laboratory-field-culture-larvae-slipper-limpet-crepidula

Laboratory and Field Culture of Larvae of The Slipper Limpet, <i>Crepidula fornicata</i>

The calyptraeid gastropod mollusk, Crepidula fornicata, has been widely used for studies of larval developmental biology, physiology, and ecology. Brooded ...

Dickinson College

The content of catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, norepinephrine and dopamine were identified in larvae of all ages examined (5 through 12 days post-fertilization). Dihydroxyphenylalanine could be accurately quantified only in larvae of ages 8 through 12 days, when its average concentration increased from 0.62 to 6.71 x 10(-2) pmol micrograms protein-1. Between ages 5 and 12 days dopamine rose from 0.081 to 0.616 pmol microgram protein-1, and norepinephrine from 0.45 to 2.17 x 10(-2) pmol micrograms protein-1. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine and norepinephrine were also measured at different stages of metamorphic progress in 10- to 12-day larvae. Dihydroxyphenylalanine increased by a factor of 2.4 between the onset and completion of metamorphosis, but levels of dopamine and norepinephrine remained stable. One millimolar alpha-methyl-DL-m-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, inhibited natural metamorphosis and depleted endogenous norepinephrine and especially dopamine, respectively, to 75% and 35% of control values. The existence of unexpectedly high levels of catecholamines in metamorphically competent larvae, and the association of catecholamine depletion with inhibition of metamorphosis, indicate that these compounds may participate in the control of gastropod development.

Catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in metamorphosing larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).

&#x6C14;&#x4E00;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x6C2E; (NO)&#xFF0C;&#x548C;&#x5728;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#x5176;&#x4E0B;&#x6E38;&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x4FE1;&#x4F7F;&#x3001; &#x73AF;&#x9E1F;&#x82F7;&#x9178; (cGMP) &#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7C7B;&#x7FA4;&#x89C4;&#x7BA1;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x53F2;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x673A;&#x3002;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x62BD;&#x6837;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x7ED3;&#x8BBA;&#x7684;&#x6F14;&#x8FDB;&#x548C;&#x65E0;/cGMP &#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x53F2;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x6240;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x548C;&#x5B9A;&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x65E0;&#x548C; cGMP &#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x53D8;&#x6001;&#x88F8;&#x9CC3;&#x4E9A;&#x76EE; Phestilla sibogae &#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x3002;&#x65E0;&#x836F;&#x7406;&#x64CD;&#x7EB5;&#x6216;&#x5E7C;&#x866B; cGMP &#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x8C03;&#x5236;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x81EA;&#x7136;&#x6C89;&#x964D;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x4ECE;&#x73CA;&#x745A;&#x7684;&#x6EE8;&#x725B;&#x97AD;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;/cGMP &#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x5C1A;&#x4E0D;&#x8DB3;&#x4EE5;&#x4FC3;&#x4F7F;&#x5728;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#xFF0C;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6240;&#x7279;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x6001;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x89E3;&#x51B3;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x53D8;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x8BF1;&#x5BFC;&#x662F;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x4E2D;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x4E0E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x4E86;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x7684;&#x5047;&#x5B9A;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x6C2E;&#x5408;&#x9176; (NOS) &#x548C;&#x5E7C;&#x4F53;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#x7684; cGMP &#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x548C;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x54EA;&#x4E9B; NOS &#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x548C;&#x7684; cGMP &#x90FD;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x5230;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x53CC;&#x8FB9;&#x5BF9;&#x79F0;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x683C;&#x6CE8;&#x5B9A;&#x8981;&#x5360;&#x7528; rhinophores &#x8FDC;&#x7AEF;&#x7684; cGMP &#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x662F;&#x4E0E;&#x73CA;&#x745A;&#x89E3;&#x51B3;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x4F5C;&#x51FA;&#x56DE;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#xFF0C;&#x5185;&#x6E90;&#x6027;&#x4E0D;&#x548C; cGMP &#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x8C03;&#x8282;&#x81EA;&#x7136;&#x6C89;&#x964D;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x5BF9;&#x4F53;&#x80B2; sibogae &#x7684;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C06;&#x8BA8;&#x8BBA;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x751F;&#x5883;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x53CA;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x751F;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x3002;

&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x53D8;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x88F8;&#x9CC3;&#x4E9A;&#x76EE; Phestilla sibogae Bergh &#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x6C2E;&#x73AF;&#x9E1F;&#x82F7;&#x9178; (&#x8179;&#x8DB3;&#x7EB2;&#xFF1A; &#x540E;&#x9CC3;&#x7C7B;&#xFF09;&#x3002;

