这项研究由 Mae Fah Luang 大学资助。作者要感谢皇太后大学茶叶和咖啡研究所促进研究人员与当地农民之间关于获取咖啡银皮样品的联系。

本研究中使用的试剂和设备的详细信息列在 材料表中。
1. 实验准备
<ol><li>植物样品制备<ol><li>收集新鲜的咖啡银皮（阿拉比卡咖啡），并在60°C下在托盘干燥机中干燥72小时11。</li>
		<li>使用研磨机将干燥的咖啡银皮 （CS） 研磨成细粉，并在室温下储存以供进一步分析11。 注意：在这项研究中，新鲜的 CS ...

基于多元醇的微波辅助萃取，可获得酚类和抗氧化剂的收率

<ol>
	<li>Wawoczny, A., Gillner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+most+potent+natural+pharmaceuticals,+cosmetics,+and+food+ingredients+isolated+from+plants+with+deep+eutectic+solvents.">The most potent natural pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food ingredients isolated from plants with deep eutectic solvents.</a> J Agric Food Chem. 71 (29), 10877-10900 (2023).</li><li>Syukur, M., Prahasiwi, M. S., Yuliani, S., Purwaningsih, Y., Indriyanti, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+active+compounds+of+extract+ethanol,+n-hexane,+ethyl+acetate+and+fraction+ethanol+of+star+anise+(Illicium+verum+hook.+F.)+and+determination+of+total+flavonoids,+total+phenolics+and+their+potential+as+antioxidants.">Profiling of active compounds of extract ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and fraction ethanol of star anise (Illicium verum hook. F.) and determination of total flavonoids, total phenolics and their potential as antioxidants.</a> Sci Technol Indones. 8 (2), 219-226 (2023).</li><li>Supjaroenporn, C., Khongcharoen, P., Myo, H., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+the+optimization,+characterization,+and+antioxidant+activities+of+phenolic+extracts+extracted+from+Rhus+chinensis+Mill.+Leaf+using+microwave-assisted+extraction+system+with+glycerol+as+a+green+solvent.">Studying the optimization, characterization, and antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts extracted from Rhus chinensis Mill. Leaf using microwave-assisted extraction system with glycerol as a green solvent.</a> Curr Bioact Compd. 20 (3), 68-82 (2024).</li><li>Gasser, M. S., Abdel Rahman, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustainability+of+solvent+extraction+techniques+in+pollution+prevention+and+control.">Sustainability of solvent extraction techniques in pollution prevention and control.</a> Handbook of advanced approaches towards pollution prevention and control. , 33-66 (2021).</li><li>P&#322;otka-Wasylka, J., Rutkowska, M., Owczarek, K., Tobiszewski, M., Namie&#347;nik, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+with+environmentally+friendly+solvents.">Extraction with environmentally friendly solvents.</a> TrAC, Trends Anal Chem. 91, 12-25 (2017).</li><li>Queffelec, J., Beraud, W., Torres, M. D., Dom&#237;nguez, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+obtaining+ready-to-use+extracts+with+natural+solvents.">Advances in obtaining ready-to-use extracts with natural solvents.</a> Sustain Chem Pharm. 38, 101478 (2024).</li><li>Can Karaca, A., Erdem, I. G., Ak, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+polyols+on+gelation+kinetics,+gel+hardness,+and+drying+properties+of+alginates+subjected+to+internal+gelation.">Effects of polyols on gelation kinetics, gel hardness, and drying properties of alginates subjected to internal gelation.</a> LWT. 92, 297-303 (2018).</li><li>Nastasi, J. R., Daygon, V. D., Kontogiorgos, V., Fitzgerald, M. 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作者没有什么可披露的。

各种因素在 MAE 的成功实施中起着至关重要的作用，例如植物成分的植物化学含量、提取时间、温度、微波功率、固液比和溶剂浓度13。植物通常表现出不同种类的植物化学物质;因此，选择富含抗氧化剂和酚类化合物的天然植物是必不可少的23.此外，不同的生物活性成分根据所使用的溶剂表现出不同的极性。同样，溶剂也表现出不同的极性。鉴于溶剂的极性在?...

