Core - Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 4

Introduction to Separation Methods

4.1 : States of Matter and Phase Changes

4.1 : States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends ...

4.2 : Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

4.2 : Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, ...

4.3 : Filtration

4.3 : Filtration

Filtration is the physical separation of solids from a fluid using a filtration medium. The filtration medium is chosen depending on the purpose of ...

4.4 : Centrifugation

4.4 : Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a method of separating suspended particles from a liquid by spinning in a centrifuge at a high number of revolutions per minute. ...

4.5 : Sublimation

4.5 : Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct phase transformation from the solid to the gaseous phase, bypassing the liquid state. For example, solid carbon dioxide, or dry ...

4.6 : Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

4.6 : Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, ...

4.7 : Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

4.7 : Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During ...

4.8 : Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.8 : Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation techniques can be applied to separate a mixture of ions. When different ions form sparingly soluble salts with the same ...

4.9 : Coagulation

4.9 : Coagulation

Coagulation is the agglomeration of colloidal particles to form larger aggregates. This technique is applied to purify wastewater containing suspended ...

4.10 : Electrodeposition

4.10 : Electrodeposition

During electrodeposition, ions are separated from a solution by deposition on an electrode in an electrolytic cell. While reduction occurs at the cathode ...

4.11 : Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

4.11 : Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also ...

4.12 : Extraction: Effects of pH

4.12 : Extraction: Effects of pH

Consider a weak base, B, with a partition coefficient, K, between the organic and aqueous phases. While organic bases are usually more ...

4.13 : Extraction: Advanced Methods

4.13 : Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated by complexation with organic ligands to form uncharged chelates. The chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and ...

4.14 : Chromatography: Introduction

4.14 : Chromatography: Introduction

Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile ...

4.15 : Dialysis

4.15 : Dialysis

Dialysis separates desired analyte ions or molecules from unwanted molecules, or 'interferents', by allowing the sample solution to diffuse ...

4.16 : Volatilization

4.16 : Volatilization

Volatilization separates a desired component, known as an analyte, from the other compounds in a sample by converting it to a volatile species through ...

4.17 : Ion Exchange

4.17 : Ion Exchange

Ion exchange separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the ...

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