The gas nitric oxide (NO), and in some cases its downstream second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) function in different taxa to regulate the timing of life-history transitions. Increased taxonomic sampling is required to foster conclusions about the evolution and function of NO/cGMP signaling during life-history transitions. We report on the function and localization of NO and cGMP signaling during metamorphosis of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae. Pharmacological manipulation of NO or cGMP production in larvae modulated responses to a natural settlement cue from the coral Porites compressa in a manner that suggest inhibitory function for NO/cGMP signaling. However, these treatments were not sufficient to induce metamorphosis in the absence of cue, a result unique to this animal. We show that induction of metamorphosis in response to the settlement cue is associated with a reduction in NO production. We documented the expression of putative NO synthase (NOS) and the production of cGMP during larval development and observed no larval cells in which NOS and cGMP were both detected. The production of cGMP in a bilaterally symmetrical group of cells fated to occupy the distal tip of rhinophores is correlated with competence to respond to the coral settlement cue. These results suggest that endogenous NO and cGMP are involved in modulating responses of P. sibogae to a natural settlement cue. We discuss these results with respect to habitat selection and larval ecology.

Analysis of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling during metamorphosis of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).

Le monoxyde d&#39;azote gaz (non) et dans certains cas son aval second messager, fonction de guanosine monophosphate cyclique (GMPc) dans les diff&eacute;rents taxons pour r&eacute;glementer le timing des transitions d&eacute;mographiques. &Eacute;chantillonnage taxonomique accru est n&eacute;cessaire pour favoriser des conclusions quant &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;volution et la fonction de non/cGMP signalisation lors des transitions d&eacute;mographiques. Nous rapportons sur la fonction et la localisation du non et cGMP signalisation durant la m&eacute;tamorphose de la nudibranche Phestilla sibogae. Manipulation pharmacologique non ou production de GMPc dans les larves modul&eacute; responses to un rep&egrave;re de peuplement naturel de la compressa Porites coraux d&#39;une mani&egrave;re qui sugg&egrave;rent une fonction inhibitrice de signalisation non/cGMP. Cependant, ces traitements n&#39;&eacute;taient pas suffisantes pour induire la m&eacute;tamorphose en l&#39;absence de rep&egrave;re, un r&eacute;sultat unique &agrave; cet animal. Nous montrons que l&#39;induction de la m&eacute;tamorphose en r&eacute;ponse &agrave; la communication de la colonie est associ&eacute;e &agrave; une r&eacute;duction de production de NO. Nous avons document&eacute; l&#39;expression de putatif NO synthase (NOS) et la production de GMPc au cours du d&eacute;veloppement larvaire et n&#39;observ&eacute; aucune cellule larvaire dans quels amendements et cGMP ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;tect&eacute;s. La production de GMPc dans un groupe de sym&eacute;trie bilat&eacute;rale des cellules vou&eacute;s &agrave; occuper l&#39;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; distale des rhinophores est corr&eacute;l&eacute;e avec la comp&eacute;tence pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la communication de la colonie de corail. Ces r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent qu&#39;endog&egrave;ne n&#39;et cGMP sont impliqu&eacute;s dans la modulation des r&eacute;ponses de P. sibogae &agrave; un signal de peuplement naturel. Nous discutons de ces r&eacute;sultats en ce qui concerne la s&eacute;lection de l&#39;habitat et l&#39;&eacute;cologie larvaire.

Analyse de l&#39;oxyde nitrique-guanosine monophosphate cyclique de signalisation durant la m&eacute;tamorphose de la nudibranche Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda : Opisthobranchia).

