Core - Analytical Chemistry

    Chapter 4

    Introduction to Separation Methods

    4.1 : States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

    4.1 : States of Matter and Phase Changes

    The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends ...

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    4.2 : Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

    4.2 : Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

    Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, ...

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    4.3 : Filtration00:53

    4.3 : Filtration

    Filtration is the physical separation of solids from a fluid using a filtration medium. The filtration medium is chosen depending on the purpose of ...

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    4.4 : Centrifugation01:05

    4.4 : Centrifugation

    Centrifugation is a method of separating suspended particles from a liquid by spinning in a centrifuge at a high number of revolutions per minute. ...

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    4.5 : Sublimation01:03

    4.5 : Sublimation

    Sublimation is the direct phase transformation from the solid to the gaseous phase, bypassing the liquid state. For example, solid carbon dioxide, or dry ...

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    4.6 : Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

    4.6 : Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

    Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, ...

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    4.7 : Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

    4.7 : Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

    Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During ...

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    4.8 : Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

    4.8 : Precipitation and Co-precipitation

    Precipitation and coprecipitation techniques can be applied to separate a mixture of ions. When different ions form sparingly soluble salts with the same ...

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    4.9 : Coagulation01:06

    4.9 : Coagulation

    Coagulation is the agglomeration of colloidal particles to form larger aggregates. This technique is applied to purify wastewater containing suspended ...

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    4.10 : Electrodeposition01:08

    4.10 : Electrodeposition

    During electrodeposition, ions are separated from a solution by deposition on an electrode in an electrolytic cell. While reduction occurs at the cathode ...

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    4.11 : Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

    4.11 : Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

    The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also ...

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    4.12 : Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

    4.12 : Extraction: Effects of pH

    Consider a weak base,  B, with a partition coefficient, K, between the organic and aqueous phases.   While organic bases are usually more ...

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    4.13 : Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

    4.13 : Extraction: Advanced Methods

    Metal ions can be separated by complexation with organic ligands to form uncharged chelates. The chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and ...

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    4.14 : Chromatography: Introduction01:10

    4.14 : Chromatography: Introduction

    Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile ...

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    4.15 : Dialysis01:15

    4.15 : Dialysis

    Dialysis separates desired analyte ions or molecules from unwanted molecules, or 'interferents', by allowing the sample solution to diffuse ...

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    4.16 : Volatilization01:10

    4.16 : Volatilization

    Volatilization separates a desired component, known as an analyte, from the other compounds in a sample by converting it to a volatile species through ...

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    4.17 : Ion Exchange01:17

    4.17 : Ion Exchange

    Ion exchange separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the ...

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