application-two-spotted-spider-mite-tetranychus-urticae-for-plant

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

The University of Western Ontario

Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino

Medicago truncatula was used to characterize resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew caused by Colletotrichum trifolii and Erysiphe pisi, respectively. Two isolates of E. pisi (Ep-p from pea and Ep-a from alfalfa) and two races of C. trifolii (races 1 and 2) were used in this study. The A17 genotype was resistant and displayed a hypersensitive response after inoculation with either pathogen, while lines F83005.5 and DZA315.16 were susceptible to anthracnose and powdery mildew, respectively. To identify the genetic determinants underlying resistance in A17, two F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, LR4 (A17 x DZA315.16) and LR5 (A17 x F83005.5), were phenotyped with E. pisi isolates and C. trifolii races, respectively. Genetic analyses showed that i) resistance to anthracnose is governed mainly by a single major locus to both races, named Ct1 and located on the upper part of chromosome 4; and ii) resistance to powdery mildew involves three distinct loci, Epp1 on chromosome 4 and Epa1 and Epa2 on chromosome 5. The use of a consensus genetic map for the two RIL populations revealed that Ct1 and Epp1, although located in the same genome region, were clearly distinct. In silico analysis in this region identified the presence of several clusters of nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat genes. Many of these genes have atypical resistance gene analog structures and display differential expression patterns in distinct stress-related cDNA libraries.

Genetic dissection of resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew in Medicago truncatula.

A pathosystem between Aphanomyces euteiches, the causal agent of pea root rot disease, and the model legume Medicago truncatula was developed to gain insights into mechanisms involved in resistance to this oomycete. The F83005.5 French accession and the A17-Jemalong reference line, susceptible and partially resistant, respectively, to A. euteiches, were selected for further cytological and genetic analyses. Microscopy analyses of thin root sections revealed that a major difference between the two inoculated lines occurred in the root stele, which remained pathogen free in A17. Striking features were observed in A17 roots only, including i) frequent pericycle cell divisions, ii) lignin deposition around the pericycle, and iii) accumulation of soluble phenolic compounds. Genetic analysis of resistance was performed on an F7 population of 139 recombinant inbred lines and identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) near the top of chromosome 3. A second study, with near-isogenic line responses to A. euteiches confirmed the role of this QTL in expression of resistance. Fine-mapping allowed the identification of a 135-kb sequenced genomic DNA region rich in proteasome-related genes. Most of these genes were shown to be induced only in inoculated A17. Novel mechanisms possibly involved in the observed partial resistance are proposed.

Partial resistance of Medicago truncatula to Aphanomyces euteiches is associated with protection of the root stele and is controlled by a major QTL rich in proteasome-related genes.

Medicago truncatula lines resistant (A17) or susceptible (F83005.5) to the alfalfa pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii were used to compare defense reactions induced upon inoculation with C. trifolii or with the nonadapted pathogens C. lindemuthianum and C. higginsianum. Nonadapted Colletotrichum spp. induced a hypersensitive response (HR)-like reaction similar to the one induced during the host-incompatible interaction. Molecular analyses indicated an induction of PR10 and chalcone synthase genes in host and nonhost interactions but delayed responses were observed in the F83005.5 line. The clste12 penetration-deficient C. lindemuthianum mutant induced an HR and defense gene expression, showing that perception of nonadapted strains occurs before penetration of epidermal cells. Cytological and transcriptomic analyses performed upon inoculation of near-isogenic M. truncatula lines, differing only at the C. trifolii resistance locus, Ct1, with the nonadapted Colletotrichum strain, showed that nonhost responses are similar in the two lines. These included a localized oxidative burst, accumulation of fluorescent compounds, and transient expression of a small number of genes. Host interactions were characterized by a group of defense and signaling-related genes induced at 3 days postinoculation, associated with an accumulation of salicylic acid. Together, these results show that M. truncatula displays a rapid and transient response to nonadapted Colletotrichum strains and that this response is not linked to the C. trifolii resistance locus.

Host and nonhost resistance in Medicago-Colletotrichum interactions.

The spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest with an extensive host plant range and an extreme record of pesticide resistance. Here we present the completely sequenced and annotated spider mite genome, representing the first complete chelicerate genome. At 90 megabases T. urticae has the smallest sequenced arthropod genome. Compared with other arthropods, the spider mite genome shows unique changes in the hormonal environment and organization of the Hox complex, and also reveals evolutionary innovation of silk production. We find strong signatures of polyphagy and detoxification in gene families associated with feeding on different hosts and in new gene families acquired by lateral gene transfer. Deep transcriptome analysis of mites feeding on different plants shows how this pest responds to a changing host environment. The T. urticae genome thus offers new insights into arthropod evolution and plant-herbivore interactions, and provides unique opportunities for developing novel plant protection strategies.

