تستعد الدوائر الالتصاق (قبل يوم من الحقن / تشريح) غرف الفحص التصاق إذا كان لديك مجهر مركب تقليدي (بصري يقع فوق خشبة المسرح) ، فمن ncecessary لجعل منخفضة الارتفاع التصاق الغرفة على النحو التالي. إذا باستخدام المجهر المقلوب البصرية ، ثم &quot;نونك ساترة يحتل هيئة تشريعية لاب تيك&quot; يمكن أن يكون مجرد استخدامها ، وتخطي الخطوات # 1 -- 2. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعلق واحدة من &quot;الصحافة لختم عازل السيليكون&quot; على تغطية زلة × 40 24MM. اضغط بقوة عازل للتغطية على زلة الفوق نظيفة وتبدو من الجانب الآخر للتأكد من أن يتم إرفاق عازل تماما دون أي فقاعات الهواء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختياري : ضع الدوائر التصاق في طبق بتري الزجاج مع الورق Whatman تصفية وتعقيم في دورة جافة لتعقيم. تبريدها وصولا الى RT. </li></ol> طلاء الغرفة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع قطرات 200ml العمل حل كادهيرين (10mg/ml) أو فبرونيكتين (20mg/ml) على مركز للغرفة التصاق تعقيمها ، وذلك باستخدام نصائح sigmacoated الصفراء. RT في احتضان لمدة 4 ساعات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إخراج الحل كادهيرين أو فبرونيكتين ونقل إلى أنبوب 1.5ml. ويمكن استخدامها لهذا الحل خلال الاسبوعين المقبلين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 500ml من الاستغناء عن 4 ٪ في جيش صرب البوسنة 1X MBS - H لعرقلة الغرفة. RT في احتضان لمدة 1 ساعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نضح حل جيش صرب البوسنة. غسل الغرفة مع 500ml من 1X H - MBS مرتين. بعد غسل الثاني ، نضح معظم H - MBS (ليس تماما) ، وتخزينها في حاوية مغلقة عند 4 درجة مئوية. التصاق هذه القاعة هو جيد لل2 التالي -- 3 أيام. </li></ol> تشريح وتفكك Explants رسملة الحيوان <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان هذه الأجنة المحقونة في 0.1x H - MBS ، مخففة من 1X تعقيمها MBS - H ، وعدم تعقيمها المتوسطة يحمل الجراثيم في وقت ما القليل الذي يمكن ان يؤثر على الغطاء الحيواني فصل الخلايا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل 1X بارت في لوحات وagarose CMF - MBS وحات agarose مع أطباق 60mm ، على الأقل فيما يصل عدد العينات الخاصة بك. صب تعقيمها 1X MBS - H لوحات 1X لبارت. لوحات CMF - MBS ، صب 10ML من CMF - MBS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عندما تصبح أجنة المرحلة 8.5 ، بدء تشريح الحيوانات في مباراة صحن 1X لبارت. 10-15 explants في عينات وعادة ما تكون كافية للتجربة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل الحيوانات explants غطاء لوحة CMF - MBS. لاحتضان explants لمدة 45 -- 60 دقيقة حتى يتم فصلها تماما explants. والثورات لطيف في كل 15 دقيقة تساعد التفكك. </li></ol> خلية التصاق الفحص <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بذر الخلايا : الاستغناء 500ml من 1X MBS - H إلى غرفة التصاق أعد الخطوات في المقاطع المذكورة أعلاه ، وغرف الفحص والتصاق طلاء الغرفة. نقل سقف فصل الخلايا الحيوانية من لوحة CMF - MBS إلى غرفة الالتصاق به P200 مع نصائح أصفر sigmacoated وقطعوا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختياري : إذا كان ممكنا ، تمتص بعناية والمتوسطة حتى ما يقرب من 2 / 3 في منتصف الطريق ، من دون تعريض الخلايا إلى الهواء. إضافة ما يقرب من نفس الكمية من جديد MBS - H ، للتأكد من أنه يحتوي على الكالسيوم وسيلة كافية 2 + 2 + والمغنيسيوم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في لاحتضان RT 45-90 دقيقة. فحص الخلايا في بعض الأحيان لمعرفة ما اذا كانوا المترتبة على السطح السفلي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الآن يمكنك أن تأخذ صورة من الخلايا تحت المجهر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضعت الغرفة على شبكة التصاق الزجاج الشريحة. محاذاة واحدة من زوايا الغرفة الانضمام الى ركلة ركنية من الشريحة الشبكة. عد وتسجيل عدد من الخلايا في شبكات المرفقة مختلفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> صب 1L من H - MBS في دلو من البلاستيك كبيرة (على سبيل المثال ، تثبرور ، الخ). وضعت الغرفة الشريحة بلطف الانضمام إلى الجزء السفلي من دلو. تناوب عليها على مدار شاكر لمدة خمس دقائق على سرعة منخفضة (50 -- 60rpm). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضعت الغرفة التصاق الظهر على الشريحة الشبكة ، محاذاة الزاوية نفسها من الغرفة إلى الزاوية نفسها من الشريحة الشبكة ، كما فعل في الخطوة # 5 من هذا الباب ، خلية التصاق الفحص. حساب عدد الخلايا التي لا تزال تعلق على الشبكة نفسها التي لديك حساب قبل الغسيل. حساب النسبة المئوية من الخلايا التي لا تزال تعلق بعد الغسيل. </li></ol>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>1x MBS-H</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Modified Barth&#x2019;s medium: 1L recipe
5.14g		NaCl
75mg		KCl
0.2g		NaHCO3
0.2g		MgSO4&#x2022;7H2O
60mg		CaCl2&#x2022;2H2O
80mg		Ca(NO3)2&#x2022;4H2O
2.38g		HEPES, free-acid
Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH. Autoclave.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMF-MBS	</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is Ca2+/Mg2+-free version of MBS-H. 500ml recipe :
2.57g		NaCl
37.5mg		KCl
0.1g		NaHCO3
1.19g		HEPES, free-acid
Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH. Autoclave.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% agarose/1x Barth&#x2019;s plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>as many as the number of samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% agarose/CMF-MBS plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>as many as the number of samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Cadherin/Fc chimera </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>E-2278</td>
<td>Dissolve 0.1mg of solid E-cadherin in 100ul of 1x MBS-H containing 40% glycerol to make 100x master stock (1.0mg/ml). Store it in &#x2013;20C. Make 1/100 dilution with 1x MBS-H to make 10ug/ml working solution just before you use. You need 200ul per samples of this working solution.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fibronectin, 0.1% solution </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F-1141</td>
<td>This pre-made solution can be used as 50x stock. Make 1/50 dilution with 1x MBS-H make 20ug/ml working solution just before you use. You need 200ul per samples of this working solution.
I do NOT recommend using solid Fibronectin, because it is difficult to dissolve at 0.1% concentration to make the stock solution. Although it is more expensive, this pre-made 0.1% solution is better to obtain consistent results.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4% BSA /MBS-H</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BSA: molecular biology grade fraction V</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sigmacoted yellow tips </td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>No.1 cover slips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>40x24mm or 60x24mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Press-to-seal silicon insulator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Glace Bio-Labs</td>
<td>JTR20-2.5</td>
<td>2.5mm depth x 20mm diameter </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NUNC Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>12-565-471</td>
<td>2wells/slides </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Grid slide glass</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>or Finder graticule for cell counting</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