如今，美容行业的环保意识呈全球趋势，导致制造商专注于使用可持续替代品提取植物成分的绿色技术1。通常，乙醇、甲醇和己烷等传统溶剂用于提取植物酚类成分和天然抗氧化剂2。然而，植物提取物中存在的溶剂残留物对人类健康构成潜在风险，会引起皮肤和眼睛刺激3，尤其是它们在化妆品中的预期应用。因此，从提取物中去除此类溶剂残留物具有挑战性，这一过程需要投入大量时间、精力和人力资源4。最近，过热水、离子液体、低共熔溶剂和生物衍生溶剂已成为绿色溶剂萃取的有前途的方法5。然而，它们的使用仍然受到水基工艺中产品分离的限制。为了应对这些挑战，开发即用型提取物成为一种可行的解决方案6。
多元醇在化妆品配方中通常用作保湿剂，因为它们具有良好的极性和保持环境中水分的能力7。此外，甘油、丙二醇、丁二醇、甲基丙二醇、异戊二醇、戊二醇、戊二醇、1,2-己二醇和己二醇等多元醇可用于植物提取。它们被认为是无毒、可生物降解、环保、非反应性和安全的溶剂，可用于植物提取8。此外，由于多元醇的沸点和极性较高，可以承受微波辅助萃取 （MAE） 过程中产生的热量9。这些多元醇被美国食品和药物管理局 （FDA） 普遍认定为安全 （GRAS） 化学品。与乙醇或甲醇等传统溶剂不同，由于乙醇或甲醇的潜在有害影响，可能需要从提取物中严格去除，而多元醇的优势在于最大限度地减少与溶剂去除过程相关的能源、时间和成本10。这不仅简化了提取过程，还提高了提取方法的整体效率和可持续性。以前的研究使用丙二醇和丁二醇等多元醇作为溶剂从 山茶花 10 和咖啡浆11 中提取生物活性化合物，揭示了它们在植物提取过程中作为可持续替代溶剂的作用的巨大潜力。因此，多元醇-水溶剂系统的持续开发和优化有可能在绿色化学和可持续工业实践方面取得重大进步。
通常，在植物中发现的生物活性化合物是作为次生代谢产物合成的。这些化合物可分为三个主要组：萜烯和萜类化合物、生物碱和酚类化合物12。在不同条件下使用各种提取方法来从植物中分离特定的生物活性化合物。植物材料中的生物活性化合物可以使用常规或非常规技术提取。传统方法包括浸渍、回流萃取和水蒸馏，而非常规方法包括超声辅助萃取、酶辅助萃取、微波辅助萃取 （MAE）、脉冲电场辅助萃取、超临界流体萃取和加压液体萃取13。这些非常规方法旨在通过使用更安全的溶剂和助剂、提高能源效率、防止生物活性成分降解和减少环境污染来提高安全性14。
此外，MAE 是从植物中提取生物活性化合物的复杂绿色技术之一。传统的提取程序需要大量的时间、能源和高温，随着时间的推移，这可能会降解热敏性生物活性化合物13。与传统的热萃取相比，MAE 通过在样品内产生局部加热、破坏细胞结构并增强传质来促进生物活性化合物的提取，从而提高化合物提取的效率。热量通过微波从植物细胞内部传递，微波作用于植物成分内的水分子13。此外，MAE 在改进活性化合物的提取和分离、提高产品产量、提高提取效率、减少化学品需求方面取得了进展，节省了时间和能源，同时防止了生物活性化合物的破坏15。
本研究的重点是使用不同类型的多元醇作为溶剂，通过微波辅助萃取 （MAE） 提取植物酚类化合物和天然抗氧化剂。测定多元醇基 MAE 提取物的总酚含量 （TPC）、总类黄酮含量 （TFC） 和抗氧化活性 （DPPH、ABTS 和 FRAP）。此外，将基于多元醇的 MAE 与使用常规溶剂（如水和乙醇）的 MAE 进行了比较。这项研究有望为天然成分的环境可持续提取技术的发展做出贡献，通过减少对危险化学品的依赖、缩短加工时间以及最大限度地减少原材料生产中的能源消耗来促进可持续性，以用于化妆品行业的潜在应用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-Hexanediol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2 -Azino-bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>93285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pioneer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Denver</td>
			<td>SI-234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman -2-carboxylic acid (Trolox)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>238813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biopett</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethos X advanced microwave extraction</td>
			<td>Milestone Srl, Sorisole, Italy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferrous sulfate</td>
			<td>Ajex Finechem</td>
			<td>3850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin-Ciocalteu&#39;s reagent</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer SF</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>C697(GYN)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>398225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinder</td>
			<td>Ou Hardware Products Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (37%)</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (III) chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopentyldiol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>67561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylpropanediol&#160;</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium persulfate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Q4951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium nitrite</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5954</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPECTROstar Nano microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG- LABTECH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS software</td>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics 20</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tray dryer</td>
			<td>France Etuves</td>
			<td>XUE343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidants for cosmetic applications using polyol-based technology

