Denne studien ble finansiert av Mae Fah Luang University. Forfatterne vil gjerne anerkjenne Tea and Coffee Institute ved Mae Fah Luang University for å legge til rette for forbindelsen mellom forskerne og lokale bønder angående anskaffelse av kaffeprøver av sølvskinn.

Detaljene om reagensene og utstyret som ble brukt i denne studien er oppført i materialtabellen.
1. Eksperimentell forberedelse
<ol><li>Forberedelse av planteprøve<ol><li>Samle fersk kaffe sølvskinn (Coffea arabica) og tørk den ved 60 °C i en tørketrommel i 72 timerog 11.</li>
		<li>Mal det tørkede kaffesølvskinnet (CS) til et fint pulver ved hjelp av en kvern og oppbevar det i romtemperatur for videre analyse<sup cla...

Polyolbasert mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon for fenol- og antioksidantutbytte

<ol>
	<li>Wawoczny, A., Gillner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+most+potent+natural+pharmaceuticals,+cosmetics,+and+food+ingredients+isolated+from+plants+with+deep+eutectic+solvents.">The most potent natural pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food ingredients isolated from plants with deep eutectic solvents.</a> J Agric Food Chem. 71 (29), 10877-10900 (2023).</li><li>Syukur, M., Prahasiwi, M. S., Yuliani, S., Purwaningsih, Y., Indriyanti, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+active+compounds+of+extract+ethanol,+n-hexane,+ethyl+acetate+and+fraction+ethanol+of+star+anise+(Illicium+verum+hook.+F.)+and+determination+of+total+flavonoids,+total+phenolics+and+their+potential+as+antioxidants.">Profiling of active compounds of extract ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and fraction ethanol of star anise (Illicium verum hook. F.) and determination of total flavonoids, total phenolics and their potential as antioxidants.</a> Sci Technol Indones. 8 (2), 219-226 (2023).</li><li>Supjaroenporn, C., Khongcharoen, P., Myo, H., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+the+optimization,+characterization,+and+antioxidant+activities+of+phenolic+extracts+extracted+from+Rhus+chinensis+Mill.+Leaf+using+microwave-assisted+extraction+system+with+glycerol+as+a+green+solvent.">Studying the optimization, characterization, and antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts extracted from Rhus chinensis Mill. Leaf using microwave-assisted extraction system with glycerol as a green solvent.</a> Curr Bioact Compd. 20 (3), 68-82 (2024).</li><li>Gasser, M. S., Abdel Rahman, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustainability+of+solvent+extraction+techniques+in+pollution+prevention+and+control.">Sustainability of solvent extraction techniques in pollution prevention and control.</a> Handbook of advanced approaches towards pollution prevention and control. , 33-66 (2021).</li><li>P&#322;otka-Wasylka, J., Rutkowska, M., Owczarek, K., Tobiszewski, M., Namie&#347;nik, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+with+environmentally+friendly+solvents.">Extraction with environmentally friendly solvents.</a> TrAC, Trends Anal Chem. 91, 12-25 (2017).</li><li>Queffelec, J., Beraud, W., Torres, M. D., Dom&#237;nguez, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+obtaining+ready-to-use+extracts+with+natural+solvents.">Advances in obtaining ready-to-use extracts with natural solvents.</a> Sustain Chem Pharm. 38, 101478 (2024).</li><li>Can Karaca, A., Erdem, I. G., Ak, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+polyols+on+gelation+kinetics,+gel+hardness,+and+drying+properties+of+alginates+subjected+to+internal+gelation.">Effects of polyols on gelation kinetics, gel hardness, and drying properties of alginates subjected to internal gelation.</a> LWT. 92, 297-303 (2018).</li><li>Nastasi, J. R., Daygon, V. D., Kontogiorgos, V., Fitzgerald, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualitative+analysis+of+polyphenols+in+glycerol+plant+extracts+using+untargeted+metabolomics.">Qualitative analysis of polyphenols in glycerol plant extracts using untargeted metabolomics.</a> Metabolites. 13 (4), 566 (2023).</li><li>Khat-Udomkiri, N., Gatnawa, G., Boonlerd, N., Myo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valorization+of+Camellia+sinensis+flowers+in+cosmetic+and+pharmaceutical+applications:+Optimization+of+microwave-assisted+glycerin+extraction.">Valorization of Camellia sinensis flowers in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications: Optimization of microwave-assisted glycerin extraction.