dissection of organizer and animal pole explants from xenopus laevis embryos and assembly of a cell adhesion assay

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay at JoVE.com

دورة الخلية وتقسيمها | مجموعة فيديو علم الأحياء

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

هذا الفيديو يوضح التقنية المستخدمة لإعداد منظم وexplants قطب من أجنة الحيوانات القيطم المورق ، بما في ذلك استخدام السكين الحاجب -- أداة تشريح المتخصصة مصنوعة من الحاجب واحد. ويرد أيضا على بروتوكول لتجميع an مقايسة الالتصاق ، والتي تحقيقات عن وجود جزيئات الالتصاق الرئيسية موجودة على سطح منظم أو خلايا القطب الحيوانية التي تعتبر بالغة الأهمية لتحقيق التنمية السليمة.

تشريح المنظم وExplants القطب الحيواني من أجنة القيطم المورق وجمعية خلية الفحص الالتصاق

dissection-organizer-animal-pole-explants-from-xenopus-laevis-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.6K Views.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). هذا الفيديو يوضح التقنية المستخدمة لإعداد منظم وexplants قطب من أجنة الحيوانات القيطم المورق ، بما في ذلك استخدام السكين الحاجب -- أداة تشريح المتخصصة مصنوعة من الحاجب واحد. ويرد أيضا على بروتوكول لتجميع an مقايسة الالتصاق ، والتي تحقيقات عن وجود جزيئات الالتصاق الر?...

