Name: 著者スポットライト:エクソソームの送達と安定性を強化するための革新的なマイクロニードルベースの戦略
Uploaded: 2024-07-12T14:55:00
Description: Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging ...

F.L.Q.は、浙江省のパイオニアR&Dプログラム(2022C03031)、中国の国家重点研究開発プログラム(2021YFA0910103)、中国国家自然科学基金会(22274141、22074080)、山東省自然科学基金会(ZR2022ZD28)、山東省の泰山奨学生プログラム(tsqn201909106)の支援に感謝しています。H.C.は、中国国家自然科学基金会(82202329)からの財政支援に感謝しています。著者たちは、中国科学院杭州医学研究所(HIM)のShared Instrumentation Core Facilityで機器が使用されていることを認めている。

セクション3に記載されている実験に使用された豚の皮膚は、実験動物から供給されたものではなく、市場から食用豚の耳として購入されたため、この研究は倫理的なクリアランスを必要としません。
1. エクソソームの単離
<ol><li>細胞培養<ol><li>直径15cmのシャーレに10%のウシ胎児血清と100×のペニシリン-ストレプトマイシン溶液(100)を含むダルベッコのModifie...

バイオメディカルアプリケーションにおけるエクソソームの持続的送達のためのマイクロニードルパッチ

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology,+function,+and+biomedical+applications+of+exosomes.">The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes.</a> Science. 367 (640), eaau6977 (2020).</li><li>Mathieu, M., Martin-Jaular, L., Lavieu, G., Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificities+of+secretion+and+uptake+of+exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles+for+cell-to-cell+communication.">Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 21 (1), 9-17 (2019).</li><li>Nair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+nanoparticle+system+integrating+tumor-derived+exosomes+and+poly(amidoamine)+dendrimers:+Implications+for+an+effective+gene+delivery+platform.">Hybrid nanoparticle system integrating tumor-derived exosomes and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: Implications for an effective gene delivery platform.</a> Chem Mater. 35 (8), 3138-3150 (2023).</li><li>Lu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cell-derived+exosomes+elicit+tumor+regression+in+autochthonous+hepatocellular+carcinoma+mouse+models.">Dendritic cell-derived exosomes elicit tumor regression in autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models.</a> J Hepatol. 67 (4), 739-748 (2017).</li><li>Oskouie, M. 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A., Shivhare, P., Srivastava, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gelatin-PVP+dissolving+microneedle-mediated+therapy+for+controlled+delivery+of+nifedipine+for+rapid+antihypertension+treatment.">Gelatin-PVP dissolving microneedle-mediated therapy for controlled delivery of nifedipine for rapid antihypertension treatment.</a> Hypertens Res. 47 (2), 427-434 (2024).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapidly+dissolvable+microneedle+patch+with+tip-accumulated+antigens+for+efficient+transdermal+vaccination.">A rapidly dissolvable microneedle patch with tip-accumulated antigens for efficient transdermal vaccination.</a> Macromol Biosci. 23 (12), e2300253 (2023).</li><li>Huang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+delivery+of+nucleic+acid+molecules+into+skin+by+combined+use+of+microneedle+roller+and+flexible+interdigitated+electroporation+array.">Efficient delivery of nucleic acid molecules into skin by combined use of microneedle roller and flexible interdigitated electroporation array.</a> Theranostics. 8 (9), 2361-2376 (2018).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+immune+suppressive+microenvironment+in+tumor+draining+lymph+nodes+to+enhance+anti-pd1+immunotherapy+via+nanovaccine+complexed+microneedle.">Reverse immune suppressive microenvironment in tumor draining lymph nodes to enhance anti-pd1 immunotherapy via nanovaccine complexed microneedle.</a> Nano Res. 13 (6), 1509-1518 (2020).</li><li>Kim, Y. C., Park, J. H., Prausnitz, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedles+for+drug+and+vaccine+delivery.">Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 64 (14), 1547-1568 (2012).</li><li>Bui, V. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissolving+microneedles+for+long-term+storage+and+transdermal+delivery+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Dissolving microneedles for long-term storage and transdermal delivery of extracellular vesicles.</a> Biomaterials. 287, 121644 (2022).</li><li>Nir, Y., Potasman, I., Sabo, E., Paz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fear+of+injections+in+young+adults:+Prevalence+and+associations.">Fear of injections in young adults: Prevalence and associations.</a> Am J Trop Med Hyg. 68 (3), 341-344 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Jiang, G., Yu, W., Liu, D., Xu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedles+fabricated+from+alginate+and+maltose+for+transdermal+delivery+of+insulin+on+diabetic+rats.">Microneedles fabricated from alginate and maltose for transdermal delivery of insulin on diabetic rats.</a> Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 85, 18-26 (2018).</li><li>Roy, G., Garg, P., Venuganti, V. V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle+scleral+patch+for+minimally+invasive+delivery+of+triamcinolone+to+the+posterior+segment+of+eye.">Microneedle scleral patch for minimally invasive delivery of triamcinolone to the posterior segment of eye.</a> Int J Pharm. 612, 121305 (2022).</li><li>Creighton, R. L., Woodrow, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle-mediated+vaccine+delivery+to+the+oral+mucosa.">Microneedle-mediated vaccine delivery to the oral mucosa.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 8 (4), 1801180 (2019).</li><li>Hu, S., Zhu, D., Li, Z., Cheng, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detachable+microneedle+patches+deliver+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+factor-loaded+nanoparticles+for+cardiac+repair.">Detachable microneedle patches deliver mesenchymal stromal cell factor-loaded nanoparticles for cardiac repair.</a> ACS Nano. 16 (10), 15935-15945 (2022).</li><li>Yang, W., Zheng, H., Lv, W., Zhu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+and+prospect+of+immunotherapy+for+colorectal+cancer.">Current status and prospect of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.</a> Int J Colorectal Dis. 38 (1), 266-276 (2023).</li><li>Zhang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+and+technologies+for+exosome+isolation+and+characterization.">Methods and technologies for exosome isolation and characterization.</a> Small Methods. 2 (9), 1800021 (2018).</li><li>Bosch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trehalose+prevents+aggregation+of+exosomes+and+cryodamage.">Trehalose prevents aggregation of exosomes and cryodamage.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 36162 (2016).</li><li>Bhattacharyya, M., Jariyal, H., Srivastava, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronic+acid:+More+than+a+carrier,+having+an+overpowering+extracellular+and+intracellular+impact+on+cancer.">Hyaluronic acid: More than a carrier, having an overpowering extracellular and intracellular impact on cancer.</a> Carbohydr Polym. 317, 121081 (2023).</li><li>Chang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryomicroneedles+for+transdermal+cell+delivery.">Cryomicroneedles for transdermal cell delivery.</a> Nat Biomed Eng. 5 (9), 1008-1018 (2021).</li></ol>