利用多元醇作为绿色溶剂从植物材料中提取生物活性化合物，由于其安全性和与植物生物活性化学品的惰性行为而受到关注。本研究探讨了使用微波辅助萃取 （MAE） 方法和基于多元醇的溶剂（甘油、丙二醇 （PG）、丁二醇 （BG）、甲基丙二醇 （MPD）、异戊二醇 （IPD）、戊二醇、1,2-己二醇和己二醇 （HG） 的微波辅助萃取 （MAE） 方法从咖啡银皮中可持续提取酚类化合物和天然抗氧化剂。对常规和非常规溶剂萃取进行了比较分析，重点关注它们对 MAE 生物活性化合物的影响，包括总酚含量 （TPC）、总类黄酮含量 （TFC） 和抗氧化活性等参数，如 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除测定 （DPPH）、2,2′-联氮基-双（-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）自由基清除测定 （ABTS） 和铁还原抗氧化能力测定 （FRAP）。观察到 1,2-己二醇水溶液萃取的 TPC（52.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g 样品）、1,2-己二醇水溶液萃取的 TFC（20.0 ± 1.7 mg QE/g 样品）、HG 水溶液萃取的 DPPH（13.6 ± 0.3 mg TE/g 样品）、戊二醇水溶液萃取的 ABTS（8.2 ± 0.1 mg TE/g 样品）和 HG 水溶液萃取的 FRAP（21.1 ± 1.3 mg Fe （II） E/g 样品）。本研究旨在通过天然植物成分推进环保提取技术，通过最大限度地减少有害化学品的使用来促进可持续性，同时减少时间和能源消耗，在化妆品中具有潜在应用。

