléctrica a través de la capa compacta de la célula16,17. Con el fin de determinar si el modelo de BHE in vitro se ha creado correctamente, la medición de TEER se empleará generalmente como el estándar de oro18. Por otro lado, la tendencia de la acción de la medicación sobre la permeabilidad de la BHE puede predecirse con precisión midiendo el cambio en la resistencia eléctrica de la capa celular después de la afectación del fármaco19. Por ejemplo, Feng et al. descubrieron que el catalpol (el monómero activo primario de rehmanniae) podría revertir eficazmente la regulación a la baja inducida por lipopolisacáridos de las proteínas de unión estrecha en la BHE y aumentar el valor TEER de la capa20 de células endoteliales del cerebro de ratón.
La respuesta neuroinflamatoria suele ser la principal causa del desequilibrio de la homeostasis de la BHE21. El tratamiento hipóxico para inducir lesiones neuroinflamatorias es el principal método para destruir la barrera hematoencefálica, incluyendo principalmente métodos físicos y métodos de reactivos químicos. El primero utiliza principalmente una incubadora de tres gases para variar el contenido de oxígeno en el entorno de crecimiento celular para simular condiciones hipóxicas22, mientras que el segundo se logra mediante la introducción artificial de reactivos desoxi como el CoCl2 en el medio de cultivo celular23. Las células permanecerán en una condición desoxigenada si el Fe2+ se sustituye por Co2+ en el hemo. Si el Fe2+ es sustituido por el Co2+ en el grupo catalítico, la actividad de la prolina hidroxilasa y la aspartato hidroxilasa se inhibirá, lo que resultará en una acumulación del factor 1α inducible por hipoxia (HIF-1α)24. Bajo hipoxia persistente, la desfosforilación de HIF-1α en el citoplasma desencadena la muerte celular y activa el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, lo que en última instancia aumenta la permeabilidad vascular. En estudios previos25,26, se ha demostrado que la hipoxia puede reducir significativamente la expresión de proteínas de unión estrecha endotelial para aumentar la permeabilidad de la BHE. En este estudio, se midió la curva de resistencia temporal de las células bEnd.3 sembradas en placas de 24 pocillos para crear un modelo BBB sencillo. Utilizando este modelo, caracterizamos los cambios en el TEER celular después de la intervención con CoCl2 con el fin de construir un modelo celular que pueda utilizarse para detectar fármacos para la protección de la BHE.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well transwell plate</td>
			<td>Corning (Corning 3470, 0.33 cm2, 0.4 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>10522023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 % ethanol</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2023052901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Jet Bio-Filtration Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>220412-078-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bEnd.3 cells</td>
			<td>Hunan Fenghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>CL0049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BG0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100mm)</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Sorfa Life Science Research Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>1192022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>15862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>PYG0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8121587</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2166090RP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>9.0.0(121)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel (Contains collagen IV)</td>
			<td>MedChemexpress</td>
			<td>HY-K6002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax iD5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OriginPro 8 software</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation</td>
			<td>v8.0724(B724)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td>Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>17C18B16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>8120485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hypochlorite</td>
			<td>ChengDu Chron Chemicals Co,.Ltd</td>
			<td>2022091501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmembrane resistance meter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments LLC</td>
			<td>VOM3 (verison 1.6)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25% (1x)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>J210045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

barrier functional integrity recording on bend.3 vascular endothelial cells via transendothelial electrical resistance detection

La barrera hematoencefálica (BHE) es una estructura fisiológica dinámica compuesta por células endoteliales microvasculares, astrocitos y pericitos. Al coordinar la interacción entre el tránsito restringido de sustancias nocivas, la absorción de nutrientes y la eliminación de metabolitos en el cerebro, la BHE es esencial para preservar la homeostasis del sistema nervioso central. La construcción de modelos in vitro de la BHE es una herramienta valiosa para explorar la fisiopatología de los trastornos neurológicos y crear tratamientos farmacológicos. Este estudio describe un procedimiento para crear un modelo de células BBB monocapa in vitro mediante la siembra de células bEnd.3 en la cámara superior de una placa de 24 pocillos. Para evaluar la integridad de la función de barrera celular, se utilizó el voltímetro de celda epitelial convencional para registrar la resistencia eléctrica transmembrana de las células normales y las células hipóxicas inducidas por CoCl2 en tiempo real. Anticipamos que los experimentos anteriores proporcionarán ideas efectivas para la creación de modelos in vitro de BHE y medicamentos para tratar trastornos de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central.

