Sriharsa برادان ، شانون موري كيني ، هانغ كيونغ شين ، Jurate Bitinaite ، يو تشنغ ، بيير اوليفييه استيف Romualdas Vaisvila ، والمختبرات ستيفن هاء جاكوبسن ثانية ، جامعة كاليفورنيا. وأيد هذا العمل جزئيا من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة 1R44GM095209 - 01.

1. Glucosylation الحمض النووي ومراقبة ردود الفعل <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في أنبوب تفاعل 1.5 ملليلتر على الجليد ، مزيج 50-10 ميكروغرام من الحمض النووي الجيني (لتركيز النهائي 30 ميكروغرام / ملليلتر) ، 12.4 microliters من UDP - الجلوكوز (لتركيز النهائي من 80 micromolar) ، و 31 من microliters NEBuffer 4 وتصل إلى 310 microliters nuclease خالية من المياه لتحقيق الحجم الكلي إلى 310 microliters. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تقسيم هذا الخليط التفاعل إلى أنبوبين من 155 microliters لكل منهما. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ثم إضافة 30 وحدة ، أو microliters 3 من T4 - ناقلة الغلوكوزيل - β لأنبوب واحد. مزيج جيد من قبل pipetting بلطف صعودا وهبوطا. الأنبوب الثاني هو رد فعل السيطرة ، إضافة لذلك microliters 3 من المياه ، بدلا من BGT - T4. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان كل من أنابيب عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 12 إلى 18 ساعة ، وخلال الوقت الذي T4 - BGT سيضيف الجلوكوز إلى مجموعة الهيدروكسيل من 5 hydroxymethylcytosine المجموعات في العينة. </li></ol> 2. تقييد انزيم الهضم <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التسمية three - PCR 0.2 ملليلتر الشريط الأرقام من 1 إلى 3 أنابيب. قسامة 50 من المجاهدين في كل خليط التفاعل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التسمية three - PCR 0.2 ملليلتر الشريط أعداد أنابيب من 4 إلى 6. قسامة 50 ماي من خليط التحكم في كل منها. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 100 وحدة ، أو ميكروليتر 1 من MspI في أنابيب 1 و 4. مزيج جيد من قبل pipetting بلطف صعودا وهبوطا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 50 وحدة ، أو ميكروليتر 1 من HpaII في أنابيب 2 و 5. مزيج جيد من قبل pipetting بلطف صعودا وهبوطا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لا تضيف شيئا إلى أنابيب 3 و 6 ، كما هي الضوابط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان جميع أنابيب 6 إلى 37 درجة مئوية لمدة لا تقل عن 4 ساعات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 1 ميكروليتر من بروتين كاف في كل أنبوب واحتضان عند 40 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تثبيط بروتين التي يحتضنها K في 95 درجة مئوية لمدة 10 دقيقة. </li></ol> 3. تحليل الحمض النووي عن طريق PCR / qPCR يستخدم هذا البروتوكول في NEB LongAmp طق لنقطة النهاية PCR وهو ما ثبت لأداء جيدا. يمكن أن تكون بديلا غيرها من البروتوكولات PCR. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة المكونات التالية لأنبوب 0.2 ملليلتر تفاعل PCR على الجليد : 10 microliters من 5X LongAmp الاحتياطي الرد طق ، 1.5 microliters من 10 dNTPs millimolar ، 1 ميكروليتر التمهيدي من 10 انتقل micromolar ، 1 ميكروليتر من 10 عكس micromolar التمهيدي و 3 من قالب microliters الحمض النووي من الخطوات السابقة ، 1 ميكروليتر من البلمرة DNA LongAmp طق ، وخالية من المياه nuclease تصل إلى 50 microliters. قد تتغير هذه الكميات وفقا لبروتوكول PCR المستخدمة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المزيج بلطف التفاعل. إذا لزم الأمر ، وجمع كل السائل إلى أسفل الأنبوب التي تدور بسرعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تراكب العينة مع الزيوت المعدنية في حالة استخدام thermocycler دون غطاء ساخنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل أنابيب PCR من الجليد لthermocycler مع الكتلة محمى إلى 94 درجة مئوية وبدء برنامج ركوب الدراجات. لروتين 3 - PCR الخطوة ، ينبغي أن تكون هناك خطوة واحدة تمسخ الأولي في 94 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 ثانية تليها 30 دورات من 94 درجة مئوية لمدة 15 ثانية تمسخ و 55 إلى 65 درجة مئوية لمدة 30 ثانية الصلب ، و 65 درجة مئوية التمديد لمدة 20 ثانية ، أو 50 ثانية لكل كيلوبايت. وينبغي أن يتبع ذلك من قبل أحد التمديد النهائي في 65 درجة مئوية لمدة 5 دقائق. ويمكن أيضا في الوقت الحقيقي PCR أن يؤديها لquantitate مبالغ methylcytosine - 5 و 5 hydroxymethylcytosine. يرجى الرجوع إلى دليل المنتجات ، والعثور على neb.com عن معلومات محددة. </li></ol> 4. ممثل النتائج : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2661/2661fig1.jpg" alt="الشكل 1" /> الشكل 1. مقارنة بين 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine المبالغ في 12 موضعا في عينات الأنسجة المختلفة الماوس BALB / C. (A) ، نقطة النهاية PCR. (B) ، في الوقت الحقيقي PCR. وقد تم تحليل الحمض النووي من الأنسجة الماوس الأربعة. لأغراض المقارنة ، تم تطبيع PCR الوقت الحقيقي للبيانات الحمض النووي غير المصقول. واستخدمت لتحديد المنحنى القياسي في عدد النسخ. ويمكن تطبيع عينات بقسمة عدد نسخ أي من العينات 1-6 قبل عدد نسخة من التحكم الذي هو عسر الهضم (رقم 5). محاصر حارة هلام يظهر التباين في 5 HMC الحالي.