Nowadays, there is a global trend towards environmental awareness in the beauty industry, leading manufacturers to focus on green technology for extracting plant components using sustainable alternatives1. Typically, traditional solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and hexane are used to extract plant phenolic components and natural antioxidants2. Nevertheless, the presence of solvent residues within plant extracts poses a potential risk to human health, inducing skin and eye irritation3, particularly concerning their intended application in cosmetics. Consequently, it is challenging to eliminate such solvent residues from the extracts, a process that demands considerable investment in time, energy, and human resources4. Recently, superheated water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and bio-derived solvents have emerged as promising approaches for green solvent extraction5. However, their use is still limited by product separation in aqueous-based processes. To address these challenges, the development of ready-to-use extracts emerges as a viable solution6.
Polyols are often used in cosmetic formulations as humectants because of their good polarity and ability to retain moisture from the environment7. In addition, polyols such as glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, methylpropanediol, isopentyldiol, pentylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and hexylene glycol can be utilized for plant extractions. They are considered non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, non-reactive, and safe solvents for use in plant extraction8. Additionally, polyols can withstand the heat generated during microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) due to their elevated boiling points and polarity9. These polyols are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemicals by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unlike conventional solvents such as ethanol or methanol, which may require rigorous removal from the extract due to their potentially harmful effects, polyols offer the advantage of minimizing the energy, time, and costs associated with solvent removal processes10. This not only streamlines the extraction process but also enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of the extraction method. Previous investigations have employed polyols such as propylene glycol and butylene glycol as solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis flowers10 and coffee pulp11, revealing significant potential for their role as sustainable alternative solvents in the plant extraction process. Thus, the continued development and optimization of a polyols-water solvent system holds the potential for significant advancements in green chemistry and sustainable industrial practices.
Generally, bioactive compounds found in plants are synthesized as secondary metabolites. These compounds can be categorized into three primary groups: terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds12. Various extraction methods are utilized under different conditions to isolate specific bioactive compounds from plants. Bioactive compounds from plant materials can be extracted using either conventional or non-conventional techniques. Traditional methods include maceration, reflux extraction, and hydro-distillation, while non-conventional methods consist of ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed electric field-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction13. These non-conventional methods are designed to enhance safety by utilizing safer solvents and auxiliaries, improving energy efficiency, preventing degradation of the bioactive components, and reducing environmental pollution14.
Furthermore, MAE is among the sophisticated green technologies for extracting bioactive compounds from plants. Conventional extraction procedures require significant amounts of time, energy, and high temperatures, which over time might degrade heat-sensitive bioactive compounds13. In contrast to conventional thermal extractions, MAE facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds by generating localized heating within the sample, disrupting cell structures, and enhancing mass transfer, thereby increasing the efficiency of compound extraction. Heat is transferred from inside the plant cells by microwaves, which operate on the water molecules within the plant components13. Moreover, MAE has advanced to improve the extraction and separation of active compounds, increasing product yield, enhancing extraction efficiency, requiring fewer chemicals, and saving time and energy while preventing the destruction of bioactive compounds15.
This research focuses on the extraction of plant phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using different types of polyols as solvents. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of polyol-based MAE extracts are determined. Additionally, polyol-based MAE is compared with MAE using conventional solvents such as water and ethanol. This research is expected to contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable extraction technology for natural components, promoting sustainability by reducing reliance on hazardous chemicals, shortening processing times, and minimizing energy consumption in raw material production for potential applications within the cosmetics industry.

作者聚焦：使用基于多元醇的微波辅助技术对生物活性化合物进行环保萃取

使用基于多元醇的技术微波辅助萃取用于化妆品应用的酚类化合物和抗氧化剂

This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extraction techniques such as microwave-assist extraction, and extraction, have been interestingly employed to extract plants bioactive compounds. However, organic solvents are still commonly utilized for bioactive component extraction.Using polyol-based solvent for microwave assistant extraction turned out to be more effective than using traditional solvent like water and ethanol. The results show that the plant extract obtained with polyol have higher level of phenolic content for the flavanoid content and antioxidant activity. Compared to those extracted with conventional solvent.Our procedure stands out because it is beneficial, environmentally friendly and safe for human health. It is also more energy efficient and cost effective than traditional processes, making it an excellent alternative for sustainable and simple production. Our finding show that polyols combined with unconventional extraction methods can extract phenol compounds.The next challenge is whether this extraction method can be used to extract other plant, secondary metabolized, and if it can be commercialized to extract bioactive compounds for cosmetic purposes.

多元醇溶剂和常规溶剂对总酚含量、总类黄酮含量、DPPH、FRAP 和 ABTS 抗氧化剂测定的影响 溶剂极性应与目标活性分子的极性相容，以提高植物中生物活性物质的提取效率22。使用各种溶剂（水、乙醇、甘油、丙二醇、丁二醇、甲基丙二醇、异戊二醇、戊二醇、1,2-己二醇和己二醇）进行实验，以评估它们对 MAE 咖啡银皮提取物的生物活性化合物和抗氧化活性的影响?...

该协议详细介绍了利用基于多元醇的微波辅助提取方法提取酚类化合物和天然抗氧化剂，代表了开发即用型提取物的实用且环境可持续的方法。

The utilization of polyols as green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained attention due to their safety and inert ...

microwave-assisted-extraction-phenolic-compounds-antioxidants-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

504 Views.  Mae Fah Laung University. This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extractio...