이 연구는 Mae Fah Luang University의 자금 지원을 받았습니다. 저자들은 커피 실버스킨 샘플 획득과 관련하여 연구자와 지역 농부들 간의 연결을 촉진한 Mae Fah Luang University의 Tea and Coffee Institute에 감사를 표하고 싶습니다.

이 연구에 사용된 시약 및 장비의 세부 사항은 재료 표에 나열되어 있습니다.
1. 실험적 준비
<ol><li>식물 시료 전처리<ol><li>신선한 커피은피(Coffea arabica)를 수집하여 트레이 건조기에서 60°C에서 72시간11분 동안 건조합니다.</li>
		<li>건조된 커피은피(CS)를 그라인더를 사용하여 고운 가루로 분쇄하고 추가 분석을 위해 실온에 ?...

페놀 및 항산화제 수율을 위한 폴리올 기반 마이크로파 지원 추출

<ol>
	<li>Wawoczny, A., Gillner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+most+potent+natural+pharmaceuticals,+cosmetics,+and+food+ingredients+isolated+from+plants+with+deep+eutectic+solvents.">The most potent natural pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food ingredients isolated from plants with deep eutectic solvents.</a> J Agric Food Chem. 71 (29), 10877-10900 (2023).</li><li>Syukur, M., Prahasiwi, M. S., Yuliani, S., Purwaningsih, Y., Indriyanti, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+active+compounds+of+extract+ethanol,+n-hexane,+ethyl+acetate+and+fraction+ethanol+of+star+anise+(Illicium+verum+hook.+F.)+and+determination+of+total+flavonoids,+total+phenolics+and+their+potential+as+antioxidants.">Profiling of active compounds of extract ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and fraction ethanol of star anise (Illicium verum hook. F.) and determination of total flavonoids, total phenolics and their potential as antioxidants.</a> Sci Technol Indones. 8 (2), 219-226 (2023).</li><li>Supjaroenporn, C., Khongcharoen, P., Myo, H., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+the+optimization,+characterization,+and+antioxidant+activities+of+phenolic+extracts+extracted+from+Rhus+chinensis+Mill.+Leaf+using+microwave-assisted+extraction+system+with+glycerol+as+a+green+solvent.">Studying the optimization, characterization, and antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts extracted from Rhus chinensis Mill. Leaf using microwave-assisted extraction system with glycerol as a green solvent.</a> Curr Bioact Compd. 20 (3), 68-82 (2024).</li><li>Gasser, M. S., Abdel Rahman, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustainability+of+solvent+extraction+techniques+in+pollution+prevention+and+control.">Sustainability of solvent extraction techniques in pollution prevention and control.</a> Handbook of advanced approaches towards pollution prevention and control. , 33-66 (2021).</li><li>P&#322;otka-Wasylka, J., Rutkowska, M., Owczarek, K., Tobiszewski, M., Namie&#347;nik, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+with+environmentally+friendly+solvents.">Extraction with environmentally friendly solvents.</a> TrAC, Trends Anal Chem. 91, 12-25 (2017).</li><li>Queffelec, J., Beraud, W., Torres, M. D., Dom&#237;nguez, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+obtaining+ready-to-use+extracts+with+natural+solvents.">Advances in obtaining ready-to-use extracts with natural solvents.</a> Sustain Chem Pharm. 38, 101478 (2024).</li><li>Can Karaca, A., Erdem, I. G., Ak, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+polyols+on+gelation+kinetics,+gel+hardness,+and+drying+properties+of+alginates+subjected+to+internal+gelation.">Effects of polyols on gelation kinetics, gel hardness, and drying properties of alginates subjected to internal gelation.</a> LWT. 92, 297-303 (2018).</li><li>Nastasi, J. R., Daygon, V. D., Kontogiorgos, V., Fitzgerald, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualitative+analysis+of+polyphenols+in+glycerol+plant+extracts+using+untargeted+metabolomics.">Qualitative analysis of polyphenols in glycerol plant extracts using untargeted metabolomics.</a> Metabolites. 13 (4), 566 (2023).</li><li>Khat-Udomkiri, N., Gatnawa, G., Boonlerd, N., Myo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valorization+of+Camellia+sinensis+flowers+in+cosmetic+and+pharmaceutical+applications:+Optimization+of+microwave-assisted+glycerin+extraction.">Valorization of Camellia sinensis flowers in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications: Optimization of microwave-assisted glycerin extraction.</a> Waste Biomass Valori. 15, 323-335 (2023).</li><li>Myo, H., Yaowiwat, N., Pongkorpsakol, P., Aonbangkhen, C., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Butylene+glycol+used+as+a+sustainable+solvent+for+extracting+bioactive+compounds+from+Camellia+sinensis+flowers+with+ultrasound-assisted+extraction.">Butylene glycol used as a sustainable solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis flowers with ultrasound-assisted extraction.</a> ACS omega. 8 (5), 4976-4987 (2023).</li><li>Myo, H., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+ultrasound-assisted+extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+coffee+pulp+using+propylene+glycol+as+a+solvent+and+their+antioxidant+activities.">Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp using propylene glycol as a solvent and their antioxidant activities.</a> Ultrason Sonochem. 89, 106127 (2022).</li><li>Twaij, B. M., Hasan, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioactive+secondary+metabolites+from+plant+sources:+Types,+synthesis,+and+their+therapeutic+uses.">Bioactive secondary metabolites from plant sources: Types, synthesis, and their therapeutic uses.</a> Int J Plant Biol. 13 (1), 4-14 (2022).