Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Fremme af forståelsen af aldersrelaterede ændringer i linsestivhed
Uploaded: 2024-04-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing Understanding of Age-Related Lens Stiffness Changes at JoVE.com

Støttet af National Institutes of Health grant R01 EY035278 (MR).

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1. Linsedissektion (figur 1)
<ol><li>Fjern alt omgivende væv fra grisens øjne og overskydende kød fra scleraen, indtil kun synsnerven forbliver. Brug buede tang og lille dissektionssaks til at fuldføre denne proces. Brug nerven som et anker til at holde øjet under dissektion.</li>
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Biomekanisk karakterisering af svine okulær linse med automatiseret kompression

<ol>
	<li>Gullstrand, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Helmholtz's+treatise+on+physiological+optics.+translated+edn.">Helmholtz's treatise on physiological optics. translated edn.</a> The Optical Society of America. , (1924).</li><li>Helmholtz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uber+die+akkommodation+des+auges.">Uber die akkommodation des auges.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 1, 1-74 (1855).</li><li>Burd, H. J., Wilde, G. S., Judge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+spinning+lens+test+to+determine+the+stiffness+of+the+human+lens.">An improved spinning lens test to determine the stiffness of the human lens.</a> Exp Eye Res. 92 (1), 28-39 (2011).</li><li>Reilly, M. 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W., O'Donnell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+mapping+the+elastic+properties+of+the+lens+using+bubble-based+acoustic+radiation+force.">Spatially mapping the elastic properties of the lens using bubble-based acoustic radiation force.</a> IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. 1, 613-616 (2005).</li><li>Erpelding, T. N., Hollman, K. W., O'Donnell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+age-related+elasticity+changes+in+porcine+lenses+using+bubble-based+acoustic+radiation+force.">Mapping age-related elasticity changes in porcine lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force.</a> Exp Eye Res. 84 (2), 332-341 (2007).</li><li>Yoon, S., Aglyamov, S., Karpiouk, A., Emelianov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+pulse+repetition+frequency+ultrasound+system+for+the+ex+vivo+measurement+of+mechanical+properties+of+crystalline+lenses+with+laser-induced+microbubbles+interrogated+by+acoustic+radiation+force.">A high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system for the ex vivo measurement of mechanical properties of crystalline lenses with laser-induced microbubbles interrogated by acoustic radiation force.</a> Phys Med Biol. 57 (15), 4871-4884 (2012).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Kim, P., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+age-related+stiffening+in+the+crystalline+lens+by+Brillouin+optical+microscopy.">In vivo measurement of age-related stiffening in the crystalline lens by Brillouin optical microscopy.</a> Biophys J. 101 (6), 1539-1545 (2011).</li><li>Weeber, H. A., Gabriele, E., Wolfgang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stiffness+gradient+in+the+crystalline+lens.">Stiffness gradient in the crystalline lens.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 245 (9), 1357-1366 (2007).</li><li>Reilly, M. A., Ravi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microindentation+of+the+young+porcine+ocular+lens.">Microindentation of the young porcine ocular lens.</a> J Biomech Eng. 131 (4), 044502 (2009).</li><li>Gu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Connexin+50+and+AQP0+are+essential+in+maintaining+organization+and+integrity+of+lens+fibers.">Connexin 50 and AQP0 are essential in maintaining organization and integrity of lens fibers.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 60 (12), 4021-4032 (2019).</li><li>Sharma, P. K., Busscher, H. J., Terwee, T., Koopmans, S. A., van Kooten, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+on+the+viscoelastic+properties+of+human+and+animal+lenses.">A comparative study on the viscoelastic properties of human and animal lenses.</a> Exp Eye Res. 93 (5), 681-688 (2011).</li><li>Cheng, C., Gokhin, D. S., Nowak, R. B., Fowler, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+application+of+glass+coverslips+to+assess+the+compressive+stiffness+of+the+mouse+lens:+strain+and+morphometric+analyses.">Sequential application of glass coverslips to assess the compressive stiffness of the mouse lens: strain and morphometric analyses.</a> J Vis Exp. (111), e53986 (2016).</li><li>Baradia, H., Negin, N., Adrian, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+lens+stiffness+measurements.">Mouse lens stiffness measurements.</a> Exp Eye Res. 91 (2), 300-307 (2010).</li><li>Reilly, M. A., Cleaver, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inverse+elastographic+method+for+analyzing+the+ocular+lens+compression+test.">Inverse elastographic method for analyzing the ocular lens compression test.</a> J Innov Opt Health Sci. 10 (06), 1742009 (2017).</li><li>Hahn, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+ex+vivo+porcine+lens+shape+during+simulated+accommodation,+before+and+after+fs-laser+treatment.">Measurement of ex vivo porcine lens shape during simulated accommodation, before and after fs-laser treatment.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56 (9), 5332-5343 (2015).</li><li>Parreno, J., Cheng, C., Nowak, R. B., Fowler, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+mechanical+strain+on+mouse+eye+lens+capsule+and+cellular+microstructure.">The effects of mechanical strain on mouse eye lens capsule and cellular microstructure.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 29 (16), 1963-1974 (2018).</li><li>Yoon, S., Aglyamov, S., Karpiouk, A., Emelianov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanical+properties+of+ex+vivo+bovine+and+porcine+crystalline+lenses:+age-related+changes+and+location-dependent+variations.">The mechanical properties of ex vivo bovine and porcine crystalline lenses: age-related changes and location-dependent variations.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 39 (6), 1120-1127 (2013).</li><li>Reilly, M. A., Hamilton, P., Gavin, P., Nathan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+behavior+of+natural+and+refilled+porcine+lenses+in+a+robotic+lens+stretcher.">Comparison of the behavior of natural and refilled porcine lenses in a robotic lens stretcher.</a> Exp Eye Res. 88 (3), 483-494 (2009).</li><li>Mekonnen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lens+capsule+significantly+affects+the+viscoelastic+properties+of+the+lens+as+quantified+by+optical+coherence+elastography.">The lens capsule significantly affects the viscoelastic properties of the lens as quantified by optical coherence elastography.</a> Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 11, 1134086 (2023).</li><li>Wilde, G. S., Burd, H. J., Judge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear+modulus+data+for+the+human+lens+determined+from+a+spinning+lens+test.">Shear modulus data for the human lens determined from a spinning lens test.</a> Exp Eye Res. 97 (1), 36-48 (2012).</li></ol>