Video: Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

Dissection of 6.5 dpc Mouse Embryos

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell interaction and signaling mechanisms that guide embryonic patterning. However, dissection of the mouse embryo from the decidua shortly after implantation can be a challenging procedure, and detailed step-by-step documentation of this process is lacking.

Here we demonstrate how post-implantation (6.5 dpc) embryos are isolated by first dissecting the uterus of a pregnant mouse (detection of the vaginal plug was designated day 0.5 poist coitum) and subsequently dissecting the embryo from maternal decidua. The dissection of Reichert's membrane is described as well as the removal of the ectoplacental cone.

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study gene patterning and analyze cell-lineage decision making processes during embryonic development, but proper dissection of the early embryo can be challenging. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos (~6.5 days post coitum [dpc]).

تشريح 6.5 أجنة الفئران DPC

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell ...

Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Plastic sections maintain true tissue morphology in thin sections of tissue that can be immunostained with fluorescent secondary antibodies, making this method more useful than paraffin-embedded or frozen sections for many types of tissue. The method for staining, plastic embedding, and sectioning is demonstrated in this video.

البلاستيك وتضمينها Sectioning الجنين المورق القيطم

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

الحصول على البيض من الإناث المورق القيطم

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

إعداد والتقطير من البيض مقتطفات القيطم المورق

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Microinjection من البويضات المورق القيطم

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

تحديد الأنسجة باستخدام زرع رسملة الحيوان (ACT) في الفحص القيطم المورق</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

تعيش خلية التصوير والتحليل الكمي من الخلايا الظهارية في الجنينية القيطم المورق</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

زرع الوجه في<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; الأجنة

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of neurulation, migrates extensively towards various organs, and differentiates into many types of derivatives (neurons, glia, cartilage and bone, pigmented and endocrine cells). In this protocol, we describe how to dissect the premigratory cranial NC from Xenopus laevis embryos, in order to study NC development in vivo and in vitro. The frog model offers many advantages to study early development; abundant batches are available, embryos develop rapidly, in vivo gain and loss of function strategies allow manipulation of gene expression prior to NC dissection in donor and/or host embryos. The NC explants can be plated on fibronectin and used for in vitro studies. They can be cultured for several days in a serum-free defined medium. We also describe how to graft NC explants back into host embryos for studying NC migration and differentiation in vivo.

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

This protocol describes how to dissect premigratory cranial neural crest (NC) from Xenopus laevis neurulas. These explants can be plated on fibronectin and cultured in vitro, or grafted back into host embryos. This technique allows studying the mechanisms of NC epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, migration, and differentiation.

تشريح<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; العصبية كريست ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; يزدرع الثقافة أو<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; زرع

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of ...

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The initiation step, which involves the assembly of the ribosomal subunits at the mRNA initiation codon, involved initiation factor including eIF4G1. Defects in this rate limiting step of translation are linked to diverse disorders. To study the potential consequences of such deregulations, Xenopus laevis oocytes constitute an attractive model with high degrees of conservation of essential cellular and molecular mechanisms with human. In addition, during meiotic maturation, oocytes are transcriptionally repressed and all necessary proteins are translated from preexisting, maternally derived mRNAs. This inexpensive model enables exogenous mRNA to become perfectly integrated with an effective translation. Here is described a protocol for assessing translation with a factor of interest (here eIF4G1) using stored maternal mRNA that are the first to be polyadenylated and translated during oocyte maturation as a physiological readout. At first, mRNA synthetized by in vitro transcription of plasmids of interest (here eIF4G1) are injected in oocytes and kinetics of oocyte maturation by Germinal Vesicle Breakdown detection is determined. The studied maternal mRNA target is the serine/threonine-protein-kinase mos. Its polyadenylation and its subsequent translation are investigated together with the expression and phosphorylation of proteins of the mos signaling cascade involved in oocyte maturation. Variations of the current protocol to put forward translational defects are also proposed to emphasize its general applicability. In light of emerging evidence that aberrant protein synthesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, such a model provides the opportunity to easily assess this impairment and identify new targets.

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis control occurs mainly at the translation initiation step, deficiencies in which are linked to diverse disorders. To better understand their etiology, we described here a protocol using Xenopus laevis oocytes assessing the translation of mos transcript in the presence of a mutant of translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

القيطم المورق نموذجا لتحديد الترجمة انخفاض قيمة

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...