現在、エクソソームを単離するための主な方法には、超遠心分離、密度勾配遠心分離、限外ろ過、沈殿、免疫親和性磁気ビーズ、およびマイクロ流体工学が含まれる24。マイクロニードルは針先のスペースが小さいため、ローディングキャパシティが限られているため、より多くのロードを行うためにはエクソソームの濃度を上げる必要があります。したがって、細胞培養?...

エクソソームは、細胞によって細胞外マトリックスに放出される小さな小胞であり、いくつかの疾患やがんの治療のための潜在的なバイオ医薬品および薬物送達ベクターとして提案されています1。その生合成過程において、エクソソームは、機能性タンパク質や核酸2など、細胞内からさまざまな生物学的に活性な分子をカプセル化します。その結果、輸送過程でレシピエント細胞に取り込まれると、エクソソームは標的細胞の遺伝子発現や細胞機能を調節する能力を持つ3。一種の天然の情報伝達者として、エキソソームは、組織再生、免疫調節、および送達キャリア4として十分に利用されてきた。工学的技術により、特定のリガンドをエクソソームの表面に濃縮し、レシピエント細胞におけるシグナル伝達イベントの誘導または阻害を可能にしたり、特定の細胞タイプを標的としたりすることができます5。化学療法剤は、がん治療のためにエクソソームに装填することもできる6。さらに、エクソソームは治療用貨物送達のために血液脳関門を通過する能力を有しており、脳疾患の治療に非常に有望である7。リポソームと比較して、エクソソームは細胞への取り込みが促進され、生体適合性が向上しています8。それらは、他の細胞に効率的に侵入すると同時に、より優れた耐性と低い毒性を示すことができる9。しかしながら、エクソソームの伝統的なボーラス注射は、血流中の肝臓、腎臓、および脾臓による隔離および迅速な除去を受けやすい10。さらに、エクソソームは in vitroでの 安定性が低く、保存条件の影響を受けやすいため、臨床応用が制限されます11。
マイクロニードルは、マイクロメートルサイズの針先の配列であり、低分子薬物12、タンパク質13、核酸14、およびナノメディシン15の送達のための生理学的障壁を貫通する能力を有する。マイクロニードルは、皮膚表面の病変を標的とするように精密に設計されており、その分散した先端は標的部位での均一な薬物分布を確保し、したがってその治療効果を増幅します16。マイクロニードルの設計と材料組成は、タンパク質や核酸などの生理活性物質の乾燥保存を容易にし、それらの安定性を高めます17。従来の注射方法は、作用時間が比較的短く、痛みを引き起こし、患者に恐怖を引き起こす可能性があります18。マイクロメートルサイズの長さのマイクロニードルは、組織の外傷を最小限に抑え、神経刺激を防ぎ、それによって痛みを排除し、患者のコンプライアンスを向上させます19。さらに、マイクロニードルのユーザーフレンドリーな性質により、患者は専門の人員を必要とせずに治療を自己投与することができる16。マイクロニードルは、皮膚以外にも、眼部20、口腔粘膜部21、心臓部22、血管部23などの組織にも使用できる。エクソソームの臨床送達のためのマイクロニードルの適用は、有望で前向きな戦略を提供します。
そこで、エキソソームをロードしたマイクロニードル(exo@MN)パッチを導入し、その作製方法を開示する。マイクロニードルパッチは、遠心分離と真空乾燥の2段階のキャスティング法で作製し、マイクロニードル先端でのエクソソームの凝集を促進し、送達効率を高めました。針先と裏地はどちらも、優れた生体適合性と水溶性を示す材料を使用して構築されています。エクソソームを保護するためのチップ材料としてトレハロースとヒアルロン酸(HA)を組み込み、バッキング材料として無水エタノールに溶解したポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)を選択しました。マイクロニードルパッチの形態は、顕微鏡法および走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて特徴付けた。マイクロニードルの機械的試験は、皮膚に浸透する能力を確認するために引張計を使用して評価され、ブタの皮膚への放出率は60秒であると調査されました。さらに、新鮮エクソソームとexo@MN中のエクソソームの両方の形態、サイズ、およびタンパク質含有量を、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)、ナノ粒子追跡分析(NTA)、およびウェスタンブロッティング(WB)を使用して特徴付けました。樹状細胞(DC)によるエクソソームの内在化を共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡(CLSM)を用いて特徴付け、DCの成熟度をフローサイトメトリーで評価しました。2種類のエクソソームの形態学的特徴と生物学的機能は基本的に一貫しています。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100x penicillin-streptomycin solutions</td>
			<td>Jrunbio Scientific</td>
			<td>MA0110</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>180 kDa pre-stained protein marker</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>26616</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>Henan Ruixin Experimental Supplies</td>
			<td>GZ02625</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>BMF technology</td>
			<td>nanoArch S130</td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4%&#8211;20% precast gel</td>
			<td>Genscript</td>
			<td>ExpressPlus PAGE GEL</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#215; SDS-PAGE loading buffer</td>
			<td>Titan</td>
			<td>04048254</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Alix antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>12422-1-AP</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD63 antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>ab217345</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC anti-mouse CD80 antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>104713</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto fine coater</td>
			<td>ZIZHU</td>
			<td>JBA5-100</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA assay kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0012</td>
			<td>Protein concentration assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Muitifuge X1R pro</td>
			<td>Cell centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulating water vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Yuhua Instrument</td>
			<td>SHZ-D(III)</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>CellXpert C170</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>A1HD25</td>
			<td>Fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper mesh</td>