</li><li>Bitwell, C., Sen, I. S., Luke, C., Kakoma, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+modern+and+conventional+extraction+techniques+and+their+applications+for+extracting+phytochemicals+from+plants.">A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants.</a> Sci Afr. 19, e01585 (2023).</li><li>Chakrabortty, S., Kumar, A., Patruni, K., Singh, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recent advances in food biotechnology. , 353-370 (2022).</li><li>Fan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+assisted+extraction+as+a+green+approach+in+preparation+of+bioactive+components+extraction+from+natural+products+-+A+review.">Mechanochemical assisted extraction as a green approach in preparation of bioactive components extraction from natural products - A review.</a> Trends Food Sci Technol. 129, 98-110 (2022).</li><li>Bessada, S. M., C Alves, R., Pp Oliveira, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coffee+silverskin:+A+review+on+potential+cosmetic+applications.">Coffee silverskin: A review on potential cosmetic applications.</a> Cosmetics. 5 (1), 5 (2018).</li><li>Myo, H., Nantarat, N., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+bioactive+compounds+of+coffee+pulp+through+fermentation-based+biotransformation+using+Lactobacillus+plantarum+TISTR+543+and+its+antioxidant+activities.">Changes in bioactive compounds of coffee pulp through fermentation-based biotransformation using Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 543 and its antioxidant activities.</a> Fermentation. 7 (4), 292 (2021).</li><li>Molole, G. J., Gure, A., Abdissa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+total+phenolic+content+and+antioxidant+activity+of+Commiphora+mollis+(oliv).+Engl.+Resin.">Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (oliv). Engl. Resin.</a> BMC Chem. 16 (1), 48 (2022).</li><li>Barku, V., Opoku-Boahen, Y., Owusu-Ansah, E., Mensah, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidant+activity+and+the+estimation+of+total+phenolic+and+flavonoid+contents+of+the+root+extract+of+Amaranthus+spinosus.">Antioxidant activity and the estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the root extract of Amaranthus spinosus.</a> Asian J Plant Sci Res. 3 (1), 69-74 (2013).</li><li>Samarasiri, M., Chandrasiri, T., Wijesinghe, D., Gunawardena, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidant+capacity+and+total+phenolic+content+variations+against+Morinda+citrifolia+L.+fruit+juice+production+methods.">Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content variations against Morinda citrifolia L. fruit juice production methods.</a> Int J Food Eng. 5, 293-299 (2019).</li><li>Rumpf, J., Burger, R., Schulze, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+evaluation+of+DPPH,+ABTS,+FRAP,+and+Folin-Ciocalteu+assays+to+assess+the+antioxidant+capacity+of+lignins.">Statistical evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to assess the antioxidant capacity of lignins.</a> Int J Biol Macromol. 233, 123470 (2023).</li><li>Lainez-Cer&#243;n, E., Ram&#237;rez-Corona, N., Jim&#233;nez-Mungu&#237;a, M. T., Palou, E., L&#243;pez-Malo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plants+by+means+of+new+environmentally+friendly+solvents.">Extraction of bioactive compounds from plants by means of new environmentally friendly solvents.</a> Research and technological advances in food science. , 301-332 (2022).</li><li>Yu, M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., Barros, A. I. R. N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochemical+and+antioxidant+analysis+of+medicinal+and+food+plants+towards+bioactive+food+and+pharmaceutical+resources.">Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources.</a> Sci Rep. 11 (1), 10041 (2021).</li><li>Lefebvre, T., Destandau, E., Lesellier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plants+using+recent+extraction+techniques:+A+review.">Selective extraction of bioactive compounds from plants using recent extraction techniques: A review.</a> J Chromatogr A. 1635, 461770 (2021).</li><li>Nandasiri, R., Eskin, N. M., Thiyam-H&#246;llander, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidative+polyphenols+of+canola+meal+extracted+by+high+pressure:+Impact+of+temperature+and+solvents.">Antioxidative polyphenols of canola meal extracted by high pressure: Impact of temperature and solvents.</a> J Food Sci. 84 (11), 3117-3128 (2019).</li><li>Jha, A. K., Sit, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plant+materials+using+combination+of+various+novel+methods:+A+review.">Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: A review.</a> Trends Food Sci Technol. 119, 579-591 (2022).</li><li>Czarnecki, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+effect+on+the+competition+between+weak+and+strong+interactions+in+phenol+solutions+studied+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy+and+DFT+calculations.">Solvent effect on the competition between weak and strong interactions in phenol solutions studied by near-infrared spectroscopy and DFT calculations.</a> Phys Chem Chem Phys. 23 (35), 19188-19194 (2021).</li><li>Lu, W., Mackie, C. 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플랜트 구성 요소의 식물 화학적 함량, 추출 시간, 온도, 마이크로파 전력, 고액 비율 및 용매 농도와 같은 다양한 요인이 MAE의 성공적인 구현에 중요한 역할을 합니다13. 식물은 일반적으로 식물 화학 물질의 다양한 프로필을 나타냅니다. 따라서 항산화제와 페놀 화합물이 풍부한 천연 식물을 선택하는 것이 필수적입니다23. 또한, 뚜렷한 생체 활성 성분은 사용?...

