Name: 저자 스포트라이트: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability
Uploaded: 2024-07-12T14:55:00
Description: Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging ...

F.L.Q.는 저장성 개척 R&D 프로그램(2022C03031), 중국 국가 중점 연구 개발 프로그램(2021YFA0910103), 중국 국립자연과학재단(22274141, 22074080), 산동성 자연과학재단(ZR2022ZD28) 및 산둥성 타이산 학자 프로그램(tsqn201909106)의 지원을 받는 지원에 감사드립니다. HC는 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단(82202329)의 재정 지원을 인정합니다. 저자들은 중국과학원(Chinese Academy of Sciences) 항저우 의과대학(Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, HIM)의 공유 계측 핵심 시설(Shared Instrumentation Core Facility)에서 기기를 사용하고 있음을 인정합니다.

이 연구는 섹션 3에 설명된 실험에 사용된 돼지 가죽이 실험 동물에서 공급받은 것이 아니라 시장에서 식용 돼지 귀로 구매했기 때문에 윤리적 허가를 필요로 하지 않습니다.
1. 엑소좀의 분리
<ol><li>세포 배양<ol><li>직경 15cm의 페트리 접시에서 10% 소 태아 혈청과 1% 페니실린-스트렙토마이신 용액(100×)( 재료 표 참조)을 함유한 Dulbecco의 DMEM(Modified Eagle...