			<td>Beijing Zhongjingkeyi Technology&#160;</td>
			<td>JF-ZJKY/300</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D- (+) -Trehalose dihydrate</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>5138-23-4</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0212</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0010</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>PowerPac-basic</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Jrunbio Scientific</td>
			<td>JR100</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC anti-mouse CD11c antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>117305</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>Fluorescence detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel imager</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>Amersham ImageQuant 800</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>7074S</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HTL resin</td>
			<td>BMF technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronic acid (MW = 300 kDa)</td>
			<td>Bloomage Biotechnology</td>
			<td>9004-61-9</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MXA22168</td>
			<td>Fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ion cleaner</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>EC-52000IC</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td>Observe the microneedle tip dissolving process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse ovarian epithelial cancer cell ID8</td>
			<td>MeisenCTCC</td>
			<td>&#160;CC90105</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analysis</td>
			<td>Particle Metrix</td>
			<td>ZetaView</td>
			<td>Size analysis of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Blue anti-mouse I-A/I-E antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>107619</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST507</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Hefei Kejing Material Technology</td>
			<td>PDC-36G</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>9016-00-6</td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW = 40 kDa)</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>9003-39-8</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism&#160;</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version 9</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-snap centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344619</td>
			<td>Exosomes extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Applygen</td>
			<td>C1053</td>
			<td>Lysis membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell park memorial institute 1640</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0548</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-IT800</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX16</td>
			<td>Characterization of morphology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super ECL detection reagent</td>
			<td>Applygen</td>
			<td>P1030</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensile meter</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>68SC-05</td>
			<td>Mechanical testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-2100plus</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>JF-A500027-0004</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST825</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Optima XPN-100</td>
			<td>Exosomes extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafiltration tube</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC910096</td>
			<td>Exosomes concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum drying oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Technology</td>
			<td>DZF-6024</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum filtration system</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-500-XT</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and characterization of microneedle patches for loading and delivery of exosomes