The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations.

&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x87A8;&#x662F;&#x5927;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x7684;&#x519C;&#x4E1A;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x4E0E;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7684;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x548C;&#x6781;&#x7AEF;&#x6297;&#x836F;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x548C;&#x9644;&#x52A0;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684; chelicerate &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x3002;90 Megabases T.&#x4E8C;&#x6591;&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x6709;&#x5E8F;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x3002;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4E2D;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x548C;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7; Hox &#x7684;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FD8;&#x63ED;&#x793A;&#x4E86;&#x6E10;&#x8FDB;&#x521B;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x4E1D;&#x7EF8;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53D1;&#x73B0; polyphagy &#x548C;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x7684;&#x5F3A;&#x7B7E;&#x540D;&#x4E0E;&#x9972;&#x5582;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x4E2D;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x7684;&#x6A2A;&#x5411;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x9972;&#x5582;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x87A8;&#x6DF1;&#x8F6C;&#x5F55;&#x7EC4;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x6B64;&#x866B;&#x5BB3;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x4E0D;&#x65AD;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x3002;T.&#x4E8C;&#x6591;&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x89C1;&#x89E3;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x8FDB;&#x5316;&#x548C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x866B;&#x5BB3;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x72EC;&#x7279;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x4F1A;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E2D;&#x56FD;&#x5BB6;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4FDD;&#x62A4;&#x6218;&#x7565;&#x3002;

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L&#x26;#39;acarien Tetranychus urticae est un ravageur cosmopolite agricole avec une gamme &#xE9;tendue de la plante h&#xF4;te et un record extr&#xEA;me de la r&#xE9;sistance aux pesticides. Ici, nous pr&#xE9;sentons le g&#xE9;nome enti&#xE8;rement s&#xE9;quenc&#xE9; araign&#xE9;e et annot&#xE9; acariens, ce qui repr&#xE9;sente le premier g&#xE9;nome complet chelicerate. &#xC0; 90 m&#xE9;gabases T. urticae a le plus petit g&#xE9;nome s&#xE9;quenc&#xE9; arthropodes. En comparaison avec d&#x26;#39;autres arthropodes, le g&#xE9;nome araign&#xE9;e montre les modifications uniques dans l&#x26;#39;environnement hormonal et l&#x26;#39;organisation du complexe Hox, et r&#xE9;v&#xE8;le &#xE9;galement l&#x26;#39;innovation &#xE9;volutive de la production de soie. Nous trouver des signatures fortes de polyphagie et de d&#xE9;sintoxication dans des familles de g&#xE8;nes associ&#xE9;s &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;alimentation sur des h&#xF4;tes diff&#xE9;rents et dans des familles de g&#xE8;nes nouveaux acquis par transfert lat&#xE9;ral de g&#xE8;nes. Profonde analyse du transcriptome des acariens se nourrissent de plantes diff&#xE9;rentes montre comment ce ravageur r&#xE9;pond &#xE0; un milieu d&#x26;#39;accueil de changer. Le g&#xE9;nome T. urticae offre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;volution des arthropodes et des interactions plantes-herbivores, et offre des possibilit&#xE9;s uniques pour d&#xE9;velopper de nouvelles strat&#xE9;gies phytosanitaires.

Le g&#xE9;nome de Tetranychus urticae r&#xE9;v&#xE8;le Adaptations Pest herbivores

Die Spinnmilben Gemeine Spinnmilbe ist eine kosmopolitische landwirtschaftlichen Sch&auml;dlingsbek&auml;mpfung mit einer umfangreichen Anlage Wirtsbereich und eine extreme Aufzeichnung der Pestizid-Resistenz. Hier pr&auml;sentieren wir das Genom vollst&auml;ndig sequenziert und kommentierten Spinnmilben, das erste vollst&auml;ndige chelicerate Genom darstellt. 90 Megabases hat T. Urticae kleinster sequenzierte gliederf&uuml;&szlig;ler Genom. Verglichen mit anderen Arthropoden, das Spinnmilben-Genom zeigt einzigartige Ver&auml;nderungen in der hormonellen Umgebung und Organisation von der Hox komplexe und offenbart auch evolution&auml;re Innovation der Seidenherstellung. Wir finden starke Signaturen von Polyphagy und Entgiftung in gen-Familien, die F&uuml;tterung auf unterschiedlichen Hosts zugeordnet und in neuen Gen-Familien von lateralen Gentransfer erworben. Tiefe Transkriptom-Analyse der Milben fressen verschiedene Pflanzen zeigt wie diese Pest auf einem sich wandelnden Umfeld Host reagiert. T. Urticae Genom somit bietet neue Einblicke in gliederf&uuml;&szlig;ler Evolution und Interaktionen von Pflanzen-Pflanzenfresser und bietet einzigartige M&ouml;glichkeiten f&uuml;r die Entwicklung neuartiger Pflanze Schutzstrategien.