</a> Waste Biomass Valori. 15, 323-335 (2023).</li><li>Myo, H., Yaowiwat, N., Pongkorpsakol, P., Aonbangkhen, C., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Butylene+glycol+used+as+a+sustainable+solvent+for+extracting+bioactive+compounds+from+Camellia+sinensis+flowers+with+ultrasound-assisted+extraction.">Butylene glycol used as a sustainable solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis flowers with ultrasound-assisted extraction.</a> ACS omega. 8 (5), 4976-4987 (2023).</li><li>Myo, H., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+ultrasound-assisted+extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+coffee+pulp+using+propylene+glycol+as+a+solvent+and+their+antioxidant+activities.">Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp using propylene glycol as a solvent and their antioxidant activities.</a> Ultrason Sonochem. 89, 106127 (2022).</li><li>Twaij, B. M., Hasan, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioactive+secondary+metabolites+from+plant+sources:+Types,+synthesis,+and+their+therapeutic+uses.">Bioactive secondary metabolites from plant sources: Types, synthesis, and their therapeutic uses.</a> Int J Plant Biol. 13 (1), 4-14 (2022).</li><li>Bitwell, C., Sen, I. S., Luke, C., Kakoma, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+modern+and+conventional+extraction+techniques+and+their+applications+for+extracting+phytochemicals+from+plants.">A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants.</a> Sci Afr. 19, e01585 (2023).</li><li>Chakrabortty, S., Kumar, A., Patruni, K., Singh, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recent advances in food biotechnology. , 353-370 (2022).</li><li>Fan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+assisted+extraction+as+a+green+approach+in+preparation+of+bioactive+components+extraction+from+natural+products+-+A+review.">Mechanochemical assisted extraction as a green approach in preparation of bioactive components extraction from natural products - A review.</a> Trends Food Sci Technol. 129, 98-110 (2022).</li><li>Bessada, S. M., C Alves, R., Pp Oliveira, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coffee+silverskin:+A+review+on+potential+cosmetic+applications.">Coffee silverskin: A review on potential cosmetic applications.</a> Cosmetics. 5 (1), 5 (2018).</li><li>Myo, H., Nantarat, N., Khat-Udomkiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+bioactive+compounds+of+coffee+pulp+through+fermentation-based+biotransformation+using+Lactobacillus+plantarum+TISTR+543+and+its+antioxidant+activities.">Changes in bioactive compounds of coffee pulp through fermentation-based biotransformation using Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 543 and its antioxidant activities.</a> Fermentation. 7 (4), 292 (2021).</li><li>Molole, G. J., Gure, A., Abdissa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+total+phenolic+content+and+antioxidant+activity+of+Commiphora+mollis+(oliv).+Engl.+Resin.">Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (oliv). Engl. Resin.</a> BMC Chem. 16 (1), 48 (2022).</li><li>Barku, V., Opoku-Boahen, Y., Owusu-Ansah, E., Mensah, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidant+activity+and+the+estimation+of+total+phenolic+and+flavonoid+contents+of+the+root+extract+of+Amaranthus+spinosus.">Antioxidant activity and the estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the root extract of Amaranthus spinosus.</a> Asian J Plant Sci Res. 3 (1), 69-74 (2013).</li><li>Samarasiri, M., Chandrasiri, T., Wijesinghe, D., Gunawardena, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidant+capacity+and+total+phenolic+content+variations+against+Morinda+citrifolia+L.+fruit+juice+production+methods.">Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content variations against Morinda citrifolia L. fruit juice production methods.</a> Int J Food Eng. 5, 293-299 (2019).</li><li>Rumpf, J., Burger, R., Schulze, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+evaluation+of+DPPH,+ABTS,+FRAP,+and+Folin-Ciocalteu+assays+to+assess+the+antioxidant+capacity+of+lignins.">Statistical evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to assess the antioxidant capacity of lignins.