エクソソームは、新たな「次世代」バイオ医薬品および薬物送達ベクターとして、薬物送達や再生医療から疾患診断や腫瘍免疫療法に至るまで、さまざまな生物医学分野で大きな可能性を秘めています。しかし、従来のボーラス注射による迅速なクリアランスとエクソソームの安定性の低さは、それらの臨床応用を制限します。マイクロニードルは、投与部位におけるエクソソームの滞留時間を延長する溶液として働き、薬物濃度を維持し、持続的な治療効果を促進します。さらに、マイクロニードルは生理活性物質の安定性を維持する能力も持っています。そこで、エクソソームをロードおよび送達するためのマイクロニードルパッチを導入し、エクソソームの単離、作製、エクソソームロードマイクロニードルパッチの特性評価などの方法を共有します。マイクロニードルパッチは、先端材にトレハロースとヒアルロン酸、バッキング材にポリビニルピロリドンを用い、2段階のキャスティング法により作製しました。マイクロニードルは堅牢な機械的強度を示し、先端は2 N.ブタの皮膚に耐えることができ、人間の皮膚をシミュレートするために使用され、マイクロニードルの先端は皮膚穿刺後60秒以内に完全に溶けました。マイクロニードルから放出されたエクソソームは、新鮮なエクソソームと同等の形態、粒子サイズ、マーカータンパク質、および生物学的機能を示し、樹状細胞の取り込みを可能にし、その成熟を促進しました。

Exosomes, which are small vesicles released by cells into the extracellular matrix, have been proposed as potential biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors for the treatment of several diseases and cancers1. During their biogenesis process, exosomes encapsulate various biologically active molecules from within the cells, including functional proteins and nucleic acids2. As a result, when taken up by recipient cells during the transport process, exosomes have the ability to modulate gene expression and cellular functions in the target cells3. As a kind of natural information messenger, exosomes have been fully taken advantage of in tissue regeneration, immune regulation, and as a delivery carrier4. Through engineering techniques, specific ligands can be enriched on the surface of exosomes, enabling the induction or inhibition of signaling events in recipient cells or targeting specific cell types5. Chemotherapeutic agents can also be loaded into exosomes for cancer treatment6. Moreover, exosomes have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic cargo delivery, making them highly promising for the treatment of brain disorders7. Compared to liposomes, exosomes exhibit enhanced cellular uptake and improved biocompatibility8. They are capable of efficiently entering other cells while demonstrating better tolerance and lower toxicity9. However, the traditional bolus injection of exosomes is prone to sequestration and rapid clearance by the liver, kidneys, and spleen in the bloodstream10. Moreover, exosomes have poor stability in vitro and are susceptible to storage conditions, which restrict their clinical applications11.
Microneedles, an array of micrometric-sized needle tips, have the capability to penetrate physiological barriers for the delivery of small molecule drugs12, proteins13, nucleic acids14, and nanomedicines15. Microneedles are precisely engineered to target lesions on the skin surface, and their dispersed tips ensure uniform drug distribution at the targeted site, thus amplifying their therapeutic impact16. The design and material composition of microneedles facilitate&#160;the dry storage of bioactive substances such as proteins and nucleic acids, enhancing their stability17. Traditional injection methods have a relatively short duration of action and can cause pain, inducing fear in patients18. The micrometer-sized length of microneedle minimizes tissue trauma and prevents nerve stimulation, thereby eliminating pain and improving patient compliance19. Additionally, the user-friendly nature of microneedles allows patients to self-administer the treatment without the need for specialized personnel16. In addition to the skin, microneedles can also be used in tissues such as the eyes20, oral mucosa21, heart22, and blood vessels23. The application of microneedles for the clinical delivery of exosomes provides a promising and prospective strategy.
Hence, we introduce an exosome-loaded microneedle (exo@MN) patch and disclose its fabrication method. The microneedle patches were fabricated using a two-step casting method, along with centrifugation and vacuum drying, which promotes the aggregation of exosomes at the microneedle tips, thereby enhancing delivery efficiency. Both the needle tips and backing were constructed using materials that exhibit excellent biocompatibility and water solubility. Trehalose and hyaluronic acid (HA) were incorporated as tip materials to provide protection for the exosomes, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dissolved in absolute ethanol was chosen as the backing material. The morphology of the microneedle patch was characterized using microscopy and scanning electron microscope&#160;(SEM). The mechanical testing of the microneedle was assessed using a tensile meter to confirm their capability to penetrate the skin, and the release rate on pig skin was investigated to be 60 s. Furthermore, the morphology, size, and protein content of both fresh exosomes and exosomes in exo@MN were characterized using transmission electron microscope&#160;(TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting (WB). The internalization of exosomes by dendritic cells (DCs) was characterized using confocal laser scanning microscope&#160;(CLSM), and the maturation of DCs was evaluated through flow cytometry. The morphological characterization and biological functions of the two types of exosomes are essentially consistent.