오늘날 뷰티 산업에서 환경 인식에 대한 세계적인 추세가 나타나고 있으며, 이로 인해 제조업체는 지속 가능한 대안을 사용하여 식물 성분을 추출하기 위한 녹색 기술에 집중하고 있습니다1. 일반적으로 에탄올, 메탄올 및 헥산과 같은 전통적인 용매는 식물 페놀 성분과 천연 산화 방지제를 추출하는 데 사용됩니다2. 그럼에도 불구하고, 식물 추출물 내에 용매 잔류물의 존재는 인체 건강에 잠재적인 위험을 초래하며, 특히 화장품에 의도된 적용과 관련하여 피부 및 눈 자극을 유발합니다3. 결과적으로, 추출물에서 이러한 용매 잔류물을 제거하는 것은 어려운 일이며, 이는 시간, 에너지 및 인적 자원에 상당한 투자를 요구하는 과정입니다4. 최근에는 과가열수, 이온성 액체, 심층 공융 용매, 바이오 유래 용매가 녹색 용매 추출을 위한 유망한 접근법으로 부상하고있다 5. 그러나 이들의 사용은 여전히 수성 기반 공정에서 제품 분리로 인해 제한됩니다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 바로 사용할 수 있는 추출물의 개발이 실행 가능한 솔루션으로 떠오르고있습니다 6.
폴리올은 양호한 극성과 환경으로부터 수분을 유지하는 능력 때문에 화장품 제형에서 습윤제로 자주 사용됩니다7. 또한 글리세린, 프로필렌 글리콜, 부틸렌 글리콜, 메틸프로판디올, 이소펜틸디올, 펜틸렌 글리콜, 1,2-헥산디올 및 헥실렌 글리콜과 같은 폴리올을 식물 추출에 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들은 식물 추출에 사용하기 위해 무독성, 생분해성, 환경 친화적, 비 반응성 및 안전한 용매로 간주됩니다8. 또한, 폴리올은 높은 끓는점과 극성으로 인해 마이크로파 보조 추출(MAE) 중에 발생하는 열을 견딜 수 있습니다9. 이러한 폴리올은 일반적으로 미국 식품의약국(FDA)에서 안전한(GRAS) 화학 물질로 인정됩니다. 에탄올 또는 메탄올과 같은 기존 용매와 달리, 잠재적으로 유해한 영향으로 인해 추출물에서 엄격한 제거가 필요할 수 있는 폴리올은 용매 제거 공정과 관련된 에너지, 시간 및 비용을 최소화하는 이점을 제공합니다10. 이는 추출 공정을 간소화할 뿐만 아니라 추출 방법의 전반적인 효율성과 지속 가능성을 향상시킵니다. 이전 연구에서는 프로필렌 글리콜 및 부틸렌 글리콜과 같은 폴리올을 Camellia sinensis 꽃10 및 커피 펄프11에서 생체 활성 화합물을 추출하는 용매로 사용했으며, 이는 식물 추출 공정에서 지속 가능한 대체 용매로서의 역할에 대한 상당한 잠재력을 보여주었습니다. 따라서 폴리올-물 용매 시스템의 지속적인 개발 및 최적화는 녹색 화학 및 지속 가능한 산업 관행에서 상당한 발전의 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다.
일반적으로 식물에서 발견되는 생체 활성 화합물은 2차 대사 산물로 합성됩니다. 이들 화합물은 테르펜 및 테르페노이드, 알칼로이드 및 페놀 화합물12의 세 가지 주요 그룹으로 분류할 수 있다. 식물에서 특정 생체 활성 화합물을 분리하기 위해 다양한 조건에서 다양한 추출 방법이 사용됩니다. 식물 재료로부터의 생체 활성 화합물은 통상적인 또는 비전통적인 기술을 사용하여 추출할 수 있습니다. 전통적인 방법에는 침용, 환류 추출 및 수소 증류가 포함되는 반면, 비전통적인 방법에는 초음파 보조 추출, 효소 보조 추출, 마이크로파 보조 추출(MAE), 펄스 전기장 보조 추출, 초임계 유체 추출 및 가압 액체 추출로 구성됩니다13. 이러한 비전통적인 방법은 보다 안전한 용매 및 보조제를 사용함으로써 안전성을 향상시키고, 에너지 효율을 개선하며, 생체 활성 성분의 분해를 방지하고, 환경 오염을 줄이도록 설계되었다14.
또한 MAE는 식물에서 생체 활성 화합물을 추출하기 위한 정교한 녹색 기술 중 하나입니다. 기존의 추출 절차는 상당한 양의 시간, 에너지 및 고온을 필요로 하며, 이는 시간이 지남에 따라 열에 민감한 생체 활성 화합물을 저하시킬 수 있습니다13. 기존의 열 추출과 달리 MAE는 시료 내에서 국부적인 가열을 생성하고, 세포 구조를 파괴하고, 질량 전달을 향상시켜 화합물 추출의 효율성을 높임으로써 생체 활성 화합물의 추출을 용이하게 합니다. 열은 마이크로파에 의해 식물 세포 내부에서 전달되며, 마이크로파는 식물 구성 요소 내의 물 분자에서 작동합니다13. 또한, MAE는 활성 화합물의 추출 및 분리를 개선하고, 제품 수율을 높이고, 추출 효율성을 향상시키고, 화학 물질을 더 적게 요구하고, 시간과 에너지를 절약하는 동시에 생체 활성 화합물의 파괴를 방지하기 위해 발전했습니다15.
이 연구는 다양한 유형의 폴리올을 용매로 사용하여 MAE(Microwave-Assisted Extraction)를 통해 식물 페놀 화합물 및 천연 항산화제를 추출하는 데 중점을 둡니다. 폴리올 기반 MAE 추출물의 총 페놀 함량(TPC), 총 플라보노이드 함량(TFC) 및 항산화 활성(DPPH, ABTS 및 FRAP)을 측정합니다. 또한 폴리올 기반 MAE는 물 및 에탄올과 같은 기존 용매를 사용하여 MAE와 비교됩니다. 이 연구는 화장품 산업의 잠재적 응용 분야를 위해 유해 화학 물질에 대한 의존도를 줄이고 가공 시간을 단축하며 원료 생산에서 에너지 소비를 최소화함으로써 지속 가능성을 촉진함으로써 환경적으로 지속 가능한 천연 성분 추출 기술 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대됩니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-Hexanediol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2 -Azino-bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>93285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pioneer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Denver</td>
			<td>SI-234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman -2-carboxylic acid (Trolox)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>238813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biopett</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethos X advanced microwave extraction</td>
			<td>Milestone Srl, Sorisole, Italy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferrous sulfate</td>
			<td>Ajex Finechem</td>
			<td>3850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin-Ciocalteu&#39;s reagent</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer SF</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>C697(GYN)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>398225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinder</td>
			<td>Ou Hardware Products Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (37%)</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (III) chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopentyldiol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>67561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylpropanediol&#160;</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium persulfate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Q4951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium nitrite</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5954</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPECTROstar Nano microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG- LABTECH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS software</td>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics 20</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tray dryer</td>
			<td>France Etuves</td>
			<td>XUE343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidants for cosmetic applications using polyol-based technology