</a> Int J Biol Macromol. 233, 123470 (2023).</li><li>Lainez-Cer&#243;n, E., Ram&#237;rez-Corona, N., Jim&#233;nez-Mungu&#237;a, M. T., Palou, E., L&#243;pez-Malo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plants+by+means+of+new+environmentally+friendly+solvents.">Extraction of bioactive compounds from plants by means of new environmentally friendly solvents.</a> Research and technological advances in food science. , 301-332 (2022).</li><li>Yu, M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., Barros, A. I. R. N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochemical+and+antioxidant+analysis+of+medicinal+and+food+plants+towards+bioactive+food+and+pharmaceutical+resources.">Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources.</a> Sci Rep. 11 (1), 10041 (2021).</li><li>Lefebvre, T., Destandau, E., Lesellier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plants+using+recent+extraction+techniques:+A+review.">Selective extraction of bioactive compounds from plants using recent extraction techniques: A review.</a> J Chromatogr A. 1635, 461770 (2021).</li><li>Nandasiri, R., Eskin, N. M., Thiyam-H&#246;llander, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidative+polyphenols+of+canola+meal+extracted+by+high+pressure:+Impact+of+temperature+and+solvents.">Antioxidative polyphenols of canola meal extracted by high pressure: Impact of temperature and solvents.</a> J Food Sci. 84 (11), 3117-3128 (2019).</li><li>Jha, A. K., Sit, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+bioactive+compounds+from+plant+materials+using+combination+of+various+novel+methods:+A+review.">Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: A review.</a> Trends Food Sci Technol. 119, 579-591 (2022).</li><li>Czarnecki, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+effect+on+the+competition+between+weak+and+strong+interactions+in+phenol+solutions+studied+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy+and+DFT+calculations.">Solvent effect on the competition between weak and strong interactions in phenol solutions studied by near-infrared spectroscopy and DFT calculations.</a> Phys Chem Chem Phys. 23 (35), 19188-19194 (2021).</li><li>Lu, W., Mackie, C. J., Xu, B., Head-Gordon, M., Ahmed, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computational+and+experimental+view+of+hydrogen+bonding+in+glycerol+water+clusters.">A computational and experimental view of hydrogen bonding in glycerol water clusters.</a> J Phys Chem A. 126 (10), 1701-1710 (2022).</li><li>Fan, C., Liu, Y., Sebbah, T., Cao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+theoretical+study+on+terpene-based+natural+deep+eutectic+solvent:+Relationship+between+viscosity+and+hydrogen-bonding+interactions.">A theoretical study on terpene-based natural deep eutectic solvent: Relationship between viscosity and hydrogen-bonding interactions.</a> Glob Chall. 5 (3), 2000103 (2021).</li><li>Liese, S., Schlaich, A., Netz, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dielectric+constant+of+aqueous+solutions+of+proteins+and+organic+polymers+from+molecular+dynamics+simulations.">Dielectric constant of aqueous solutions of proteins and organic polymers from molecular dynamics simulations.</a> J Chem Phys. 156 (22), 224903 (2022).</li><li>Noreland, E., Gestblom, B., Sj&#246;blom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dielectric+relaxation+studies+of+1-hexanol+and+1,+2-hexanediol+in+heptane.">Dielectric relaxation studies of 1-hexanol and 1, 2-hexanediol in heptane.</a> J Solution Chem. 18, 303-312 (1989).</li><li>Wohlfarth, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permittivity+(dielectric+constant)+of+liquids.">Permittivity (dielectric constant) of liquids.</a> CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 6, (1994).</li><li>Dean, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Extraction techniques for environmental analysis. , (2022).</li><li>Nour, A. H., Oluwaseun, A. R., Nour, A. H., Omer, M. S., Ahmed, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave-assisted+extraction+of+bioactive+compounds.">Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds.</a> Microwave heating. 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Forfatterne har ingenting å avsløre.