著者スポットライト:エクソソームの送達と安定性を強化するための革新的なマイクロニードルベースの戦略

エクソソームのローディングとデリバリーのためのマイクロニードルパッチの作製と特性評価

My research focused on the efficient development of exosomes, the development of the microneedle strategy can increase exsome stability, enhance provide more possibility for the clinical application of exosomes. We will successfully develop the for advanced microneedle delivery systems. Those include self-healing porous microneedles for sustained drug delivery, ultrasound microneedle device for rapid loading and delivery of drugs, and cryomicroneedles for delivery of living cell, and sugar microneedles for delivery of exosomes.We use microneedle to pierce the biological barrier and then deliver exocells directly to the vector area efficiently. By storing them dry, we enhance their stability, making them precise, easy, and convenient for both clinical and home use. My lab, we focused on key technologies for developing the advanced microneedle-based delivery systems and that can load and deliver various therapeutics.Includes MRA, small molecular drug, antibodies, cell, and exosome. We are also investigate their chemical and physical properties and therapeutic efficacy in different biomedical applications.

ここでは、エキソソームの単離、exo@MNパッチの作製および特性評価のためのプロトコルを紹介します。 図1 は、パッチの製造exo@MNプロセスフローチャートを示しています。エクソソームをトレハロースおよびHAと混合し、次いで、混合物をマイクロニードル型に添加し、遠心分離した。このプロセスにより、針先でのエキソソームの凝集が促進され、迅速な放出が促進?...

エクソソームは大きな臨床的可能性を秘めていますが、 in vivo でのクリアランスが容易で安定性が低いため、その実用化は限られています。マイクロニードルは、生理学的バリアに穴を開け、乾燥状態の保存を行うことで局所的な送達を可能にすることで解決策を提示し、それによってエキソソーム投与の限界に対処し、その臨床的有用性を拡大します。

Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging ...

fabrication-characterization-microneedle-patches-for-loading-delivery

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fabrication and Characterization of Microneedle Patches for Loading and Delivery of Exosomes

Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging from drug delivery and regenerative medicine to disease diagnosis and tumor immunotherapy. However, the rapid clearance by traditional bolus injection and poor stability of exosomes restrict their clinical application. Microneedles serve as a solution that prolongs the residence time of exosomes at the administration site, thereby maintaining the drug concentration and facilitating sustained therapeutic effects. In addition, microneedles also possess the ability to maintain the stability of bioactive substances. Therefore, we introduce a microneedle patch for loading and delivering exosomes and share the methods, including isolation of exosomes, fabrication, and characterization of exosome-loaded microneedle patches. The microneedle patches were fabricated using trehalose and hyaluronic acid as the tip materials and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the backing material through a two-step casting method. The microneedles demonstrated robust mechanical strength, with tips able to withstand 2 N. Pig skin was used to simulate human skin, and the tips of microneedles completely melted within 60 s after skin puncture. The exosomes released from the microneedles exhibited morphology, particle size, marker proteins, and biological functions comparable to those of fresh exosomes, enabling dendritic cells uptake and promoting their maturation.