식물 재료에서 생체 활성 화합물을 추출하기 위한 녹색 용매로 폴리올을 사용하는 것은 식물 생체 활성 화학 물질에 대한 안전성 및 불활성 거동으로 인해 주목을 받고 있습니다. 이 연구는 글리세린, 프로필렌 글리콜(PG), 부틸렌 글리콜(BG), 메틸프로판디올(MPD), 이소펜틸디올(IPD), 펜틸렌 글리콜, 1,2-헥산디올 및 헥실렌 글리콜(HG)과 같은 폴리올 기반 용매와 함께 마이크로파 보조 추출(MAE) 방법을 사용하여 커피 실버스킨에서 페놀 화합물 및 천연 항산화제의 지속 가능한 추출을 탐구합니다. 총 페놀 함량(TPC), 총 플라보노이드 함량(TFC) 및 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 라디칼 소거 분석(DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) 라디칼 소거 분석(ABTS) 및 철 환원 항산화력 분석(FRAP)과 같은 항산화 활성과 같은 매개변수를 포함하여 MAE의 생체 활성 화합물에 미치는 영향에 중점을 두고 기존 및 비전통적 용매 추출에 대한 비교 분석을 수행했습니다. TPC는 수성-1,2-헥산디올 추출(52.0 ± 3.0mg GAE/g 샘플), TFC와 수용성-1,2-헥산디올 추출(20.0 ± 1.7mg QE/g 샘플), DPPH와 수성-HG 추출(13.6 ± 0.3mg TE/g 샘플), ABTS와 수성 펜틸렌 글리콜 추출(8.2 ± 0.1mg TE/g 샘플) 및 FRAP와 수성-HG 추출(21.1 ± 1.3mg Fe(II) E/g 샘플)에서 가장 높은 값이 관찰되었습니다. 이 연구는 천연 식물 성분을 통해 친환경 추출 기술을 발전시키고, 유해 화학 물질 사용을 최소화하는 동시에 시간과 에너지 소비를 줄임으로써 지속 가능성을 촉진하는 것을 목표로 하며, 화장품에 적용할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다.