생물의학 응용 분야에서 엑소좀의 지속적인 전달을 위한 마이크로니들 패치

<ol>
	<li>Barile, L., Vassalli, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+Therapy+delivery+tools+and+biomarkers+of+diseases.">Exosomes: Therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases.</a> Pharmacol Ther. 174, 63-78 (2017).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Lebleu, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology,+function,+and+biomedical+applications+of+exosomes.">The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes.</a> Science. 367 (640), eaau6977 (2020).</li><li>Mathieu, M., Martin-Jaular, L., Lavieu, G., Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificities+of+secretion+and+uptake+of+exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles+for+cell-to-cell+communication.">Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 21 (1), 9-17 (2019).</li><li>Nair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+nanoparticle+system+integrating+tumor-derived+exosomes+and+poly(amidoamine)+dendrimers:+Implications+for+an+effective+gene+delivery+platform.">Hybrid nanoparticle system integrating tumor-derived exosomes and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: Implications for an effective gene delivery platform.</a> Chem Mater. 35 (8), 3138-3150 (2023).</li><li>Lu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cell-derived+exosomes+elicit+tumor+regression+in+autochthonous+hepatocellular+carcinoma+mouse+models.">Dendritic cell-derived exosomes elicit tumor regression in autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models.</a> J Hepatol. 67 (4), 739-748 (2017).</li><li>Oskouie, M. N., Aghili Moghaddam, N. S., Butler, A. E., Zamani, P., Sahebkar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+use+of+curcumin-encapsulated+and+curcumin-primed+exosomes.">Therapeutic use of curcumin-encapsulated and curcumin-primed exosomes.</a> J Cell Physiol. 234 (6), 8182-8191 (2019).</li><li>Yuan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+exosomes+as+natural+nanocarriers+for+protein+delivery+to+inflamed+brain.">Macrophage exosomes as natural nanocarriers for protein delivery to inflamed brain.</a> Biomaterials. 142, 1-12 (2017).</li><li>Liao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+The+next+generation+of+endogenous+nanomaterials+for+advanced+drug+delivery+and+therapy.">Exosomes: The next generation of endogenous nanomaterials for advanced drug delivery and therapy.</a> Acta Biomater. 86, 1-14 (2019).</li><li>Zhu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+toxicity+and+immunogenicity+studies+reveal+minimal+effects+in+mice+following+sustained+dosing+of+extracellular+vesicles+derived+from+hek293t+cells.">Comprehensive toxicity and immunogenicity studies reveal minimal effects in mice following sustained dosing of extracellular vesicles derived from hek293t cells.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 6 (1), 1324730 (2017).</li><li>Wen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodistribution+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell-derived+extracellular+vesicles+in+a+radiation+injury+bone+marrow+murine+model.">Biodistribution of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in a radiation injury bone marrow murine model.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 20 (21), 5468-5482 (2019).</li><li>Cheng, Y., Zeng, Q., Han, Q., Xia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pH,+temperature+and+freezing-thawing+on+quantity+changes+and+cellular+uptake+of+exosomes.">Effect of pH, temperature and freezing-thawing on quantity changes and cellular uptake of exosomes.</a> Protein Cell. 10 (4), 295-299 (2019).</li><li>Jana, B. A., Shivhare, P., Srivastava, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gelatin-PVP+dissolving+microneedle-mediated+therapy+for+controlled+delivery+of+nifedipine+for+rapid+antihypertension+treatment.">Gelatin-PVP dissolving microneedle-mediated therapy for controlled delivery of nifedipine for rapid antihypertension treatment.</a> Hypertens Res. 47 (2), 427-434 (2024).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapidly+dissolvable+microneedle+patch+with+tip-accumulated+antigens+for+efficient+transdermal+vaccination.">A rapidly dissolvable microneedle patch with tip-accumulated antigens for efficient transdermal vaccination.</a> Macromol Biosci. 23 (12), e2300253 (2023).</li><li>Huang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+delivery+of+nucleic+acid+molecules+into+skin+by+combined+use+of+microneedle+roller+and+flexible+interdigitated+electroporation+array.">Efficient delivery of nucleic acid molecules into skin by combined use of microneedle roller and flexible interdigitated electroporation array.</a> Theranostics. 8 (9), 2361-2376 (2018).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+immune+suppressive+microenvironment+in+tumor+draining+lymph+nodes+to+enhance+anti-pd1+immunotherapy+via+nanovaccine+complexed+microneedle.">Reverse immune suppressive microenvironment in tumor draining lymph nodes to enhance anti-pd1 immunotherapy via nanovaccine complexed microneedle.</a> Nano Res. 13 (6), 1509-1518 (2020).</li><li>Kim, Y. C., Park, J. H., Prausnitz, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedles+for+drug+and+vaccine+delivery.">Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 64 (14), 1547-1568 (2012).</li><li>Bui, V. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissolving+microneedles+for+long-term+storage+and+transdermal+delivery+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Dissolving microneedles for long-term storage and transdermal delivery of extracellular vesicles.</a> Biomaterials. 287, 121644 (2022).</li><li>Nir, Y., Potasman, I., Sabo, E., Paz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fear+of+injections+in+young+adults:+Prevalence+and+associations.">Fear of injections in young adults: Prevalence and associations.</a> Am J Trop Med Hyg. 68 (3), 341-344 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Jiang, G., Yu, W., Liu, D., Xu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedles+fabricated+from+alginate+and+maltose+for+transdermal+delivery+of+insulin+on+diabetic+rats.">Microneedles fabricated from alginate and maltose for transdermal delivery of insulin on diabetic rats.</a> Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 85, 18-26 (2018).</li><li>Roy, G., Garg, P., Venuganti, V. V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle+scleral+patch+for+minimally+invasive+delivery+of+triamcinolone+to+the+posterior+segment+of+eye.">Microneedle scleral patch for minimally invasive delivery of triamcinolone to the posterior segment of eye.</a> Int J Pharm. 612, 121305 (2022).</li><li>Creighton, R. L., Woodrow, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle-mediated+vaccine+delivery+to+the+oral+mucosa.">Microneedle-mediated vaccine delivery to the oral mucosa.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 8 (4), 1801180 (2019).</li><li>Hu, S., Zhu, D., Li, Z., Cheng, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detachable+microneedle+patches+deliver+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+factor-loaded+nanoparticles+for+cardiac+repair.">Detachable microneedle patches deliver mesenchymal stromal cell factor-loaded nanoparticles for cardiac repair.</a> ACS Nano. 16 (10), 15935-15945 (2022).</li><li>Yang, W., Zheng, H., Lv, W., Zhu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+and+prospect+of+immunotherapy+for+colorectal+cancer.">Current status and prospect of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.</a> Int J Colorectal Dis. 38 (1), 266-276 (2023).</li><li>Zhang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+and+technologies+for+exosome+isolation+and+characterization.">Methods and technologies for exosome isolation and characterization.</a> Small Methods. 2 (9), 1800021 (2018).</li><li>Bosch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trehalose+prevents+aggregation+of+exosomes+and+cryodamage.">Trehalose prevents aggregation of exosomes and cryodamage.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 36162 (2016).</li><li>Bhattacharyya, M., Jariyal, H., Srivastava, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronic+acid:+More+than+a+carrier,+having+an+overpowering+extracellular+and+intracellular+impact+on+cancer.">Hyaluronic acid: More than a carrier, having an overpowering extracellular and intracellular impact on cancer.</a> Carbohydr Polym. 317, 121081 (2023).</li><li>Chang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryomicroneedles+for+transdermal+cell+delivery.">Cryomicroneedles for transdermal cell delivery.</a> Nat Biomed Eng. 5 (9), 1008-1018 (2021).</li></ol>