Exosomes possess significant clinical potential, but their practical application is limited due to easy in vivo clearance and poor stability. Microneedles present a solution by enabling localized delivery by puncturing physiological barriers and dry-state preservation, thereby addressing the limitations of exosome administration and expanding their clinical utility.

生物工学

Isolation of Exosomes from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells for Generating Microneedle Patch

To begin, take cultured mouse ovarian epithelial cancer cells. Remove the culture medium from the Petri dishes and wash twice with DPBS. Add 20 milliliters of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium without FBS and penicillin-streptomycin solution.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 48 hours. Then collect the cell culture supernatant from 20 Petri dishes of 15-centimeter diameter. Centrifuge at 300 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius and collect the supernatant.Centrifuge the supernatant at 2, 000 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius, and collect the supernatant to remove cellular debris. Now turn on the vacuum pump and connect it to the air inlet of the vacuum filtration system. Filter the supernatant through the 0.22-micron polyethersulfone membrane to remove vesicles or impurities larger than 0.22 microns.Add 15 milliliters of the filtered supernatant to the inner tube of the 100-kilodalton ultrafiltration tube. Centrifuge at 3, 500 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Then remove the liquid from the outer tube.Next, collect the liquid from the inner tube. Add one milliliter of DPBS to the inner tube. Pipette repeatedly to resuspend exosomes, and then collect them.Centrifuge the liquid at 10, 000 G for 60 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Transfer the supernatant to a six-milliliter quick-snap centrifuge tube and seal it with a heat sealer. Cut open the tube after ultracentrifuging the supernatant for two hours.Once the supernatant is removed, resuspend the pellet in 100 microliters of DPBS to obtain the exosome solution.

マイクロニードルパッチを生成するためのマウス卵巣上皮癌細胞からのエクソソームの単離

Fabrication of Microneedle Using Exosomes Isolated from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells

To begin, mix components A and B of polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, in a ratio of 10 to one. After stirring the mixture well, pour the mixture into a master mold. Place the PDMS mold under a pressure of one pound per square inch for 15 minutes to remove air bubbles.Cure the PDMS mold at 60 degrees Celsius for two hours. De-mold to obtain the production mold of the microneedle. Then, clean the production mold with ultra pure water before use.Quantify the protein content of the prepared exosome solution using a BCA assay kit. Add an appropriate amount of DPBS to the exosome solution. Now, prepare a solution of 200 milligrams per milliliter of trehalose using DPBS as the solvent.Stir for 20 minutes to ensure full dissolution. Next, prepare a solution of hyaluronic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone, or PVP, using DPBS and ethanol as the solvent, respectively. Stir overnight to ensure full dissolution.Mix the exosome solution and trehalose solution in an equal ratio. Add an equal volume of hyaluronic acid solution and mix thoroughly to obtain the tip solution. Using a plasma cleaner, process the surface of the PDMS mold for 30 seconds at a low grade to enhance its hydrophilicity.Add 40 microliters of the tip solution to the PDMS mold. Centrifuge at 3, 000G for three minutes at room temperature to ensure the liquid fills the needle layer of the mold. Remove excess liquid from the mold and dry at room temperature in a vacuum drying oven for one day.Then, add 200 microliters of PVP solution to the PDMS mold. Centrifuge at 3, 000G for three minutes at room temperature to ensure the liquid fills the mold's backing layer. After drying the mold for one day, de-mold to obtain the exosome-loaded microneedle's patch.

マウス卵巣上皮癌細胞から単離したエクソソームを用いたマイクロニードルの作製

Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of Exosome Loaded Microneedle Patches

To begin, prepare the exosome loaded microneedle patch and paste its backing onto a 45-degree inclined surface. Position the patch under a stereo microscope. Turn on the illuminator and capture the morphology of the patch using a four times objective lens.For mechanical testing, cut out a three-by-three array from the patch and place it with the tips facing upwards on the rigid platform of a tensile meter. Adjust the height of the probe to bring it close to the needle tips without touching them. Set the parameters to stop automatically when the pressure reaches 20 Newton.Compress the needle tips vertically at a 0.5 millimeter per minute speed before recording the load versus displacement profile. The tips in the exosome loaded microneedle patch exhibited a conical shape arranged in a 10-by-10 array with sharp and intact needle tips. The tip of the microneedle can withstand the force of two Newtons, allowing it to penetrate through the skin barrier.