Nowadays, there is a global trend towards environmental awareness in the beauty industry, leading manufacturers to focus on green technology for extracting plant components using sustainable alternatives1. Typically, traditional solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and hexane are used to extract plant phenolic components and natural antioxidants2. Nevertheless, the presence of solvent residues within plant extracts poses a potential risk to human health, inducing skin and eye irritation3, particularly concerning their intended application in cosmetics. Consequently, it is challenging to eliminate such solvent residues from the extracts, a process that demands considerable investment in time, energy, and human resources4. Recently, superheated water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and bio-derived solvents have emerged as promising approaches for green solvent extraction5. However, their use is still limited by product separation in aqueous-based processes. To address these challenges, the development of ready-to-use extracts emerges as a viable solution6.
Polyols are often used in cosmetic formulations as humectants because of their good polarity and ability to retain moisture from the environment7. In addition, polyols such as glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, methylpropanediol, isopentyldiol, pentylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and hexylene glycol can be utilized for plant extractions. They are considered non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, non-reactive, and safe solvents for use in plant extraction8. Additionally, polyols can withstand the heat generated during microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) due to their elevated boiling points and polarity9. These polyols are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemicals by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unlike conventional solvents such as ethanol or methanol, which may require rigorous removal from the extract due to their potentially harmful effects, polyols offer the advantage of minimizing the energy, time, and costs associated with solvent removal processes10. This not only streamlines the extraction process but also enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of the extraction method. Previous investigations have employed polyols such as propylene glycol and butylene glycol as solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis flowers10 and coffee pulp11, revealing significant potential for their role as sustainable alternative solvents in the plant extraction process. Thus, the continued development and optimization of a polyols-water solvent system holds the potential for significant advancements in green chemistry and sustainable industrial practices.
Generally, bioactive compounds found in plants are synthesized as secondary metabolites. These compounds can be categorized into three primary groups: terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds12. Various extraction methods are utilized under different conditions to isolate specific bioactive compounds from plants. Bioactive compounds from plant materials can be extracted using either conventional or non-conventional techniques. Traditional methods include maceration, reflux extraction, and hydro-distillation, while non-conventional methods consist of ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed electric field-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction13. These non-conventional methods are designed to enhance safety by utilizing safer solvents and auxiliaries, improving energy efficiency, preventing degradation of the bioactive components, and reducing environmental pollution14.
Furthermore, MAE is among the sophisticated green technologies for extracting bioactive compounds from plants. Conventional extraction procedures require significant amounts of time, energy, and high temperatures, which over time might degrade heat-sensitive bioactive compounds13. In contrast to conventional thermal extractions, MAE facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds by generating localized heating within the sample, disrupting cell structures, and enhancing mass transfer, thereby increasing the efficiency of compound extraction. Heat is transferred from inside the plant cells by microwaves, which operate on the water molecules within the plant components13. Moreover, MAE has advanced to improve the extraction and separation of active compounds, increasing product yield, enhancing extraction efficiency, requiring fewer chemicals, and saving time and energy while preventing the destruction of bioactive compounds15.
This research focuses on the extraction of plant phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using different types of polyols as solvents. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of polyol-based MAE extracts are determined. Additionally, polyol-based MAE is compared with MAE using conventional solvents such as water and ethanol. This research is expected to contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable extraction technology for natural components, promoting sustainability by reducing reliance on hazardous chemicals, shortening processing times, and minimizing energy consumption in raw material production for potential applications within the cosmetics industry.