Das Gas Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), und in einigen F&auml;llen seinen nachgeschalteten zweiten Messenger, cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP) Funktion in verschiedenen Taxa regulieren das Timing der Lebensgeschichte &Uuml;berg&auml;nge. H&ouml;here taxonomische Probenahme wird ben&ouml;tigt, um R&uuml;ckschl&uuml;sse auf die Entwicklung und Funktion des NO/cGMP Signalisierung w&auml;hrend der Lebensgeschichte &Uuml;berg&auml;nge zu f&ouml;rdern. Wir berichten &uuml;ber die Funktion und die Lokalisierung von NO und cGMP, die w&auml;hrend der Metamorphose von der Nacktkiemer Phestilla Sibogae signalisieren. Pharmakologische Manipulation der Nr. oder cGMP Produktion in Larven moduliert Antworten auf eine nat&uuml;rliche Besiedlung Cue von der Korallen Porites Compressa in einer Weise, die hemmenden Funktion f&uuml;r die Signalisierung der NO/cGMP vorgeschlagen. Diese Behandlungen waren jedoch nicht ausreichend, um die Metamorphose in Ermangelung von Cue, ein Ergebnis f&uuml;r dieses Tier eindeutig zu induzieren. Wir zeigen, dass die Induktion der Metamorphose als Reaktion auf die Siedlung Cue einen R&uuml;ckgang der Produktion zugeordnet ist. Wir dokumentiert dem Ausdruck des vermeintlichen keinen-Synthase (NOS) und die Produktion von cGMP w&auml;hrend der larvalen Entwicklung und beobachtet in welcher NOS keine larvalen Zellen und cGMP entdeckt wurden. Die Produktion von cGMP in eine bilateral symmetrischen Gruppe von Zellen fated besetzen die distale Spitze des Rhinophores ist mit Kompetenz zur Bew&auml;ltigung des Korallen Siedlung Cue korreliert. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass endogene Nein und cGMP modulierenden Antworten auf eine nat&uuml;rliche Besiedlung Cue p. Sibogae beteiligt sind. Wir diskutieren diese Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die larvalen &Ouml;kologie und Lebensraum-Auswahl.

Analyse der Stickstoffmonoxid-cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat Signalisierung w&auml;hrend der Metamorphose der Nacktkiemer Phestilla Sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Hinterkiemerschnecken).

Il gas l&#39;ossido nitrico (NO) e in alcuni casi, relativo a valle secondo messaggero, funzione di guanosina monofosfato ciclico (cGMP) in differenti taxa per regolare i tempi delle transizioni di vita-storia. Campionamento maggiore tassonomica &egrave; necessaria per favorire le conclusioni circa l&#39;evoluzione e la funzione di NO/cGMP segnalazione durante le transizioni di vita-storia. Riportiamo sulla funzione e localizzazione di NO e cGMP segnalazione durante la metamorfosi dei nudibranchi Phestilla sibogae. Manipolazione farmacologica di NO o produzione di cGMP in larve modulata responses to un cue insediamento naturale dal corallo Porites compressa in un modo che suggeriscono una funzione inibitoria per NO/cGMP segnalazione. Tuttavia, questi trattamenti non erano sufficienti per indurre la metamorfosi in assenza del cue, un risultato unico di questo animale. Mostriamo che induzione della metamorfosi in risposta alla pila insediamento &egrave; associato con una riduzione nella produzione di NO. Abbiamo documentato l&#39;espressione del putativo NO sintasi (NOS) e la produzione di cGMP durante lo sviluppo larvale e non osservata nessuna cella larvale in cui NOS e cGMP entrambi sono stati rilevati. La produzione di cGMP in un gruppo di cellule fated ad occupare la punta distale del rinofori bilateralmente simmetrico &egrave; correlata con la competenza per rispondere alla pila stabilimento corallo. Questi risultati suggeriscono che endogena non e cGMP sono coinvolti nel modulare le risposte di p. sibogae a stecca un insediamento naturale. Discutiamo di questi risultati per quanto riguarda la selezione dell&#39;habitat e l&#39;ecologia delle larve.

Analisi di guanosina monofosfato ciclico-ossido nitrico segnalazione durante la metamorfosi dei nudibranchi Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).