현재 엑소좀을 분리하는 주요 방법으로는 초원심분리(ultracentrifugation), 밀도-구배 원심분리(density-gradient centrifugation), 한외여과(ultrafiltration), 침전(precipitation), 면역친화성 마그네틱 비드(immunoaffinity magnetic beads), 미세유체역학(microfluidics)등이 있습니다 24. 마이크로니들은 바늘 끝 공간이 작아 로딩 용량이 제한되어 있기 때문에 더 많은 로딩을 하기 위해서는 엑소좀의 농도를 높여?...

세포가 세포외 기질로 방출하는 작은 소포인 엑소좀은 여러 질병 및 암의 치료를 위한 잠재적인 바이오 치료제 및 약물 전달 벡터로 제안되어 왔습니다1. 생물 발생 과정에서 엑소좀은 세포 내에서 기능성 단백질과 핵산을 포함한 다양한 생물학적 활성 분자를 캡슐화합니다2. 그 결과, 수송 과정에서 수용 세포에 흡수된 엑소좀은 표적 세포에서 유전자 발현과 세포 기능을 조절할 수 있는 능력을 갖게 됩니다3. 엑소좀은 일종의 자연 정보 전달자로서 조직 재생, 면역 조절 및 전달 운반체로서 충분히 활용되고 있습니다4. 엔지니어링 기술을 통해 엑소좀 표면에 특정 리간드를 풍부하게 증강할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 수용 세포에서 신호 전달 이벤트를 유도 또는 억제하거나 특정 세포 유형을 표적으로 할 수 있습니다5. 화학요법제는 암 치료를 위해 엑소좀에 주입될 수도 있다6. 또한, 엑소좀은 혈액-뇌 장벽을 통과하여 치료용 화물 전달을 할 수 있는 능력이 있어 뇌 질환 치료에 매우 유망하다7. 리포좀과 비교했을 때, 엑소좀은 세포 흡수율이 높아지고 생체 적합성이 향상된다8. 그들은 더 나은 내성과 더 낮은 독성을 보여주면서 다른 세포에 효율적으로 들어갈 수 있습니다9. 그러나 전통적인 엑소좀 볼루스 주입은 혈류에서 간, 신장 및 비장에 의해 격리되고 빠르게 제거되는 경향이 있습니다10. 더욱이 엑소좀은 in vitro 안정성 이 낮고 보관 조건에 취약하여 임상 적용에 제한이 있습니다11.
마이크로미터 크기의 바늘 끝의 배열인 마이크로니들은 저분자 약물(12), 단백질(13), 핵산(14) 및 나노의약품(15)의 전달을 위한 생리학적 장벽을 관통할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있습니다. 마이크로니들은 피부 표면의 병변을 표적으로 하도록 정밀하게 설계되었으며, 분산된 팁은 표적 부위에서 균일한 약물 분포를 보장하여 치료 효과를 증폭시킵니다16. 마이크로니들의 설계 및 재료 조성은 단백질 및 핵산과 같은 생체 활성 물질의 건조 저장을 용이하게 하여 안정성을 향상시킵니다17. 전통적인 주사 방법은 작용 지속 시간이 상대적으로 짧고 통증을 유발할 수 있어 환자에게 두려움을 유발할 수 있다18. 마이크로미터 크기의 마이크로니들 길이는 조직 외상을 최소화하고 신경 자극을 방지하여 통증을 없애고 환자 순응도를 향상시킵니다19. 또한, 마이크로니들의 사용자 친화적 특성으로 인해 환자는 전문 인력 없이도 치료를 자가 투여할 수 있다16. 피부 외에도 미세 바늘은 눈(20), 구강 점막(21), 심장(22) 및 혈관(23)과 같은 조직에도 사용할 수 있습니다. 엑소좀의 임상 전달을 위한 마이크로니들의 적용은 유망하고 유망한 전략을 제공합니다.
이에 엑소좀 로딩 마이크로니들(exo@MN) 패치를 소개하고 그 제조 방법을 공개한다. 마이크로니들 패치는 원심분리 및 진공 건조와 함께 2단계 주조 방식으로 제작되었으며, 이는 마이크로니들 팁에서 엑소좀의 응집을 촉진하여 전달 효율성을 높였습니다. 바늘 끝과 뒷면은 모두 우수한 생체 적합성과 수용성을 나타내는 재료를 사용하여 구성되었습니다. 트레할로스와 히알루론산(HA)을 팁 소재로 혼입하여 엑소좀을 보호하고, 앱솔루트 에탄올에 용해된 폴리비닐피롤리돈(PVP)을 백킹 소재로 선택했습니다. 마이크로니들 패치의 형태는 현미경과 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 사용하여 특성화했습니다. 마이크로니들의 기계적 시험은 피부에 침투할 수 있는 능력을 확인하기 위해 인장계를 사용하여 평가되었으며, 돼지 피부의 방출률은 60초로 조사되었습니다. 또한, exo@MN에 있는 신선한 엑소좀과 엑소좀의 형태, 크기 및 단백질 함량을 투과전자현미경(TEM), 나노입자 추적 분석(NTA) 및 웨스턴 블로팅(WB)을 사용하여 특성화했습니다. 수지상세포(DC)에 의한 엑소좀의 내재화는 컨포칼 레이저 스캐닝 현미경(CLSM)을 사용하여 특성화하고, 유세포분석을 통해 DC의 성숙도를 평가했습니다. 두 가지 유형의 엑소좀의 형태학적 특성과 생물학적 기능은 본질적으로 일치합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100x penicillin-streptomycin solutions</td>
			<td>Jrunbio Scientific</td>
			<td>MA0110</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>180 kDa pre-stained protein marker</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>26616</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>Henan Ruixin Experimental Supplies</td>
			<td>GZ02625</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>BMF technology</td>
			<td>nanoArch S130</td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4%&#8211;20% precast gel</td>
			<td>Genscript</td>
			<td>ExpressPlus PAGE GEL</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#215; SDS-PAGE loading buffer</td>
			<td>Titan</td>
			<td>04048254</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Alix antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>12422-1-AP</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD63 antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>ab217345</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC anti-mouse CD80 antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>104713</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto fine coater</td>
			<td>ZIZHU</td>
			<td>JBA5-100</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA assay kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0012</td>
			<td>Protein concentration assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Muitifuge X1R pro</td>
			<td>Cell centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulating water vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Yuhua Instrument</td>
			<td>SHZ-D(III)</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>CellXpert C170</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>A1HD25</td>