BBB is a unique biological interface between blood circulation and nerve tissue, which is composed of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and other cellular structures1. The flow of ions, chemicals, and cells between the blood and the brain is strictly regulated by this barrier. This homeostasis safeguards the nervous tissues against toxins and pathogens while also enabling the appropriate operation of the brain&#39;s nerves2,3. Maintaining the integrity of the BBB can effectively prevent the development and progression of disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as neuronal dysfunction, edema, and neuroinflammation4. However, the unique physiological properties of the BBB prevent more than 98% of small molecule medications and 100% of macromolecular pharmaceuticals from entering the central nervous system5. Therefore, increasing the penetration of medications through the BBB during the development of drugs for the central nervous system is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy6,7. Even though computer simulation screening of substrates has significantly raised the probability of drug candidates crossing the BBB, reliable and affordable in vitro/in vivo BBB models are still needed to meet the needs of scientific research8.
A quick and affordable technique for high-throughput drug screening is the in vitro model9. To shed light on the fundamental processes of medicines&#39; effects on BBB function and their part in the development and progression of disease, a series of simplified in vitro BBB models has been created. At present, the common in vitro BBB models are the monolayer, co-culture, dynamic, and microfluidic models10,11,12, constructed by vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes, pericytes, or microglia13,14. Although 3D cell cultures are morein line with the physiological structure of BBB15, their application as a means of drug screening for BBB is still constrained by their intricate design and subpar reproducibility. In contrast, the monolayer in vitro model is the one most frequently used to research the BBB and is applicable for determining the expression of membrane transporters and tight junction proteins in particular cells.
Transmembrane electrical resistance (TEER) measurement is a technique to evaluate and monitor the layer of cells across the resistance and evaluate the cell integrity and permeability of the barrier. By simultaneously inserting two electrodes into the growth medium or buffer solution on either side of the monolayer, it is possible to measure the alternating current or electrical impedance through the cell&#39;s compact layer16,17. In order to determine whether the in vitro BBB model has been properly created, the measurement of TEER will usually be employed as the gold standard18. On the other hand, the trend of medication action on BBB permeability can be accurately predicted by measuring the change in electrical resistance of the cell layer after drug involvement19. For example, Feng et al. discovered that catalpol (the primary active monomer of rehmanniae) could effectively reverse the lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of tight junction proteins in the BBB and raise the TEER value of the mouse brain endothelial cell layer20.
The neuroinflammatory response is usually the main cause of BBB homeostasis imbalance21. Hypoxic treatment to induce neuroinflammatory injury is the main method to destroy the blood-brain barrier, mainly including physical methods and chemical reagent methods. The former primarily utilizes a three-gas incubator to vary the oxygen content in the cell growth environment to simulate hypoxic conditions22,while the latter is achieved by artificially introducing deoxy reagents such as CoCl2 to the cell culture medium23. The cells will remain in a deoxygenated condition if Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the heme. If Fe2+ is substituted for Co2+ in the catalytic group, proline hydroxylase and aspartate hydroxylase activity will be inhibited, resulting in an accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1&#945; (HIF-1&#945;)24. Under persistent hypoxia, the dephosphorylation of HIF-1&#945; in the cytoplasm triggers cell death and activates vascular endothelial growth factor, which ultimately raises vascular permeability. In previous studies25,26, it has been well demonstrated that hypoxia can significantly reduce the expression of endothelial tight junction proteins to increase the permeability of BBB. In this study, the time-resistance curve of bEnd.3 cells seeded in 24-well plates were measured in order to create a straightforward BBB model. Using this model, we characterized the changes in cell TEER after CoCl2 intervention in order to construct a cell model that can be used to screen drugs for BBB protection.