Ulike faktorer spiller en avgjørende rolle for vellykket implementering av MAE, for eksempel det fytokjemiske innholdet i plantekomponenter, ekstraksjonsvarighet, temperatur, mikrobølgeeffekt, faststoff-væske-forhold og løsemiddelkonsentrasjon13. Planter viser vanligvis varierende profiler av fytokjemikalier; Derfor er utvalget av naturlige planter rike på antioksidanter og fenolforbindelser viktig23. Videre viser distinkte bioaktive bestanddeler en rekke polariteter a...

I dag er det en global trend mot miljøbevissthet i skjønnhetsindustrien, noe som fører til at produsenter fokuserer på grønn teknologi for utvinning av plantekomponenter ved hjelp av bærekraftige alternativer1. Vanligvis brukes tradisjonelle løsemidler som etanol, metanol og heksan til å trekke ut plantefenoliske komponenter og naturlige antioksidanter2. Likevel utgjør tilstedeværelsen av løsemiddelrester i planteekstrakter en potensiell risiko for menneskers helse, og induserer hud- og øyeirritasjon3, spesielt når det gjelder deres tiltenkte bruk i kosmetikk. Derfor er det utfordrende å eliminere slike løsemiddelrester fra ekstraktene, en prosess som krever betydelige investeringer i tid, energi og menneskelige ressurser4. Nylig har overopphetet vann, ioniske væsker, dype eutektiske løsningsmidler og bioavledede løsemidler dukket opp som lovende tilnærminger for grønn løsemiddelekstraksjon5. Imidlertid er bruken av dem fortsatt begrenset av produktseparasjon i vandbaserte prosesser. For å møte disse utfordringene fremstår utvikling av bruksklare ekstrakter som en levedyktig løsning6.
Polyoler brukes ofte i kosmetiske formuleringer som fuktighetsbevarende midler på grunn av deres gode polaritet og evne til å holde på fuktighet fra miljøet7. I tillegg kan polyoler som glyserin, propylenglykol, butylenglykol, metylpropandiol, isopentyldiol, pentylenglykol, 1,2-heksandiol og heksylenglykol brukes til planteekstraksjoner. De regnes som giftfrie, biologisk nedbrytbare, miljøvennlige, ikke-reaktive og trygge løsemidler for bruk i planteekstraksjon8. I tillegg tåler polyoler varmen som genereres under mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon (MAE) på grunn av deres forhøyede kokepunkter og polaritet9. Disse polyolene er generelt anerkjent som trygge (GRAS) kjemikalier av United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). I motsetning til konvensjonelle løsemidler som etanol eller metanol, som kan kreve streng fjerning fra ekstraktet på grunn av deres potensielt skadelige effekter, tilbyr polyoler fordelen av å minimere energien, tiden og kostnadene forbundet med løsemiddelfjerningsprosesser10. Dette effektiviserer ikke bare ekstraksjonsprosessen, men forbedrer også den generelle effektiviteten og bærekraften til ekstraksjonsmetoden. Tidligere undersøkelser har brukt polyoler som propylenglykol og butylenglykol som løsningsmidler i ekstraksjonen av bioaktive forbindelser fra Camellia sinensis-blomster 10 og kaffemasse11, noe som avslører betydelig potensial for deres rolle som bærekraftige alternative løsningsmidler i planteekstraksjonsprosessen. Dermed har den fortsatte utviklingen og optimaliseringen av et polyol-vann-løsningsmiddelsystem potensialet for betydelige fremskritt innen grønn kjemi og bærekraftig industriell praksis.
Vanligvis syntetiseres bioaktive forbindelser som finnes i planter som sekundære metabolitter. Disse forbindelsene kan kategoriseres i tre primære grupper: terpener og terpenoider, alkaloider og fenolforbindelser12. Ulike ekstraksjonsmetoder brukes under forskjellige forhold for å isolere spesifikke bioaktive forbindelser fra planter. Bioaktive forbindelser fra plantematerialer kan utvinnes ved hjelp av enten konvensjonelle eller ikke-konvensjonelle teknikker. Tradisjonelle metoder inkluderer maserasjon, refluksekstraksjon og hydrodestillasjon, mens ikke-konvensjonelle metoder består av ultralydassistert ekstraksjon, enzymassistert ekstraksjon, mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon (MAE), pulserende elektrisk feltassistert ekstraksjon, superkritisk væskeekstraksjon og trykkvæskeekstraksjon13. Disse ikke-konvensjonelle metodene er designet for å øke sikkerheten ved å bruke sikrere løsemidler og hjelpestoffer, forbedre energieffektiviteten, forhindre nedbrytning av de bioaktive komponentene og redusere miljøforurensning14.
Videre er MAE blant de sofistikerte grønne teknologiene for å trekke ut bioaktive forbindelser fra planter. Konvensjonelle ekstraksjonsprosedyrer krever betydelige mengder tid, energi og høye temperaturer, som over tid kan bryte ned varmefølsomme bioaktive forbindelser13. I motsetning til konvensjonelle termiske ekstraksjoner, letter MAE ekstraksjonen av bioaktive forbindelser ved å generere lokal oppvarming i prøven, forstyrre cellestrukturer og forbedre masseoverføringen, og dermed øke effektiviteten av sammensatt ekstraksjon. Varme overføres fra innsiden av plantecellene ved hjelp av mikrobølger, som opererer på vannmolekylene i plantekomponentene13. Videre har MAE avansert for å forbedre ekstraksjon og separasjon av aktive forbindelser, øke produktutbyttet, forbedre ekstraksjonseffektiviteten, kreve færre kjemikalier og spare tid og energi samtidig som det forhindrer ødeleggelse av bioaktive forbindelser15.
Denne forskningen fokuserer på ekstraksjon av plantefenolforbindelser og naturlige antioksidanter gjennom mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon (MAE) ved bruk av forskjellige typer polyoler som løsemidler. Det totale fenolinnholdet (TPC), det totale flavonoidinnholdet (TFC) og antioksidantaktivitetene (DPPH, ABTS og FRAP) av polyolbaserte MAE-ekstrakter bestemmes. I tillegg sammenlignes polyolbasert MAE med MAE ved bruk av konvensjonelle løsemidler som vann og etanol. Denne forskningen forventes å bidra til utviklingen av miljømessig bærekraftig ekstraksjonsteknologi for naturlige komponenter, fremme bærekraft ved å redusere avhengigheten av farlige kjemikalier, forkorte behandlingstider og minimere energiforbruket i råvareproduksjon for potensielle bruksområder innen kosmetikkindustrien.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-Hexanediol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2 -Azino-bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>93285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pioneer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Digital balance</td>
			<td>Denver</td>
			<td>SI-234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman -2-carboxylic acid (Trolox)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>238813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>64197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biopett</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethos X advanced microwave extraction</td>
			<td>Milestone Srl, Sorisole, Italy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferrous sulfate</td>
			<td>Ajex Finechem</td>
			<td>3850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin-Ciocalteu&#39;s reagent</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer SF</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>C697(GYN)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>398225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinder</td>
			<td>Ou Hardware Products Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (37%)</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (III) chloride</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>3820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopentyldiol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>67561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylpropanediol&#160;</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium persulfate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene glycol</td>
			<td>Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Q4951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>RCI Labscan</td>
			<td>AR1325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium nitrite</td>
			<td>Loba Chemie</td>
			<td>5954</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPECTROstar Nano microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG- LABTECH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS software</td>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics 20</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tray dryer</td>
			<td>France Etuves</td>
			<td>XUE343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidants for cosmetic applications using polyol-based technology