			<td>Fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper mesh</td>
			<td>Beijing Zhongjingkeyi Technology&#160;</td>
			<td>JF-ZJKY/300</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D- (+) -Trehalose dihydrate</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>5138-23-4</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0212</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0010</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>PowerPac-basic</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Jrunbio Scientific</td>
			<td>JR100</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC anti-mouse CD11c antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>117305</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>Fluorescence detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel imager</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>Amersham ImageQuant 800</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>7074S</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HTL resin</td>
			<td>BMF technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronic acid (MW = 300 kDa)</td>
			<td>Bloomage Biotechnology</td>
			<td>9004-61-9</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MXA22168</td>
			<td>Fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ion cleaner</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>EC-52000IC</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td>Observe the microneedle tip dissolving process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse ovarian epithelial cancer cell ID8</td>
			<td>MeisenCTCC</td>
			<td>&#160;CC90105</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analysis</td>
			<td>Particle Metrix</td>
			<td>ZetaView</td>
			<td>Size analysis of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Blue anti-mouse I-A/I-E antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>107619</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST507</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Hefei Kejing Material Technology</td>
			<td>PDC-36G</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>9016-00-6</td>
			<td>Mold preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW = 40 kDa)</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>9003-39-8</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism&#160;</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version 9</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-snap centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344619</td>
			<td>Exosomes extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Applygen</td>
			<td>C1053</td>
			<td>Lysis membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell park memorial institute 1640</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0548</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-IT800</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX16</td>
			<td>Characterization of morphology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super ECL detection reagent</td>
			<td>Applygen</td>
			<td>P1030</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensile meter</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>68SC-05</td>
			<td>Mechanical testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-2100plus</td>
			<td>Morphological characterization of exosomes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>JF-A500027-0004</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST825</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Optima XPN-100</td>
			<td>Exosomes extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafiltration tube</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC910096</td>
			<td>Exosomes concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum drying oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Technology</td>
			<td>DZF-6024</td>
			<td>Fabrication of microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum filtration system</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-500-XT</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and characterization of microneedle patches for loading and delivery of exosomes