Autor destacado: Aplicaciones de la detección de TEER para evaluar la integridad de la barrera celular 

Registro de la integridad funcional de la barrera en las células endoteliales vasculares bEnd.3 mediante detección de resistencia eléctrica transendotelial

Current studies typically use permeability tests and associated protein expression to verify the accuracy of TEER detection. The BBB model of monolayer cells in virtue is less effective for drug screening, and the use of more cells makes it more difficult to construct the model. The protocol of this study is relatively simple, as the non-invasive procedure allows the cell samples to be used in other experiments after TEER detection.The detection of TEER to assess the permeability of cell models can accelerate the screening of drugs for treatment and prevention of the central nervous system to increase the success rate of new drug development. In the future, we will detect the expression of tight junction protein in upper compartment cells of chest wall to verify that TEER test results can effectively represent the integrity of BBB barrier function.

Este protocolo permitió el registro de cambios en los valores de resistencia de las celdas de acuerdo con los parámetros establecidos en el medidor de resistencia transendotelial. La viabilidad de las células bEnd.3 (número de células vivas) tratadas con diferentes concentraciones de CoCl2 se examinó mediante el ensayo CCK-8. El mayor daño celular producido por el CoCl2 estuvo representado por una menor viabilidad celular. Encontramos que 300 μM de CoCl2 eran significativamente ci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applications of TEER Detection to Assess Cell Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

Este protocolo describe un modelo in vitro fiable y eficiente de la barrera hematoencefálica. El método utiliza células endoteliales vasculares cerebrales de ratón bEnd.3 y mide la resistencia eléctrica transmembrana.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating ...

Los estudios actuales suelen utilizar pruebas de permeabilidad y la expresión de proteínas asociadas para verificar la precisión de la detección de TEER. El modelo BBB de células monocapa en virtud de ella es menos eficaz para el cribado de fármacos, y el uso de más células dificulta la construcción del modelo. El protocolo de este estudio es relativamente sencillo, ya que el procedimiento no invasivo permite utilizar las muestras celulares en otros experimentos tras la detección de TEER.La detección de TEER para evaluar la permeabilidad de los modelos celulares puede acelerar el cribado de fármacos para el tratamiento y la prevención del sistema nervioso central con el fin de aumentar la tasa de éxito del desarrollo de nuevos fármacos. En el futuro, detectaremos la expresión de la proteína de unión estrecha en las células del compartimento superior de la pared torácica para verificar que los resultados de la prueba TEER puedan representar eficazmente la integridad de la función de barrera de la BHE.

barrier-functional-integrity-recording-on-bend3-vascular-endothelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Barrier Functional Integrity Recording on bEnd.3 Vascular Endothelial Cells via Transendothelial Electrical Resistance Detection

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating the interaction between restricted transit of harmful substances, nutrient absorption, and metabolite clearance in the brain, the BBB is essential in preserving central nervous system homeostasis. Building in vitro models of the BBB is a valuable tool for exploring the pathophysiology of neurological disorders and creating pharmacological treatments. This study describes a procedure for creating an in vitro monolayer BBB cell model by seeding bEnd.3 cells into the upper chamber of a 24-well plate. To assess the integrity of cell barrier function, the conventional epithelial cell voltmeter was used to record the transmembrane electrical resistance of normal cells and CoCl2-induced hypoxic cells in real-time. We anticipate that the above experiments will provide effective ideas for the creation of in vitro models of BBB and drugs to treat disorders of central nervous system diseases.

This protocol describes a dependable and efficient in vitro model of the brain blood barrier. The method uses mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cells bEnd.3 and measures transmembrane electrical resistance.