Das Genom der Gemeine Spinnmilbe enth&uuml;llt pflanzenfressenden Pest Anpassungen.

Il ragno acaro Tetranychus urticae &egrave; un parassita cosmopolito agricolo con un&#39;ampia gamma di pianta e un record di estremo di resistenza ai pesticidi. Qui vi presentiamo il genoma completamente sequenziato ed annotata ragnetto, che rappresenta il primo genoma di chelicerati completo. 90 Megabasi T. urticae ha il pi&ugrave; piccolo genoma degli artropodi sequenziato. Confrontato con altri artropodi, il genoma del ragnetto Mostra uniche modifiche nell&#39;ambiente ormonale e organizzazione della Hox complessi e rivela anche l&#39;innovazione evolutiva della produzione di seta. Troviamo forte firme di polyphagy e di disintossicazione in famiglie gene associate con alimentazione su diversi host e in nuove famiglie di gene acquisite da trasferimento genico laterale. Transcriptome profonda analisi di acari sulle piante differenti di alimentazione mostra come questo parassita risponde a un mutevole ambiente host. Cos&igrave; il genoma di T. urticae offre nuove intuizioni evoluzione degli artropodi e interazioni pianta-erbivoro e offre opportunit&agrave; uniche per impianto di romanzo in via di sviluppo le strategie di protezione.

Il genoma di Tetranychus urticae rivela gli adattamenti dei parassiti erbivori.

&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5E83;&#x7BC4;&#x306A;&#x5BBF;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x53CA;&#x3073;&#x8FB2;&#x85AC;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x6975;&#x7AEF;&#x306A;&#x30EC;&#x30B3;&#x30FC;&#x30C9;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x56FD;&#x969B;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x8FB2;&#x696D;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x521D;&#x306E;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306A;&#x92CF;&#x89D2;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x8868;&#x3059;&#x3001;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306B;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x6C7A;&#x5B9A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x6CE8;&#x91C8;&#x4ED8;&#x304D;&#x306E;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002; 90&#x30E1;&#x30AC;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3068;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306F;&#x3001;Hox&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x30DB;&#x30EB;&#x30E2;&#x30F3;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x3068;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x5185;&#x3067;&#x4E00;&#x610F;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x7D79;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x9769;&#x65B0;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x3089;&#x304B;&#x306B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x4E0A;&#x3067;&#x6442;&#x98DF;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30DF;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x3084;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x8EE2;&#x79FB;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30DF;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x306E;&#x591A;&#x98DF;&#x3068;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x306E;&#x5F37;&#x529B;&#x306A;&#x7F72;&#x540D;&#x3092;&#x898B;&#x3064;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x98DF;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x6DF1;&#x3044;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x30EA;&#x30D7;&#x30C8;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x304C;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306B;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306B;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x3068;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8349;&#x98DF;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x76F8;&#x4E92;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x306B;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x6D1E;&#x5BDF;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4FDD;&#x8B77;&#x6226;&#x7565;&#x3092;&#x958B;&#x767A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x30E6;&#x30CB;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306A;&#x6A5F;&#x4F1A;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x8349;&#x98DF;&#x6027;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x306E;&#x9069;&#x5FDC;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x3089;&#x304B;&#x306B;