&#x30AC;&#x30B9;&#x4E00;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x7A92;&#x7D20; (NO) &#x3068;&#x3044;&#x304F;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x4E0B;&#x6D41;&#x306E; 2 &#x756A;&#x76EE;&#x306E;&#x30E1;&#x30C3;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30B8;&#x30E3;&#x30FC;&#x3001;&#x74B0;&#x72B6;&#x30B0;&#x30A2;&#x30CE;&#x30B7;&#x30F3;&#x4E00;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x9178; &#xFF08;cGMP&#xFF09; &#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x5225;&#x5206;&#x985E;&#x7FA4;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x53F2;&#x306E;&#x9077;&#x79FB;&#x306E;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3092;&#x8ABF;&#x7BC0;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x306E;&#x5206;&#x985E;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x3068;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x53F2;&#x306E;&#x9077;&#x79FB;&#x4E2D;&#x306B; NO/cGMP &#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30CA;&#x30EB;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x95A2;&#x6570;&#x306B;&#x3064;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x8AD6;&#x3092;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30DD;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3001;&#x95A2;&#x6570;&#x3068; NO &#x306E;&#x5C40;&#x5728;&#x3068; cGMP &#x30A6;&#x30DF;&#x30A6;&#x30B7; Phestilla &#x5C5E;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x614B;&#x6642;&#x306B;&#x3002;NO &#x306E;&#x85AC;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F; cGMP &#x751F;&#x7523;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x5909;&#x8ABF;&#x306A;&#x3057;/cGMP &#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30CA;&#x30EB;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x306E;&#x963B;&#x5BB3;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3067;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30B4;&#x306E; Porites compressa &#x304B;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x81EA;&#x7136;&#x6C88;&#x4E0B; cue &#x3078;&#x306E;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3002;&#x305F;&#x3060;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x306F;&#x5909;&#x614B; cue&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306B;&#x30E6;&#x30CB;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306A;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x4E0D;&#x5728;&#x3092;&#x8A98;&#x767A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4E0D;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x3067;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5909;&#x614B;&#x6C7A;&#x6E08; cue &#x3078;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x8A98;&#x5C0E; NO &#x7523;&#x751F;&#x306E;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;NO &#x5408;&#x6210;&#x9175;&#x7D20; (NOS) &#x3068; cGMP &#x306E;&#x7523;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x6210;&#x9577;&#x904E;&#x7A0B;&#x306E;&#x63A8;&#x5B9A;&#x5F0F;&#x3092;&#x6587;&#x66F8;&#x5316;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x306E;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306F;&#x3001;NOS &#x3067;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3068; cGMP &#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x304C;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x7D30;&#x80DE; rhinophores &#x306E;&#x9060;&#x4F4D;&#x5148;&#x7AEF;&#x3092;&#x5360;&#x6709;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x904B;&#x547D;&#x306E;&#x76F8;&#x79F0;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306E; cGMP &#x306E;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30B4;&#x7740;&#x5E8A; cue &#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3068;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5185;&#x56E0;&#x6027;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3057;&#x3001;cGMP P. &#x5C5E;&#x306E;&#x81EA;&#x7136;&#x6C88;&#x4E0B; cue &#x30EC;&#x30B9;&#x30DD;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x8ABF;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306F;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x606F;&#x5730;&#x9078;&#x629E;&#x3068;&#x5E7C;&#x866B;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x614B;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x8B70;&#x8AD6;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30A6;&#x30DF;&#x30A6;&#x30B7; Phestilla &#x5C5E;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x30B0;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x614B;&#x306B;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30CA;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x4E00;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x7A92;&#x7D20;&#x74B0;&#x72B6;&#x30B0;&#x30A2;&#x30CE;&#x30B7;&#x30F3;&#x4E00;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#x306E;&#x5206;&#x6790; (&#x8179;&#x8DB3;&#x7DB1;: Opisthobranchia)&#x3002;