Investigación

Neurociencias

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment

Culture of bEnd.3 Cells and Cell Viability After CoCl2 Treatment  

To begin, prepare DMEM cell culture medium containing FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin. Also, prepare a 100 millimolar cobalt chloride stock solution by adding 1.30 milligrams of cobalt chloride to 100 microliters of DMSO. Next, seed one milliliter of BEND3 cells in a 100-milliliter culture dish containing DMEM medium and culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified atmosphere of 5%carbon dioxide.Change the medium every two to three days and subculture the cells two times a week. After BEND3 cells grow to 80%confluence, digest the cells with 0.25%trypsin for 30 seconds. Count the cells using a cell counter and make a suspension of density seven times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter.Then, seed 100 microliters of this cell suspension in a 96-well plate for cell adhesion. Then wash the cells with PBS and add 100 microliters of culture medium containing cobalt chloride. Culture the cells for 24 hours.After incubation, remove the medium and wash with PBS. Next, add 100 microliters of CCK-8 solution. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour, then measure the absorbance at 450 nanometers using a microplate reader.Calculate the cell viability induced by cobalt chloride according to this formula. Select the concentration with a significant difference in cell viability reduction compared with the control group. The viability of BEND3 cells treated with different concentrations of cobalt chloride was analyzed by CoCl2.The results indicated that 300 micromolar of cobalt chloride showed significant in vitro cytotoxicity.

Cultivo de células bEnd.3 y viabilidad celular después del tratamiento con CoCl2

In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Assembly for Measurement of TEER

To begin, rinse the upper chamber of 24 well plates with PBS. Mix the BEND3 cells with DMEM medium using a vortex mixer to make a suspension. Then, seed 200 microliters of BEND3 cell suspension on the PET membrane in the upper chamber of a 24 well plate.Add 1, 200 microliters of complete medium to the lower chamber of the plate to stabilize the osmotic pressure of the upper and lower chambers. Change the medium by slowly removing the old medium from one side with a negative-pressure pipette and adding a new medium along the wall during fluid exchange. Before measuring TEER, place the resistor, 5%sodium hypochlorite solution, 75%ethanol, and double distilled water on an ultra clean table.Turn on the UV irradiation for 30 minutes to eliminate residual bacteria and pathogens. Place the electrodes in 5%sodium hypochlorite solution with slow shaking for three to five seconds. Then immerse in 75%ethanol for 15 minutes.Finally, transfer to PBS or double distilled water until use. Next, turn on the switch at the back of the cell resistor meter. Click Select Plate and Select 24 well plate.According to the operation, select the appropriate detection sequence. Insert a kilo ohm resistor into the right plug to calibrate the instrument. If the calibration result is 1000 plus minus 5 ohms, consider the instrument accurate.If not, click on Mode Units on the main interface to select Ohms and then click Calibrate. Then, remove the kilo ohm resistor and replace it with the measuring electrode using a connecting wire. Place the electrode vertically into the 24 well plate containing only medium and click Blank Handling on the instrument.The background value of the plate resistance without seated cells should be about 134.4 ohm. Next, insert the two electrodes into the upper and lower chambers of the seated plate, such that the cell layer is between them. Record the resistance value by gently stepping on the pedal.Make sure that the electrode does not touch the cells in the upper chamber and the bottom of the lower chamber. Obtain TEER values by multiplying electrical resistance values with the bottom area of the upper chamber, as shown in the equation. Draw a line plot of TEER versus time in days.When the resistance value does not increase with time, the cells have formed a barrier. The resistance values plotted versus time for BEND3 cells showed that the cell TEER values began to stabilize on the fifth day.

Ensamblaje de un modelo de barrera hematoencefálica in vitro para la medición de TEER

Barrier Destruction and Statistical Analysis After TEER Measurement in an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model

Begin by culturing the BEND3 cells, then divide the wells into the control group and cobalt chloride group. Add 200 microliters of culture medium into the upper chamber of the control group and culture medium containing 300 micromolar cobalt chloride into the cobalt chloride group. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius and detect the resistance values at 12 and 24 hours of incubation using TEER method.Use commercial software to map the trend of TEER values of the cell barrier. Use statistical analysis software to analyze the difference in resistance values between cobalt chloride treated cells and control cells. Addition of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride resulted in a significant decrease in TEER values compared to the control at both the 12-hour and 24-hour time points.After 24 hours, the TEER value of 300 micromolar cobalt chloride group reduced compared to the control group, indicating breakdown of the cell barrier that was induced by hypoxic conditions due to cobalt chloride.