Chapter 2
Atoms and Elements
النظرية الذرية للمادة
The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...
الجزيئات تحت الذرّية
Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...
العناصر: الرموز والنظائر الكيميائية
A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...
الأيونات والشحنات الأيونية
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains ...
الجدول الدوري
As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...
الكتلة الذرية
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...
الكتلة المولية
The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...
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