&#xAC00;&#xC2A4; &#xC9C8;&#xC18C; &#xC0B0;&#xD654;&#xBB3C; (NO), &#xC5B4;&#xB5A4; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xC6B4;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB9BC; &#xB450; &#xBC88;&#xC9F8; &#xBA54;&#xC2E0;&#xC800;, &#xB2E4;&#xB978; taxa&#xC5D0; &#xC8FC;&#xAE30;&#xC801; guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) &#xD568;&#xC218; &#xC778;&#xC0DD; &#xC5ED;&#xC0AC; &#xC804;&#xD658;&#xC758; &#xD0C0;&#xC774;&#xBC0D;&#xC744; &#xC870;&#xC808; &#xD558; &#xACE0;. &#xC99D;&#xAC00; taxonomic &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xB9C1; &#xC9C4;&#xD654;&#xC640; &#xC0DD;&#xBA85; &#xC5ED;&#xC0AC; &#xC804;&#xD658; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC2E0;&#xD638; &#xC5C6;&#xC74C;/Cgmp&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xB860;&#xC744; &#xCD09;&#xC9C4; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xD568;&#xC218; &#xBC0F; NO&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xD654;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0;&#xC11C; &#xBC0F; cGMP nudibranch Phestilla sibogae&#xC758; &#xBCC0; &#xD0DC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC2E0;&#xD638;. &#xC5C6;&#xC74C;&#xC758; &#xC57D;&#xB9AC;&#xD559; &#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC870;&#xC791; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xC560;&#xBC8C;&#xB808;&#xC5D0; cGMP &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xBCC0;&#xC870; &#xC5C6;&#xC74C;/cGMP &#xC2E0;&#xD638;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC5B5;&#xC81C; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xC2DD;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0B0;&#xD638; Porites compressa&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC790;&#xC5F0; &#xC815;&#xCC29; &#xD050;&#xC5D0; &#xC751;&#xB2F5;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098;, &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xD050;,&#xC774; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0; &#xB3C5;&#xD2B9;&#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC;&#xC758; &#xBD80;&#xC7AC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBCC0; &#xD0DC;&#xB97C; &#xC720;&#xBC1C; &#xD558;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xCDA9;&#xBD84; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xBCC0; &#xD0DC; &#xC815;&#xC0B0; &#xD050;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC751;&#xB2F5;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC758; &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xC5C6;&#xC774; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xAC10;&#xC18C;&#xC640; &#xC5F0;&#xAD00; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC544;&#xBB34; synthase (NOS)&#xC640; &#xC560;&#xBC8C;&#xB808; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xC911;&#xC758; cGMP &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xC0C1; &#xD45C;&#xD604; &#xBB38;&#xC11C;&#xD654; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC788;&#xB294; NOS&#xC5D0; &#xC560;&#xBC8C;&#xB808; &#xC140; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xBAA8;&#xB450; Cgmp&#xB97C; &#xAC10;&#xC9C0; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC140; rhinophores&#xC758; &#xB9D0; &#xCD08; &#xB05D;&#xC744; &#xCC28;&#xC9C0;&#xD560; &#xC6B4;&#xBA85; &#xC591;&#xCE21; &#xB300;&#xCE6D; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC758; cGMP &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xC0B0;&#xD638; &#xC815;&#xCC29; &#xD050;&#xC5D0; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB2A5;&#xB825;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xB0B4; &#xC0DD; &#xB354; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xD558; &#xACE0; cGMP &#xBCC0;&#xC870; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; P. sibogae&#xC758; &#xC790;&#xC5F0; &#xC815;&#xCC29; &#xD050;&#xC5D0; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC11C;&#xC2DD; &#xC9C0; &#xC120;&#xD0DD; &#xBC0F; &#xC560;&#xBC8C;&#xB808; &#xC0DD;&#xD0DC;&#xC5D0; &#xB300;&#xD574; &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xB17C;&#xC758;.

&#xC0B0;&#xD654; &#xC9C8;&#xC18C; &#xC21C;&#xD658; guanosine monophosphate nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh&#xC758; &#xBCC0; &#xD0DC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC2E0;&#xD638; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; (&#xBCF5;&#xC871;&#xB958;: Opisthobranchia).

El gas el &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico (NO) y en algunos casos sus aguas abajo segundo mensajero, funci&oacute;n de monofosfato de guanosina c&iacute;clico (GMPc) en diferentes taxones para regular el tiempo de las transiciones del ciclo vital. Muestreo taxon&oacute;mico mayor es necesaria para fomentar conclusiones acerca de la evoluci&oacute;n y la funci&oacute;n de se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n NO/GMPc durante las transiciones del ciclo vital. Divulgamos sobre la funci&oacute;n y localizaci&oacute;n de NO y cGMP se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n durante la metamorfosis de la sibogae de Phestilla de nudibranquios. Manipulaci&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica de NO o producci&oacute;n de cGMP en larvas modula las respuestas a un taco de asentamiento natural de la compressa Porites coral de manera que sugieren una funci&oacute;n inhibitoria de se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n NO/GMPc. Sin embargo, estos tratamientos no fueron suficientes para inducir la metamorfosis en la ausencia de cue, un resultado &uacute;nico a este animal. Os mostramos que inducci&oacute;n de metamorfosis en respuesta a la se&ntilde;al del establecimiento se asoci&oacute; con una reducci&oacute;n en la producci&oacute;n de NO. Hemos documentado la expresi&oacute;n de supuesta NO sintasa (NOS) y la producci&oacute;n de cGMP durante el desarrollo larvario y observ&oacute; ningunas c&eacute;lulas larvarias en que NOS y cGMP fueron detectados. La producci&oacute;n de GMPC en un grupo bilateral sim&eacute;trico de c&eacute;lulas destinados a ocupar la punta distal del rhinophores se correlaciona con la capacidad para responder a la se&ntilde;al de arreglo coral. Estos resultados sugieren que end&oacute;geno NO y cGMP intervienen en la modulaci&oacute;n de las respuestas de p. sibogae a un taco de asentamiento natural. Se discuten estos resultados con respecto a la selecci&oacute;n de h&aacute;bitat y ecolog&iacute;a larval.