<ol>
	<li>Sadri, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4987-4989 (1996).</li><li>Mathur, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gene. 108, 1-6 (1991).</li><li>Butkus, V., Petrauskiene, L., Maneliene, Z., Klimasaukas, S., Laucys, V., Janulaitis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 7091-7102 (1987).</li><li>Kriaucionis, S., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Science. 324, 929-930 (2009).</li><li>Tahiliani, M., Koh, K. P., Shen, Y., Pastor, W. A., Bandukwala, H., Brudno, Y., Agarwal, S., Lyer, L. M., Liu, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Science. 324, 930-935 (2009).</li><li>Huang, Y., Pastor, W. A., Shen, Y., Tahiliani, M., Liu, D. R., Rao, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PLoS One. 5 (1), e8888-e8888 (2010).</li></ol>

كل من تيد والغجر ، والمؤلفين من هذه المادة ، والعاملين في NEB ؛ الغجر هي المطور الرئيسي للمجموعة ، مع تيد يجري مدير قسم التطوير والتطبيقات التي أشرفت على إعداد هذه المجموعة.

هناك أشياء عدة حاسمة في الاعتبار عند إعداد هذه التجربة. أولا ، من المهم أن glucosylation من الحمض النووي الجينومي العائدات على الانتهاء. ولا يعرف خصوصية تسلسل BGT - T4 ، ويبدو أن لا خيار لتسلسل الركيزة. ولذلك ، في بعض الحالات ، قد تكون أوقات أطول الحضانة اللازمة. ثانيا ، يجب MspI HpaII الهضم وتكون كاملة من أجل تجنب إشارة الخلفية. لتقييد هذه الإنزيمات ، نوصي وقت الحضانة من 4 ساعات ، ولكن لا يمكن أن يؤديها يعد حضانات عندما لوحظ انقسام غير مكتملة. ثالثا ، يمكن تعديلها إدخال كمية الحمض النووي اعتمادا على توافر ، يمكن استخدامها منذ 20 NGS من الحمض النووي لنقطة النهاية PCR. وأخيرا ، فإننا نوصي باستخدام الحمض النووي التحكم الموردة والتي قد تكون بالتوازي مع الحمض النووي الجيني لMC - 5 - 5 وتقدير مؤسسة حمد الطبية.

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<td>EpiMark&trade; 5-hmC and 5-mC Analysis Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>E3317</td>
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<td>Locus specific primers, flanking a CCGG site of interest</td>
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<td>Custom per experiment; provided by user</td>
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<td>LongAmp&reg; Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
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<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>M0323</td>
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<td>dNTPs</td>
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<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>N0447</td>
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<td>molecular biology grade water</td>
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high sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine detection in balb/c brain tissue

DNA hydroxymethylation is a long known modification of DNA, but has recently become a focus in epigenetic research. Mammalian DNA is enzymatically modified at the 5th carbon position of cytosine (C) residues to 5-mC, predominately in the context of CpG dinucleotides. 5-mC is amenable to enzymatic oxidation to 5-hmC by the Tet family of enzymes, which are believed to be involved in development and disease. Currently, the biological role of 5-hmC is not fully understood, but is generating a lot of interest due to its potential as a biomarker. This is due to several groundbreaking studies identifying 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse embryonic stem (ES) and neuronal cells. Research techniques, including bisulfite sequencing methods, are unable to easily distinguish between 5-mC and 5-hmC . A few protocols exist that can measure global amounts of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the genome, including liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis or thin layer chromatography of single nucleosides digested from genomic DNA. Antibodies that target 5-hydroxymethylcytosine also exist, which can be used for dot blot analysis, immunofluorescence, or precipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA, but these antibodies do not have single base resolution.In addition, resolution depends on the size of the immunoprecipitated DNA and for microarray experiments, depends on probe design. Since it is unknown exactly where 5-hydroxymethylcytosine exists in the genome or its role in epigenetic regulation, new techniques are required that can identify locus specific hydroxymethylation. The EpiMark 5-hmC and 5-mC Analysis Kit provides a solution for distinguishing between these two modifications at specific loci. The EpiMark 5-hmC and 5-mC Analysis Kit is a simple and robust method for the identification and quantitation of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine within a specific DNA locus. This enzymatic approach utilizes the differential methylation sensitivity of the isoschizomers MspI and HpaII in a simple 3-step protocol. Genomic DNA of interest is treated with T4-BGT, adding a glucose moeity to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. This reaction is sequence-independent, therefore all 5-hmC will be glucosylated; unmodified or 5-mC containing DNA will not be affected. This glucosylation is then followed by restriction endonuclease digestion. MspI and HpaII recognize the same sequence (CCGG) but are sensitive to different methylation states. HpaII cleaves only a completely unmodified site: any modification (5-mC, 5-hmC or 5-ghmC) at either cytosine blocks cleavage. MspI recognizes and cleaves 5-mC and 5-hmC, but not 5-ghmC. The third part of the protocol is interrogation of the locus by PCR. As little as 20 ng of input DNA can be used. Amplification of the experimental (glucosylated and digested) and control (mock glucosylated and digested) target DNA with primers flanking a CCGG site of interest (100-200 bp) is performed. If the CpG site contains 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a band is detected after glucosylation and digestion, but not in the non-glucosylated control reaction. Real time PCR will give an approximation of how much hydroxymethylcytosine is in this particular site. In this experiment, we will analyze the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine amount in a mouse Babl/C brain sample by end point PCR.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Detection in Balb/C Brain Tissue at JoVE.com

High Sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Detection in Balb/C Brain Tissue

يمكن استخدام EpiMark 5 - 5 - مؤسسة حمد الطبية وأدوات التحليل MC لتحليل وquantitate methylcytosine 5 و 5 hydroxymethylcytosine داخل موضعا cific جمعية مهندسي البترول. عدة يميز MC - 5 - 5 من مؤسسة حمد الطبية عن طريق إضافة السكر إلى مجموعة الهيدروكسيل من HMC - 5 عبر رد فعل الأنزيمية باستخدام β - ناقلة الغلوكوزيل (T4 - BGT). عند 5 - HMC يحدث في سياق CCGG ، يحول هذا التعديل MspI شطورة موقع إلى موقع غير شطورة.

الحساسية العالية 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine كشفها في أنسجة المخ BALB / C

DNA hydroxymethylation is a long known modification of DNA, but has recently become a focus in epigenetic research.   Mammalian DNA is enzymatically ...

high-sensitivity-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-detection-balbc-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.9K Views.  New England Biolabs. يمكن استخدام EpiMark 5 - 5 - مؤسسة حمد الطبية وأدوات التحليل MC لتحليل وquantitate methylcytosine 5 و 5 hydroxymethylcytosine داخل موضعا cific جمعية مهندسي البترول. عدة يميز MC - 5 - 5 من مؤسسة حمد الطبية عن طريق إضافة السكر إلى مجموعة الهيدروكسيل من HMC - 5 عبر رد فعل الأنزيمية باستخدام β - ناقلة الغلوك...

Video: High Sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Detection in Balb/C Brain Tissue

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, to cysteine residues of substrate proteins through a labile thioester bond [reviewed in1]. Palmitoylation of a substrate protein increases its hydrophobicity, and typically facilitates its trafficking toward cellular membranes. Recent studies have shown palmitoylation to be one of the most common lipid modifications in neurons1, 2, suggesting that palmitate turnover is an important mechanism by which these cells regulate the targeting and trafficking of proteins. The identification and detection of palmitoylated substrates can therefore better our understanding of protein trafficking in neurons.
Detection of protein palmitoylation in the past has been technically hindered due to the lack of a consensus sequence among substrate proteins, and the reliance on metabolic labeling of palmitoyl-proteins with 3H-palmitate, a time-consuming biochemical assay with low sensitivity. Development of the Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE) assay enables more rapid and high sensitivity detection of palmitoylated proteins2-4, and is optimal for measuring the dynamic turnover of palmitate on neuronal proteins. The ABE assay is comprised of three biochemical steps (Figure 1): 1) irreversible blockade of unmodified cysteine thiol groups using N-ethylmaliemide (NEM), 2) specific cleavage and unmasking of the palmitoylated cysteine's thiol group by hydroxylamine (HAM), and 3) selective labeling of the palmitoylated cysteine using a thiol-reactive biotinylation reagent, biotin-BMCC. Purification of the thiol-biotinylated proteins following the ABE steps has differed, depending on the overall goal of the experiment.
Here, we describe a method to purify a palmitoylated protein of interest in primary hippocampal neurons by an initial immunoprecipitation (IP) step using an antibody directed against the protein, followed by the ABE assay and western blotting to directly measure palmitoylation levels of that protein, which is termed the IP-ABE assay. Low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons have been widely used to study the localization, function, and trafficking of neuronal proteins, making them ideally suited for studying neuronal protein palmitoylation using the IP-ABE assay. The IP-ABE assay mainly requires standard IP and western blotting reagents, and is only limited by the availability of antibodies against the target substrate. This assay can easily be adapted for the purification and detection of transfected palmitoylated proteins in heterologous cell cultures, primary neuronal cultures derived from various brain tissues of both mouse and rat, and even primary brain tissue itself.

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

The reversible addition of palmitate to proteins is an important regulator of intracellular protein trafficking. This is of particular interest in neurons where many synaptic proteins are palmitoylated. We utilize a simple biochemical method to detect palmitoylated proteins in cultured neurons, which can be adapted for multiple cell types and tissues.

الكشف عن بروتين Palmitoylation في الخلايا العصبية قرن آمون بواسطة مثقف مناعي والبورصات الأسيل، البيوتين (آبي)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Brain by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Tissue Extracts

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics and proteomics have been complemented by comprehensive quantitative analysis of the metabolite pool present in biological systems. This strategy, termed metabolomics, strives to provide a global characterization of the small-molecule complement involved in metabolism. While the genome and the proteome define the tasks cells can perform, the metabolome is part of the actual phenotype. Among the methods currently used in metabolomics, spectroscopic techniques are of special interest because they allow one to simultaneously analyze a large number of metabolites without prior selection for specific biochemical pathways, thus enabling a broad unbiased approach. Here, an optimized experimental protocol for metabolomic analysis by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is presented, which is the method of choice for efficient quantification of tissue metabolites. Important strengths of this method are (i) the use of crude extracts, without the need to purify the sample and/or separate metabolites; (ii) the intrinsically quantitative nature of NMR, permitting quantitation of all metabolites represented by an NMR spectrum with one reference compound only; and (iii) the nondestructive nature of NMR enabling repeated use of the same sample for multiple measurements. The dynamic range of metabolite concentrations that can be covered is considerable due to the linear response of NMR signals, although metabolites occurring at extremely low concentrations may be difficult to detect. For the least abundant compounds, the highly sensitive mass spectrometry method may be advantageous although this technique requires more intricate sample preparation and quantification procedures than NMR spectroscopy. We present here an NMR protocol adjusted to rat brain analysis; however, the same protocol can be applied to other tissues with minor modifications.

The neurochemistry of mammalian brain is changed in many neurological and systemic diseases. Characteristic profiles of cerebral metabolites can be efficiently obtained based on crude extracts of brain tissue. To this end, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is employed, enabling detailed quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations (metabolomics).

تحليل Metabolomic من دماغ الفئران بواسطة عالية الدقة النووية الرنين المغناطيسي الطيفي مقتطفات من الأنسجة

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics ...

Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting to Examine Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Rat Brain Tissue

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant cell type in the brain, neurons are the most widely studied of these cell types given their direct role in impacting behaviors. Other cell types in the brain also impact neuronal function and behavior via the signaling molecules they produce. Neuroscientists must understand the interactions between the cell types in the brain to better understand how these interactions impact neural function and disease. To date, the most common method of analyzing protein or gene expression utilizes the homogenization of whole tissue samples, usually with blood, and without regard for cell type. This approach is an informative approach for examining general changes in gene or protein expression that may influence neural function and behavior; however, this method of analysis does not lend itself to a greater understanding of cell-type-specific gene expression and the effect of cell-to-cell communication on neural function. Analysis of behavioral epigenetics has been an area of growing focus which examines how modifications of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure impact long-term gene expression and behavior; however, this information may only be relevant if analyzed in a cell-type-specific manner given the differential lineage and thus epigenetic markers that may be present on certain genes of individual neural cell types. The Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) technique described below provides a simple and effective way to isolate individual neural cells for the subsequent analysis of gene expression, protein expression, or epigenetic modifications of DNA. This technique can also be modified to isolate more specific neural cell types in the brain for subsequent cell-type-specific analysis.

The goal of this protocol is to use the fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technique to sort specific types of neural cells for subsequent analysis of cell-type-specific gene expression, epigenetic markers, and or protein expression.

باستخدام الإسفار خلية المنشط الفرز لفحص الخلية من نوع محدد التعبير الجيني في الأنسجة دماغ الفئران

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

طريقة بسيطة وغير مكلفة لتحديد الباردة الحساسية والتكيف في الفئران

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for maintenance, repair or neurodegeneration in postdevelopmental periods. High throughput analyses have recently revealed that axons have a more dynamic and complex transcriptome than previously expected. These analysis, however have been mostly done in cultured neurons where axons can be isolated from the somato-dendritic compartments. It is virtually impossible to achieve such isolation in whole tissues in vivo. Thus, in order to verify the recruitment of mRNAs and their functional relevance in a whole animal, transcriptome analyses should ideally be combined with techniques that allow the visualization of mRNAs in situ. Recently, novel ISH technologies that detect RNAs at a single-molecule level have been developed. This is especially important when analyzing the subcellular localization of mRNA, since localized RNAs are typically found at low levels. Here we describe two protocols for the detection of axonally-localized mRNAs using a novel ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology. We have combined RNAscope ISH with axonal counterstain using fluorescence immunohistochemistry or histological dyes to verify the recruitment of Atf4 mRNA to axons in vivo in the mature mouse and human brains.

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

الكشف عن Axonally المترجمة من mRNAs في أقسام المخ باستخدام عالية الدقة<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) experiments. Determining the appropriate protocol to follow throughout the sample preparation process can be difficult as each step must be optimized to comply with the unique characteristics of the analytes of interest. This process involves not only finding a compatible matrix that can desorb and ionize the molecules of interest efficiently, but also selecting the appropriate matrix deposition technique. For example, a wet matrix deposition technique, which entails dissolving a matrix in solvent, is superior for desorption of most proteins and peptides, whereas dry matrix deposition techniques are particularly effective for ionization of lipids. Sublimation has been reported as a highly efficient method of dry matrix deposition for the detection of lipids in tissue by MALDI IMS due to the homogeneity of matrix crystal deposition and minimal analyte delocalization as compared to many wet deposition methods 1,2. Broadly, it involves placing a sample and powdered matrix in a vacuum-sealed chamber with the samples pressed against a cold surface. The apparatus is then lowered into a heated bath (sand or oil), resulting in sublimation of the powdered matrix onto the cooled tissue sample surface. Here we describe a sublimation protocol using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) matrix for the detection and visualization of gangliosides in the rat brain using MALDI IMS.

A protocol for the sublimation of DAN matrix onto rat brain tissue for the detection of gangliosides using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry is presented.

التسامي DAN مصفوفة للكشف والتخيل من Gangliosides في الجرذ أنسجة المخ لMALDI التصوير قياس الطيف الكتلي

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

تحليل الفائق للسلوك الحركي في مقايسة الجزيرة المورفولوجية

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection in Solvent-Cleared Brain Tissue

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and study the distribution, tropism, and abundance of pathogens inside of organ tissues provides pivotal data on disease development and progression. Using conventional microscopy methods, immunolabeling is mostly restricted to thin sections obtained from paraffin-embedded or frozen samples. However, the limited 2D image plane of these thin sections may lead to the loss of crucial information on the complex structure of an infected organ and the cellular context of the infection. Modern multicolor, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques now provide a relatively fast and inexpensive way to study high-volume 3D image stacks of virus-infected organ tissue. By exposing the tissue to organic solvents, it becomes optically transparent. This matches the sample&#8217;s refractive indices and eventually leads to a significant reduction of light scattering. Thus, in combination with long free working distance objectives, large tissue sections up to 1 mm in size can be imaged by conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at high resolution. Here, we describe a protocol to apply deep-tissue imaging after tissue clearing to visualize rabies virus distribution in infected brains in order to study topics like virus pathogenesis, spread, tropism, and neuroinvasion.

Novel, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques like the ultimate 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs allow the 3D visualization of rabies virus brain infection and its complex cellular environment. Thick, antibody-labeled brain tissue slices are made optically transparent to increase imaging depth and to enable 3D analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

التصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد عالي الدقة للعدوى بفيروس داء الكلب في أنسجة الدماغ التي تم تطهيرها من المذيبات

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

استخدام الاشعه تحت الحمراء القريبة والمسح عاليه الدقة لقياس تعبير البروتين في الدماغ القوارض

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

الكشف عن 5-هيدروكسي ميثيل سيتوسين في الخلايا الجذعية العصبية وعقول الفئران

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...