엑소좀은 새롭게 떠오르는 "차세대" 바이오치료제 및 약물 전달 벡터로서 약물 전달 및 재생 의학에서 질병 진단 및 종양 면역 요법에 이르기까지 다양한 생물 의학 분야에서 엄청난 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다. 그러나 기존 bolus 주사에 의한 빠른 제거와 엑소좀의 낮은 안정성으로 인해 임상 적용에 한계가 있습니다. 마이크로니들은 엑소좀이 투여 부위에 머무는 시간을 연장하는 용액으로 작용하여 약물 농도를 유지하고 지속적인 치료 효과를 촉진합니다. 또한 마이크로니들은 생체 활성 물질의 안정성을 유지하는 능력도 가지고 있습니다. 이에 엑소좀을 로딩하고 전달하기 위한 마이크로니들 패치를 소개하고, 엑소좀 분리, 제작, 엑소좀 로딩 마이크로니들 패치의 특성 분석 등의 방법을 공유합니다. 마이크로니들 패치는 트레할로스와 히알루론산을 팁 재료로, 폴리비닐피롤리돈을 팁 재료로 사용하고 폴리비닐피롤리돈을 2단계 주조 방식으로 제작했습니다. 마이크로니들은 팁이 2N을 견딜 수 있는 견고한 기계적 강도를 보여주었으며, 돼지 피부를 사용하여 인간의 피부를 시뮬레이션했으며, 마이크로니들의 팁은 피부 천자 후 60초 이내에 완전히 녹았습니다. 마이크로니들에서 방출된 엑소좀은 형태, 입자 크기, 마커 단백질, 생물학적 기능을 신선 엑소좀과 유사한 것으로 보여 수지상세포의 흡수를 가능하게 하고 성숙을 촉진했습니다.