Bruken av polyoler som grønne løsningsmidler for å trekke ut bioaktive forbindelser fra plantematerialer har fått oppmerksomhet på grunn av deres sikkerhet og inerte oppførsel med plantebioaktive kjemikalier. Denne studien utforsker bærekraftig ekstraksjon av fenolforbindelser og naturlige antioksidanter fra kaffe sølvskinn ved bruk av mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon (MAE) metode med polyolbaserte løsningsmidler: glyserin, propylenglykol (PG), butylenglykol (BG), metylpropandiol (MPD), isopentyldiol (IPD), pentylenglykol, 1,2-heksandiol og heksylenglykol (HG). En komparativ analyse ble utført på konvensjonelle og ikke-konvensjonelle løsningsmiddelekstraksjoner, med fokus på deres innvirkning på de bioaktive forbindelsene til MAE, som omfatter parametere som totalt fenolinnhold (TPC), totalt flavonoidinnhold (TFC) og antioksidantaktiviteter som 1,1-difenyl-2-pikrylhydrazyl radikal scavenging assay (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(-3-etylbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonsyre) radikal scavenging assay (ABTS), og den jernreduserende antioksidantkraftanalysen (FRAP). De høyeste verdiene ble observert for TPC med vandig-1,2-heksandiol-ekstraksjon (52,0 ± 3,0 mg GAE/g prøve), TFC med vandig-1,2-heksandiol-ekstraksjon (20,0 ± 1,7 mg QE/g prøve), DPPH med vandig-HG-ekstraksjon (13,6 ± 0,3 mg TE/g prøve), ABTS med vandig-pentylenglykol-ekstraksjon (8,2 ± 0,1 mg TE/g prøve), og FRAP med vandig-HG-ekstraksjon (21,1 ± 1,3 mg Fe (II) E/g prøve). Denne forskningen tar sikte på å fremme miljøvennlig ekstraksjonsteknologi gjennom naturlige plantekomponenter, fremme bærekraft ved å minimere farlig bruk av kjemikalier samtidig som tids- og energiforbruket reduseres, med potensielle bruksområder i kosmetikk.