Linsekomprimering er en alsidig metode til estimering af objektivstivhed. De ovenfor beskrevne procedurer tillader sammenligning mellem linser af forskellige arter og forskellige størrelser. Alle deformationer normaliseres mod linsestørrelse, og beregningen af det elastiske modul tegner sig omtrent for linsestørrelsen. Det effektive modul er betydeligt højere end det modul, der tidligere er rapporteret for svinelinsen 4,7,11,19, i det mindste delvis på grund af brugen af tykkelse s...

Linsen er det gennemsigtige og fleksible organ, der findes i øjet, der gør det muligt at fokusere på forskellige afstande ved at ændre dets brydningskraft. Denne evne er kendt som indkvartering. Brydningskraften ændres på grund af sammentrækning og afslapning af ciliarymusklen. Når ciliarmusklen trækker sig sammen, bliver linsen tykkere og bevæger sig fremad, hvilket øger dens brydningskraft 1,2. Stigningen i brydningskraft gør det muligt for linsen at fokusere på nærliggende genstande. Når mennesker bliver ældre, bliver linsen stivere, og denne evne til at rumme går gradvist tabt; Denne tilstand er kendt som presbyopi. Afstivningsmekanismen forbliver ukendt, i det mindste delvis på grund af vanskelighederne forbundet med den biomekaniske karakterisering af linsen.
En række forskellige metoder er blevet anvendt til at estimere linsestivhed og biomekaniske egenskaber. Disse omfatter linsespinding 3,4,5, akustiske metoder 6,7,8, optiske metoder såsom Brillouin-mikroskopi9, indrykning 10,11 og kompression12,13. Kompression er den mest tilgængelige eksperimentelle teknik, da den kan udføres med simpel instrumentering (f.eks. Glasdæksler14,15) eller et enkelt motoriseret trin. Vi har tidligere vist, hvordan linsens biomekaniske egenskaber kan vurderes nøje ud fra en kompressionstest16. Denne proces er teknisk udfordrende og kræver specialiseret software, der ikke er let tilgængelig for linseforskere, der er interesseret i målinger af relativ stivhed. Derfor fokuserer vi i denne undersøgelse på tilgængelige metoder til estimering af objektivets elastiske modul, mens vi tager højde for linsestørrelse. Det elastiske modul er en iboende materialeegenskab relateret til dets deformerbarhed: et højt elastisk modul svarer til et stivere materiale.
Selve testen er en parallel pladekompressionstest og kan derfor udføres på egnede kommercielle mekaniske testsystemer. Her blev et brugerdefineret instrument konstrueret bestående af en motor, lineært trin, bevægelsescontroller, vejecelle og forstærker. Disse blev styret ved hjælp af brugerdefineret software, som også registrerede tid, position og belastning med jævne mellemrum. Piglinser rummer ikke, men er let tilgængelige og billige17. Følgende metode blev udviklet til trinvis komprimering af øjenlinsen og kvantificering af dens elastiske modul. Denne metode kan let replikeres og vil være nyttig i undersøgelsen af linsestivhed.