Exosomes, which are small vesicles released by cells into the extracellular matrix, have been proposed as potential biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors for the treatment of several diseases and cancers1. During their biogenesis process, exosomes encapsulate various biologically active molecules from within the cells, including functional proteins and nucleic acids2. As a result, when taken up by recipient cells during the transport process, exosomes have the ability to modulate gene expression and cellular functions in the target cells3. As a kind of natural information messenger, exosomes have been fully taken advantage of in tissue regeneration, immune regulation, and as a delivery carrier4. Through engineering techniques, specific ligands can be enriched on the surface of exosomes, enabling the induction or inhibition of signaling events in recipient cells or targeting specific cell types5. Chemotherapeutic agents can also be loaded into exosomes for cancer treatment6. Moreover, exosomes have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic cargo delivery, making them highly promising for the treatment of brain disorders7. Compared to liposomes, exosomes exhibit enhanced cellular uptake and improved biocompatibility8. They are capable of efficiently entering other cells while demonstrating better tolerance and lower toxicity9. However, the traditional bolus injection of exosomes is prone to sequestration and rapid clearance by the liver, kidneys, and spleen in the bloodstream10. Moreover, exosomes have poor stability in vitro and are susceptible to storage conditions, which restrict their clinical applications11.
Microneedles, an array of micrometric-sized needle tips, have the capability to penetrate physiological barriers for the delivery of small molecule drugs12, proteins13, nucleic acids14, and nanomedicines15. Microneedles are precisely engineered to target lesions on the skin surface, and their dispersed tips ensure uniform drug distribution at the targeted site, thus amplifying their therapeutic impact16. The design and material composition of microneedles facilitate&#160;the dry storage of bioactive substances such as proteins and nucleic acids, enhancing their stability17. Traditional injection methods have a relatively short duration of action and can cause pain, inducing fear in patients18. The micrometer-sized length of microneedle minimizes tissue trauma and prevents nerve stimulation, thereby eliminating pain and improving patient compliance19. Additionally, the user-friendly nature of microneedles allows patients to self-administer the treatment without the need for specialized personnel16. In addition to the skin, microneedles can also be used in tissues such as the eyes20, oral mucosa21, heart22, and blood vessels23. The application of microneedles for the clinical delivery of exosomes provides a promising and prospective strategy.
Hence, we introduce an exosome-loaded microneedle (exo@MN) patch and disclose its fabrication method. The microneedle patches were fabricated using a two-step casting method, along with centrifugation and vacuum drying, which promotes the aggregation of exosomes at the microneedle tips, thereby enhancing delivery efficiency. Both the needle tips and backing were constructed using materials that exhibit excellent biocompatibility and water solubility. Trehalose and hyaluronic acid (HA) were incorporated as tip materials to provide protection for the exosomes, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dissolved in absolute ethanol was chosen as the backing material. The morphology of the microneedle patch was characterized using microscopy and scanning electron microscope&#160;(SEM). The mechanical testing of the microneedle was assessed using a tensile meter to confirm their capability to penetrate the skin, and the release rate on pig skin was investigated to be 60 s. Furthermore, the morphology, size, and protein content of both fresh exosomes and exosomes in exo@MN were characterized using transmission electron microscope&#160;(TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting (WB). The internalization of exosomes by dendritic cells (DCs) was characterized using confocal laser scanning microscope&#160;(CLSM), and the maturation of DCs was evaluated through flow cytometry. The morphological characterization and biological functions of the two types of exosomes are essentially consistent.