저자 스포트라이트: 폴리올 기반 마이크로파 보조 기법을 사용한 생체 활성 화합물의 친환경 추출

폴리올 기반 기술을 사용한 화장품 응용을 위한 페놀 화합물 및 항산화제의 마이크로파 보조 추출

This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extraction techniques such as microwave-assist extraction, and extraction, have been interestingly employed to extract plants bioactive compounds. However, organic solvents are still commonly utilized for bioactive component extraction.Using polyol-based solvent for microwave assistant extraction turned out to be more effective than using traditional solvent like water and ethanol. The results show that the plant extract obtained with polyol have higher level of phenolic content for the flavanoid content and antioxidant activity. Compared to those extracted with conventional solvent.Our procedure stands out because it is beneficial, environmentally friendly and safe for human health. It is also more energy efficient and cost effective than traditional processes, making it an excellent alternative for sustainable and simple production. Our finding show that polyols combined with unconventional extraction methods can extract phenol compounds.The next challenge is whether this extraction method can be used to extract other plant, secondary metabolized, and if it can be commercialized to extract bioactive compounds for cosmetic purposes.

총 페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH, FRAP 및 ABTS 항산화 분석에 대한 폴리올 용매 및 기존 용매의 효과 용매 극성은 식물에서 생체 활성 물질의 추출 효율을 향상시키기 위해 표적 활성 분자의 극성과 호환되어야 합니다22. MAE 커피 실버스킨 추출물의 생체 활성 화합물 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 다양한 용매(물, 에탄올, 글리세린, 프로필?...

이 프로토콜은 페놀 화합물 및 천연 항산화제를 추출하기 위한 폴리올 기반 마이크로파 보조 추출 방법의 활용에 대해 자세히 설명하며, 즉시 사용 가능한 추출물 개발에 대한 실용적이고 환경적으로 지속 가능한 접근 방식을 나타냅니다.

The utilization of polyols as green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained attention due to their safety and inert ...

microwave-assisted-extraction-phenolic-compounds-antioxidants-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

448 Views.  Mae Fah Laung University. This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extractio...