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			<td>Curved Medium Point General Purpose Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>16-100-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galil COM Libraries</td>
			<td>Galil Motion Control</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Precision Scalpel Handle&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-000-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear Stage</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6734K4 0.125&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Load Cell</td>
			<td>FUTEK</td>
			<td>LSB200-FSH03869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Load Cell Amplifier</td>
			<td>FUTEK</td>
			<td>IAA300-FSH03931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microprobe</td>
			<td>Surgical Design&#160;</td>
			<td>22-079-740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniature Self Opening Precision Scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>Excelta&#160;</td>
			<td>63042-004</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Motion Controller</td>
			<td>Galil Motion Control</td>
			<td>DMC-31012</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Motor</td>
			<td>Galil Motion Control</td>
			<td>BLM-N23-50-1000-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Hemastats&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science&#160;</td>
			<td>NC9247203</td>
			<td>stainless steel, 14cm&#160;</td>
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automated compression testing of the ocular lens

Den okulære linses biomekaniske egenskaber er afgørende for dens funktion som et optisk element med variabel effekt. Disse egenskaber ændrer sig dramatisk med alderen i den menneskelige linse, hvilket resulterer i et tab af nærsyn kaldet presbyopi. Mekanismerne bag disse ændringer forbliver imidlertid ukendte. Linsekomprimering tilbyder en relativt enkel metode til vurdering af linsens biomekaniske stivhed i kvalitativ forstand og kan, når den kombineres med passende analytiske teknikker, hjælpe med at kvantificere biomekaniske egenskaber. En række objektivkomprimeringstest er blevet udført til dato, herunder både manuelle og automatiserede, men disse metoder anvender inkonsekvent nøgleaspekter af biomekanisk test såsom forkonditionering, belastningshastigheder og tid mellem målinger. Dette papir beskriver en fuldautomatisk linsekomprimeringstest, hvor et motoriseret trin synkroniseres med et kamera for at fange objektivets kraft, forskydning og form gennem en forprogrammeret belastningsprotokol. Et karakteristisk elastisk modul kan derefter beregnes ud fra disse data. Mens demonstreret her ved hjælp af svinelinser, er fremgangsmåden passende til komprimering af linser af enhver art.

The lens is the transparent and flexible organ found in the eye that allows it to focus on different distances by changing its refractive power. This ability is known as accommodation. The refractive power is altered due to the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle. When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens thickens and moves forward, increasing its refractive power1,2. The increase in refractive power allows the lens to focus on nearby objects. As humans age, the lens becomes stiffer and this ability to accommodate is gradually lost; this condition is known as presbyopia. The mechanism of stiffening remains unknown, at least in part due to the difficulties associated with the biomechanical characterization of the lens.
A variety of methods have been employed to estimate lens stiffness and biomechanical properties. These include lens spinning3,4,5, acoustic methods6,7,8, optical methods such as Brillouin microscopy9, indentation10,11, and compression12,13. Compression is the most accessible experimental technique as it can be performed with simple instrumentation (e.g., glass coverslips14,15) or a single motorized stage. We have previously shown how the biomechanical properties of the lens may be rigorously estimated from a compression test16. This process is technically challenging and requires specialized software not readily accessible to lens researchers interested in relative stiffness measurements. Therefore, in the present study, we focus on accessible methods for estimating the elastic modulus of the lens while accounting for lens size. The elastic modulus is an intrinsic material property related to its deformability: a high elastic modulus corresponds to a stiffer material.
The test itself is a parallel plate compression test and can therefore be performed on suitable commercial mechanical testing systems. Here, a custom instrument was constructed comprised of a motor, linear stage, motion controller, load cell, and amplifier. These were controlled using custom software which also recorded time, position, and load at regular intervals. Pig lenses do not accommodate but are easily accessible and inexpensive17. The following method was developed to incrementally compress the eye lens and quantify its elastic modulus. This method can be easily replicated and will be useful in the study of lens stiffness.

Forfatter Spotlight: Fremme af forståelsen af aldersrelaterede ændringer i linsestivhed 

Automatiseret kompressionstest af den okulære linse

We're trying to understand how people lose their near vision with age. We know that this is due, in part, to a change in lens stiffness, but we still don't know why the lens stiffens as we age. Current experimental methods rely on crude methods for loading the lens, such as placing microscope cover slips on the lens.These methods are tedious and lack appropriate controls for the rate of loading. We have determined that the lens shape is the primary driver of presbyopia, and we know that the shape is primarily driven by biomechanical parameters. This protocol offers a completely objective, reproducible method for measuring lens stiffness.Automation allows us to control the rate of loading, which is a key parameter when characterizing a viscoelastic material, like the lens. We now have an objective, repeatable protocol for measuring lens biomechanical properties. This will allow us to rigorously characterize how the lens stiffens with age, as well as how specific proteins modify the lens biomechanical properties.

Seks svinelinser blev komprimeret, først med kapslen intakt, derefter efter omhyggelig fjernelse af kapslen. Tykkelsesværdierne var 7,65 ± 0,43 mm for indkapslede linser og 6,69 ± 0,29 mm for indkapslede linser (gennemsnit ± standardafvigelse). En typisk indlæsningshistorik er vist i figur 3. De resulterende kraftforskydningskurver var godt monteret af Hertz-modellen (dvs. de havde en kraft, der var proportional med forskydningen hævet til effekten på 1,5; Figur ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing Understanding of Age-Related Lens Stiffness Changes at JoVE.com

Vi præsenterer en automatiseret metode til karakterisering af det effektive elastiske modul af en okulær linse ved hjælp af en kompressionstest.

The biomechanical properties of the ocular lens are essential to its function as a variable power optical element. These properties change dramatically ...

Vi forsøger at forstå, hvordan folk mister deres nærsyn med alderen. Vi ved, at dette til dels skyldes en ændring i linsestivheden, men vi ved stadig ikke, hvorfor linsen stivner, når vi bliver ældre. Nuværende eksperimentelle metoder er afhængige af rå metoder til belastning af linsen, såsom at placere mikroskopdæksler på linsen.Disse metoder er kedelige og mangler passende kontrol for belastningshastigheden. Vi har fastslået, at linseformen er den primære drivkraft for presbyopi, og vi ved, at formen primært er drevet af biomekaniske parametre. Denne protokol tilbyder en fuldstændig objektiv, reproducerbar metode til måling af objektivstivhed.Automatisering giver os mulighed for at kontrollere belastningshastigheden, hvilket er en nøgleparameter, når vi karakteriserer et viskoelastisk materiale, som linsen. Vi har nu en objektiv, gentagelig protokol til måling af linsens biomekaniske egenskaber. Dette giver os mulighed for nøje at karakterisere, hvordan linsen stivner med alderen, samt hvordan specifikke proteiner ændrer linsens biomekaniske egenskaber.

automated-compression-testing-of-the-ocular-lens

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Automated Compression Testing of the Ocular Lens

The biomechanical properties of the ocular lens are essential to its function as a variable power optical element. These properties change dramatically with age in the human lens, resulting in a loss of near vision called presbyopia. However, the mechanisms of these changes remain unknown. Lens compression offers a relatively simple method for assessing the lens' biomechanical stiffness in a qualitative sense and, when coupled with appropriate analytical techniques, can help quantify biomechanical properties. A variety of lens compression tests have been performed to date, including both manual and automated, but these methods inconsistently apply key aspects of biomechanical testing such as preconditioning, loading rates, and time between measurements. This paper describes a fully automated lens compression test wherein a motorized stage is synchronized with a camera to capture the force, displacement, and shape of the lens throughout a preprogrammed loading protocol. A characteristic elastic modulus may then be calculated from these data. While demonstrated here using porcine lenses, the approach is appropriate for the compression of lenses of any species.

We present an automated method for characterizing the effective elastic modulus of an ocular lens using a compression test.