An&aacute;lisis de monofosfato de guanosina c&iacute;clico-&oacute;xido n&iacute;trico se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n durante la metamorfosis de la sibogae de Phestilla de nudibranch Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).

The slipper limpet, Crepidula fornicata, is a gastropod mollusc of growing importance as a research model in developmental biology and as an invasive organism. The large (>1 mm) veliger larvae of this species are well suited for neuroethological investigations of settlement and metamorphosis. In this chapter, methods are described for conditioning adult broodstock, growing microalgal food for larvae, and culturing larvae to metamorphic competence in artificial seawater. A protocol is also presented for obtaining electrophysiological recordings of ciliary arrest spikes from intact, behaving larvae, as putative neural correlates of larval settlement.

Artificial seawater culture of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata for studies of larval settlement and metamorphosis.

Rising atmospheric CO reduces seawater pH causing ocean acidification (OA). Understanding how resilient marine organisms respond to OA may help predict how community dynamics will shift as CO continues rising. The common slipper shell snail  is a marine gastropod native to eastern North America that has been a successful invader along the western European coastline and elsewhere. It has also been previously shown to be resilient to global change stressors. To examine the mechanisms underlying  resilience to OA, we conducted two controlled laboratory experiments. First, we examined several phenotypes and genome-wide gene expression of  in response to pH treatments (7.5, 7.6, and 8.0) throughout the larval stage and then tested how conditions experienced as larvae influenced juvenile stages (i.e., carry-over effects). Second, we examined genome-wide gene expression patterns of  larvae in response to acute (4, 10, 24, and 48 h) pH treatment (7.5 and 8.0). Both  larvae and juveniles exhibited resilience to OA and their gene expression responses highlight the role of transcriptome plasticity in this resilience. Larvae did not exhibit reduced growth under OA until they were at least 8 days old. These phenotypic effects were preceded by broad transcriptomic changes, which likely served as an acclimation mechanism for combating reduced pH conditions frequently experienced in littoral zones. Larvae reared in reduced pH conditions also took longer to become competent to metamorphose. In addition, while juvenile sizes at metamorphosis reflected larval rearing pH conditions, no carry-over effects on juvenile growth rates were observed. Transcriptomic analyses suggest increased metabolism under OA, which may indicate compensation in reduced pH environments. Transcriptomic analyses through time suggest that these energetic burdens experienced under OA eventually dissipate, allowing  to reduce metabolic demands and acclimate to reduced pH. Carry-over effects from larval OA conditions were observed in juveniles; however, these effects were larger for more severe OA conditions and larvae reared in those conditions also demonstrated less transcriptome elasticity. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of OA across life history stages and demonstrates how transcriptomic plasticity may allow highly resilient organisms, like , to acclimate to reduced pH environments.

The Marine Gastropod  Remains Resilient to Ocean Acidification Across Two Life History Stages.

Swimming organisms may actively adjust their behavior in response to the flow around them. Ocean flows are typically turbulent and are therefore characterized by chaotic velocity fluctuations. While some studies have observed planktonic larvae altering their behavior in response to turbulence, it is not always clear whether a plankter is responding to an individual turbulence fluctuation or to the time-averaged flow. To distinguish between these two paradigms, we conducted laboratory experiments with larvae in turbulence. We observed veliger larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata in a jet-stirred turbulence tank while simultaneously measuring two components of the fluid and larval velocity. Larvae were studied at two different stages of development, early and late, and their behavior was analyzed in response to different characteristics of turbulence: acceleration, dissipation and vorticity. Our analysis considered the effects of both the time-averaged flow and the instantaneous flow, around the larvae. Overall, we found that both stages of larvae increased their upward swimming speeds in response to increasing turbulence. However, we found that the early-stage larvae tended to respond to the time-averaged flow, whereas the late-stage larvae tended to respond to the instantaneous flow around them. These observations indicate that larvae can integrate flow information over time and that their behavioral responses to turbulence can depend on both their present and past flow environments.

Anthony Pires

Department of Biology

Dickinson College

Laboratory and Field Culture of Larvae of The Slipper Limpet, Crepidula fornicata