&#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30; Tetranychus urticae &#xAD11;&#xBC94;&#xC704; &#xD55C; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; &#xBC94;&#xC704;&#xC640; &#xB18D;&#xC57D; &#xC800;&#xD56D;&#xC758; &#xADF9;&#xB2E8;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xAE30;&#xB85D; &#xAD6D;&#xC81C; &#xB18D;&#xC5C5; &#xD574;&#xCDA9; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC644;&#xC804;&#xD788; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xBC0F; &#xC8FC;&#xC11D; &#xB2EC;&#xB9B0; &#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; &#xCCAB; &#xBC88;&#xC9F8; &#xC644;&#xC804; &#xD55C; chelicerate &#xAC8C;&#xB188;. 90 Megabases T. urticae&#xB294; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xC791;&#xC740; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; arthropod &#xAC8C;&#xB188;. &#xB2E4;&#xB978; arthropods&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574;, &#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD558; &#xACE0;, &#xD638;&#xB974;&#xBAAC; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xACFC; Hox&#xC758; &#xC870;&#xC9C1;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xACE0;&#xC720; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xC2E4;&#xD06C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0;&#xC758; &#xC9C4;&#xD654; &#xD601;&#xC2E0;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC218; &#xC720;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xAC00;&#xC871; &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xAC00;&#xC871; &#xC606; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xC774;&#xB3D9;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC778;&#xC218; polyphagy&#xC640; &#xD574;&#xB3C5;&#xC758; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; &#xC11C;&#xBA85;&#xC758; &#xCC3E;&#xC744;. &#xBA39;&#xC774; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30;&#xC758; &#xAE4A;&#xC740; transcriptome &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC774;&#xC774; &#xD574;&#xCDA9; &#xBCC0;&#xD654; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; T. urticae &#xAC8C;&#xB188; arthropod &#xC9C4;&#xD654;&#xC640; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xCD08; &#xC2DD; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C; &#xC0C1;&#xD638; &#xC791;&#xC6A9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xD1B5;&#xCC30;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xBCF4;&#xD638; &#xC804;&#xB7B5; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB3C5;&#xD2B9;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xD68C;&#xB97C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Tetranychus urticae&#xC758; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xACC4; &#xD574;&#xCDA9;&#xC744; &#xAC01; &#xC0C9; &#xD55C;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC900;&#xB2E4;.

La ara&#xF1;a roja Tetranychus urticae es una plaga cosmopolita agr&#xED;cola con una gama extensa de la planta hospedante y un registro extremo de la resistencia a los pesticidas. Aqu&#xED; se presenta el genoma de ara&#xF1;a roja por completo secuenciado y anotado, lo que representa el primer genoma completo chelicerate. A los 90 megabases T. urticae tiene el m&#xE1;s peque&#xF1;o secuenciado genoma artr&#xF3;podo. En comparaci&#xF3;n con otros artr&#xF3;podos, el genoma de la ara&#xF1;a roja muestra los cambios singulares en el entorno hormonal y la organizaci&#xF3;n del complejo Hox, y tambi&#xE9;n revela la innovaci&#xF3;n evolutiva de la producci&#xF3;n de seda. Encontramos firmas fuertes de polyphagy y la desintoxicaci&#xF3;n de las familias de genes asociados con la alimentaci&#xF3;n en diferentes equipos y en las familias de genes nuevos adquiridos por transferencia lateral de genes. An&#xE1;lisis profundo del transcriptoma de los &#xE1;caros se alimentan de plantas diferentes muestra que esta plaga responde a un entorno de acogida cambiando. El genoma de T. urticae por tanto, ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre la evoluci&#xF3;n de artr&#xF3;podos y de las interacciones planta-herb&#xED;voro, y proporciona oportunidades &#xFA;nicas para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de protecci&#xF3;n de plantas.

El genoma de T. urticae revela adaptaciones herb&#xED;voros plagas

Most molecular-genetic studies of plant defense responses to arthropod herbivores have focused on insects. However, plant-feeding mites are also pests of diverse plants, and mites induce different patterns of damage to plant tissues than do well-studied insects (e.g. lepidopteran larvae or aphids). The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is among the most significant mite pests in agriculture, feeding on a staggering number of plant hosts. To understand the interactions between spider mite and a plant at the molecular level, we examined reciprocal genome-wide responses of mites and its host Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Despite differences in feeding guilds, we found that transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis to mite herbivory resembled those observed for lepidopteran herbivores. Mutant analysis of induced plant defense pathways showed functionally that only a subset of induced programs, including jasmonic acid signaling and biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, are central to Arabidopsis's defense to mite herbivory. On the herbivore side, indole glucosinolates dramatically increased mite mortality and development times. We identified an indole glucosinolate dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed mite genes belonging to pathways associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. This demonstrates that spider mite is sensitive to Arabidopsis defenses that have also been associated with the deterrence of insect herbivores that are very distantly related to chelicerates. Our findings provide molecular insights into the nature of, and response to, herbivory for a representative of a major class of arthropod herbivores.

Marc Cazaux

Department of Biology

The University of Western Ontario

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies