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Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

The utilization of polyols as green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained attention due to their safety and inert ...

Mae Fah Laung University

In the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, it has been increasingly popular to use alternative solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Coffee pulp, a by-product of coffee production, contains different phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The effects of polyols, amplitude, extraction time, solvent concentration, and liquid-solid ratio on total phenolic content (TPC) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were examined by single-factor studies. Three main factors that impact TPC were selected to optimize the extraction conditions for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and their antioxidant activities using the Box-Behnken design. Different extraction methods were compared, the bioactive compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ), and the cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant activities of the extract were studied. According to the response model, the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from coffee pulp were as follows: extraction time of 7.65 min, liquid-solid ratio of 22.22 mL/g, and solvent concentration of 46.71 %. Under optimized conditions, the values of TPC, TFC, TTC, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) were 9.29 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g sample, 58.82 ± 1.38 mg QE/g sample, 8.69 ± 0.25 mg TAE/g sample, 7.56 ± 0.27 mg TEAC/g sample, 13.59 ± 0.25 mg TEAC/g sample, and 10.90 ± 0.24 mg FeSO/g sample, respectively. Compared with other extraction conditions, UAE with propylene glycol extract (PG-UAE) was significantlyhigher in TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP response values than UAE with ethanol (EtOH-UAE), maceration with propylene glycol (PG-maceration), and maceration with ethanol (EtOH -maceration) (p < 0.05). Major bioactive compounds detected by LC-QQQ included chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and trigonelline. At higher concentrations starting from 5 mg/ml, PG-UAE extract showed higher cell viability than EtOH-UAE in both cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant assays. The researcher expects that this new extraction technique developed in this work could produce a higher yield of bioactive compounds with higher biological activity. Therefore, they can be used as active ingredients in cosmetics (anti-aging products) and pharmaceutical applications (food supplements, treatment for oxidative stress-related diseases) with minimal use of chemicals and energy.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp using propylene glycol as a solvent and their antioxidant activities.

The research aims to assess the yield of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activities obtained from tea flowers using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method with butylene glycol (BG-UAE) through Box-Behnken design. It investigates the bioactive compounds including the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) and analyzes their antioxidant activities, bioactive compound composition by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, and their cellular activities via UAE and maceration using BG or ethanol as the solvent. Under optimal conditions, the values of the TPC, TFC, TTC, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of the BG-UAE extract were 54.00 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g sample, 291.47 ± 3.34 mg QE/g sample, 65.37 ± 1.78 mg TAE/g sample, 106.45 ± 1.21 mg TEAC/g sample, 163.58 ± 2.76 mg TEAC/g sample, and 121.31 ± 4.75 mg FeSO/g sample, respectively. Except for FRAP, BG-UAE exhibited the highest values in all parameters compared to the other extraction methods. Catechins and caffeine were predominantly detected in tea flower extracts through UAE with BG and ethanol (EtOH-UAE). BG-UAE exhibited greater cell viability and cellular antioxidant activity than EtOH-UAE. The researcher expects that this research will contribute to the emergence of a green extraction technique that will offer larger functional components with economic and environmental benefits and minimal chemicals and energy use.

Butylene Glycol Used as a Sustainable Solvent for Extracting Bioactive Compounds from  Flowers with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

The focus on reducing organic solvent usage, owing to their negative environmental and health impacts, is driving a search for innovative green alternative solvents in academia and industry.  Blume (CH) exhibits many therapeutic activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The objective of this study is to evaluate the optimal solvent concentration using a simplex-lattice design with an aqueous-polyols mixture and to optimize the parameters for extracting bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of CH leaves through central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). This study examines the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, comparison of different extraction conditions, identification of bioactive compounds, cell cytotoxicity, cellular antioxidant activity, and melanin content reduction efficacy of the extracts. According to the findings from the simplex-lattice model, the ideal solvent composition consisted of 32.57%w/w butylene glycol, 32.92%w/w glycerine, and 34.51%w/w water. Furthermore, based on the response model, optimal extraction conditions were identified as a 15-min extraction time and a solvent-to-sample ratio of 32.94:1. In comparison to alternative extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted extraction using the aqueous-glycerine-butylene glycol (GB-UAE) extract resulted in notably elevated TPC and antioxidant responses (p < 0.05). Major antioxidant bioactive compounds included 4-(Butoxymethyl) phenol, 3--Caffeoyl-4--methylquinic acid, Quercetin 3-(2G-glucosylrutinoside), 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid and other bioactive compounds. The GB-UAE extract revealed greater cell viability than UAE using ethanol (EtOH-UAE) extract in both cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant assays at the same concentration. Additionally, it exhibited comparable melanin content reduction efficacy at a higher concentration compared to that of EtOH-UAE extract. The researcher anticipates that the current study will advance the utilization of an aqueous-polyols system for extracting bioactive compounds extending beyond CH leaves. Although the potential applications of CH leaves in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations have been identified, further comprehensive mechanistic and clinical studies are required to fully understand their effects.

Article	Year
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp using propylene glycol as a solvent and their antioxidant activities. Ultrasonics sonochemistry\| PubMed ID: 36007328	2022
Butylene Glycol Used as a Sustainable Solvent for Extracting Bioactive Compounds from Flowers with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. ACS omega\| PubMed ID: 36777602	2023
Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from blume leaves utilizing polyols: A study on skin-related activities. Heliyon\| PubMed ID: 38774328	2024

Nuntawat Khat-Udomkiri

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