Nowadays, there is a global trend towards environmental awareness in the beauty industry, leading manufacturers to focus on green technology for extracting plant components using sustainable alternatives1. Typically, traditional solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and hexane are used to extract plant phenolic components and natural antioxidants2. Nevertheless, the presence of solvent residues within plant extracts poses a potential risk to human health, inducing skin and eye irritation3, particularly concerning their intended application in cosmetics. Consequently, it is challenging to eliminate such solvent residues from the extracts, a process that demands considerable investment in time, energy, and human resources4. Recently, superheated water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and bio-derived solvents have emerged as promising approaches for green solvent extraction5. However, their use is still limited by product separation in aqueous-based processes. To address these challenges, the development of ready-to-use extracts emerges as a viable solution6.
Polyols are often used in cosmetic formulations as humectants because of their good polarity and ability to retain moisture from the environment7. In addition, polyols such as glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, methylpropanediol, isopentyldiol, pentylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and hexylene glycol can be utilized for plant extractions. They are considered non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, non-reactive, and safe solvents for use in plant extraction8. Additionally, polyols can withstand the heat generated during microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) due to their elevated boiling points and polarity9. These polyols are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemicals by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unlike conventional solvents such as ethanol or methanol, which may require rigorous removal from the extract due to their potentially harmful effects, polyols offer the advantage of minimizing the energy, time, and costs associated with solvent removal processes10. This not only streamlines the extraction process but also enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of the extraction method. Previous investigations have employed polyols such as propylene glycol and butylene glycol as solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis flowers10 and coffee pulp11, revealing significant potential for their role as sustainable alternative solvents in the plant extraction process. Thus, the continued development and optimization of a polyols-water solvent system holds the potential for significant advancements in green chemistry and sustainable industrial practices.
Generally, bioactive compounds found in plants are synthesized as secondary metabolites. These compounds can be categorized into three primary groups: terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds12. Various extraction methods are utilized under different conditions to isolate specific bioactive compounds from plants. Bioactive compounds from plant materials can be extracted using either conventional or non-conventional techniques. Traditional methods include maceration, reflux extraction, and hydro-distillation, while non-conventional methods consist of ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed electric field-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction13. These non-conventional methods are designed to enhance safety by utilizing safer solvents and auxiliaries, improving energy efficiency, preventing degradation of the bioactive components, and reducing environmental pollution14.
Furthermore, MAE is among the sophisticated green technologies for extracting bioactive compounds from plants. Conventional extraction procedures require significant amounts of time, energy, and high temperatures, which over time might degrade heat-sensitive bioactive compounds13. In contrast to conventional thermal extractions, MAE facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds by generating localized heating within the sample, disrupting cell structures, and enhancing mass transfer, thereby increasing the efficiency of compound extraction. Heat is transferred from inside the plant cells by microwaves, which operate on the water molecules within the plant components13. Moreover, MAE has advanced to improve the extraction and separation of active compounds, increasing product yield, enhancing extraction efficiency, requiring fewer chemicals, and saving time and energy while preventing the destruction of bioactive compounds15.
This research focuses on the extraction of plant phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using different types of polyols as solvents. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of polyol-based MAE extracts are determined. Additionally, polyol-based MAE is compared with MAE using conventional solvents such as water and ethanol. This research is expected to contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable extraction technology for natural components, promoting sustainability by reducing reliance on hazardous chemicals, shortening processing times, and minimizing energy consumption in raw material production for potential applications within the cosmetics industry.

Forfatter Spotlight: Miljøvennlig ekstraksjon av bioaktive forbindelser ved bruk av polyolbaserte mikrobølgeassisterte teknikker

Mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjon av fenolforbindelser og antioksidanter for kosmetiske applikasjoner ved bruk av polyolbasert teknologi

This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extraction techniques such as microwave-assist extraction, and extraction, have been interestingly employed to extract plants bioactive compounds. However, organic solvents are still commonly utilized for bioactive component extraction.Using polyol-based solvent for microwave assistant extraction turned out to be more effective than using traditional solvent like water and ethanol. The results show that the plant extract obtained with polyol have higher level of phenolic content for the flavanoid content and antioxidant activity. Compared to those extracted with conventional solvent.Our procedure stands out because it is beneficial, environmentally friendly and safe for human health. It is also more energy efficient and cost effective than traditional processes, making it an excellent alternative for sustainable and simple production. Our finding show that polyols combined with unconventional extraction methods can extract phenol compounds.The next challenge is whether this extraction method can be used to extract other plant, secondary metabolized, and if it can be commercialized to extract bioactive compounds for cosmetic purposes.

Effekt av polyolløsningsmidler og konvensjonelle løsningsmidler på totalt fenolinnhold, totalt flavonoidinnhold, DPPH, FRAP og ABTS antioksidantanalyser Løsningsmiddelpolariteten bør være kompatibel med polariteten til målrettede aktive molekyler for å forbedre ekstraksjonseffektiviteten til bioaktive stoffer fra planter22. Eksperimenter ble utført med forskjellige løsningsmidler (vann, etanol, glyserin, propylenglykol, butylenglykol, metylpropandiol, isopentyldiol, p...

Denne protokollen beskriver bruken av en polyolbasert mikrobølgeassistert ekstraksjonsmetode for ekstraksjon av fenolforbindelser og naturlige antioksidanter, som representerer en praktisk og miljømessig bærekraftig tilnærming til utvikling av bruksklare ekstrakter.

The utilization of polyols as green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained attention due to their safety and inert ...

microwave-assisted-extraction-phenolic-compounds-antioxidants-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

504 Views.  Mae Fah Laung University. This research talks about finding eco-friendly ways to extract plant bioactive compounds. We are testing how well microwave assisted extraction with the polyol-based solvents work for extracting plants bioactive substances, especially phenol compounds. Additionally, exploring this method could lead to more efficient and effective extraction technique for the cosmetic industries.Today's cosmetic research is also about using green technology and green chemistry. Nonconventional extractio...