저자 스포트라이트: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

엑소좀의 로딩 및 전달을 위한 Microneedle patches의 제작 및 특성 분석

My research focused on the efficient development of exosomes, the development of the microneedle strategy can increase exsome stability, enhance provide more possibility for the clinical application of exosomes. We will successfully develop the for advanced microneedle delivery systems. Those include self-healing porous microneedles for sustained drug delivery, ultrasound microneedle device for rapid loading and delivery of drugs, and cryomicroneedles for delivery of living cell, and sugar microneedles for delivery of exosomes.We use microneedle to pierce the biological barrier and then deliver exocells directly to the vector area efficiently. By storing them dry, we enhance their stability, making them precise, easy, and convenient for both clinical and home use. My lab, we focused on key technologies for developing the advanced microneedle-based delivery systems and that can load and deliver various therapeutics.Includes MRA, small molecular drug, antibodies, cell, and exosome. We are also investigate their chemical and physical properties and therapeutic efficacy in different biomedical applications.

여기에서는 엑소좀의 분리, 패치의 제작 및 특성화를 위한 프로토콜을 제시exo@MN. 그림 1 은 exo@MN 패치 제작을 위한 프로세스 흐름도를 보여줍니다. 엑소좀에 트레할로스와 HA를 혼합한 후 혼합물을 마이크로니들 몰드에 첨가하고 원심분리했습니다. 이 과정은 바늘 끝에서 엑소좀의 응집을 촉진하여 빠른 방출을 촉진했습니다. 건조 후 PVP 용액을 첨가하고 원심 분리하여 금형...

엑소좀은 상당한 임상적 잠재력을 가지고 있지만, in vivo clearance가 쉽고 안정성이 낮아 실제 적용에는 한계가 있습니다. 마이크로니들은 생리적 장벽을 뚫고 건조 상태 보존을 통해 국소 전달을 가능하게 함으로써 엑소좀 투여의 한계를 해결하고 임상적 유용성을 확대하는 솔루션을 제시합니다.

Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging ...

fabrication-characterization-microneedle-patches-for-loading-delivery

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fabrication and Characterization of Microneedle Patches for Loading and Delivery of Exosomes

Exosomes, as emerging &#34;next-generation&#34; biotherapeutics and drug delivery vectors, hold immense potential in diverse biomedical fields, ranging from drug delivery and regenerative medicine to disease diagnosis and tumor immunotherapy. However, the rapid clearance by traditional bolus injection and poor stability of exosomes restrict their clinical application. Microneedles serve as a solution that prolongs the residence time of exosomes at the administration site, thereby maintaining the drug concentration and facilitating sustained therapeutic effects. In addition, microneedles also possess the ability to maintain the stability of bioactive substances. Therefore, we introduce a microneedle patch for loading and delivering exosomes and share the methods, including isolation of exosomes, fabrication, and characterization of exosome-loaded microneedle patches. The microneedle patches were fabricated using trehalose and hyaluronic acid as the tip materials and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the backing material through a two-step casting method. The microneedles demonstrated robust mechanical strength, with tips able to withstand 2 N. Pig skin was used to simulate human skin, and the tips of microneedles completely melted within 60 s after skin puncture. The exosomes released from the microneedles exhibited morphology, particle size, marker proteins, and biological functions comparable to those of fresh exosomes, enabling dendritic cells uptake and promoting their maturation.

Exosomes possess significant clinical potential, but their practical application is limited due to easy in vivo clearance and poor stability. Microneedles present a solution by enabling localized delivery by puncturing physiological barriers and dry-state preservation, thereby addressing the limitations of exosome administration and expanding their clinical utility.

연구

생체공학

Isolation of Exosomes from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells for Generating Microneedle Patch

To begin, take cultured mouse ovarian epithelial cancer cells. Remove the culture medium from the Petri dishes and wash twice with DPBS. Add 20 milliliters of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium without FBS and penicillin-streptomycin solution.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 48 hours. Then collect the cell culture supernatant from 20 Petri dishes of 15-centimeter diameter. Centrifuge at 300 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius and collect the supernatant.Centrifuge the supernatant at 2, 000 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius, and collect the supernatant to remove cellular debris. Now turn on the vacuum pump and connect it to the air inlet of the vacuum filtration system. Filter the supernatant through the 0.22-micron polyethersulfone membrane to remove vesicles or impurities larger than 0.22 microns.Add 15 milliliters of the filtered supernatant to the inner tube of the 100-kilodalton ultrafiltration tube. Centrifuge at 3, 500 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Then remove the liquid from the outer tube.Next, collect the liquid from the inner tube. Add one milliliter of DPBS to the inner tube. Pipette repeatedly to resuspend exosomes, and then collect them.Centrifuge the liquid at 10, 000 G for 60 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Transfer the supernatant to a six-milliliter quick-snap centrifuge tube and seal it with a heat sealer. Cut open the tube after ultracentrifuging the supernatant for two hours.Once the supernatant is removed, resuspend the pellet in 100 microliters of DPBS to obtain the exosome solution.

Isolation of Exosomes from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells for Generating Microneedle Patch(마이크로니들 패치 생성을 위한 마우스 난소 상피암 세포에서 엑소좀의 분리)

Fabrication of Microneedle Using Exosomes Isolated from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells

To begin, mix components A and B of polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, in a ratio of 10 to one. After stirring the mixture well, pour the mixture into a master mold. Place the PDMS mold under a pressure of one pound per square inch for 15 minutes to remove air bubbles.Cure the PDMS mold at 60 degrees Celsius for two hours. De-mold to obtain the production mold of the microneedle. Then, clean the production mold with ultra pure water before use.Quantify the protein content of the prepared exosome solution using a BCA assay kit. Add an appropriate amount of DPBS to the exosome solution. Now, prepare a solution of 200 milligrams per milliliter of trehalose using DPBS as the solvent.Stir for 20 minutes to ensure full dissolution. Next, prepare a solution of hyaluronic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone, or PVP, using DPBS and ethanol as the solvent, respectively. Stir overnight to ensure full dissolution.Mix the exosome solution and trehalose solution in an equal ratio. Add an equal volume of hyaluronic acid solution and mix thoroughly to obtain the tip solution. Using a plasma cleaner, process the surface of the PDMS mold for 30 seconds at a low grade to enhance its hydrophilicity.Add 40 microliters of the tip solution to the PDMS mold. Centrifuge at 3, 000G for three minutes at room temperature to ensure the liquid fills the needle layer of the mold. Remove excess liquid from the mold and dry at room temperature in a vacuum drying oven for one day.Then, add 200 microliters of PVP solution to the PDMS mold. Centrifuge at 3, 000G for three minutes at room temperature to ensure the liquid fills the mold's backing layer. After drying the mold for one day, de-mold to obtain the exosome-loaded microneedle's patch.

Fabrication of Microneedle Using Exosomes Isolated from Mouse Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells(마우스 난소 상피암 세포에서 분리한 엑소좀을 이용한 마이크로니들 제작)

Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of Exosome Loaded Microneedle Patches

To begin, prepare the exosome loaded microneedle patch and paste its backing onto a 45-degree inclined surface. Position the patch under a stereo microscope. Turn on the illuminator and capture the morphology of the patch using a four times objective lens.For mechanical testing, cut out a three-by-three array from the patch and place it with the tips facing upwards on the rigid platform of a tensile meter. Adjust the height of the probe to bring it close to the needle tips without touching them. Set the parameters to stop automatically when the pressure reaches 20 Newton.Compress the needle tips vertically at a 0.5 millimeter per minute speed before recording the load versus displacement profile. The tips in the exosome loaded microneedle patch exhibited a conical shape arranged in a 10-by-10 array with sharp and intact needle tips. The tip of the microneedle can withstand the force of two Newtons, allowing it to penetrate through the skin barrier.