وقد تم تمويل هذا البحث من قبل المنحة الوطنية للعلوم رقم 0651981 ومؤسسة الكسندر ستيوارت ومارغريت الثقة على الرغم من أن مركز السرطان التابع لجامعة جونز هوبكنز. فإن الكتاب مثل الاعتراف بمساهمات الدكتور العاني رودا إلى العائد المحلي ودراسة المريض فضلا عن مساعدة ودعم الدكتور كانغ سيوون وزارته خلال دراسة المريض.

1. الإعداد <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ويرد درجة حرارة الغرفة امتحان للرقابة الكاميرا مجهزة بالأشعة تحت الحمراء وجهاز الكمبيوتر لالتقاط صور الأشعة تحت الحمراء والتخزين فضلا عن اقتناء بطاقة البيانات المتصلة بجهاز كمبيوتر في Fig.1a. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ويتم رصد درجة حرارة الغرفة ودرجة حرارة الجلد السطحية التي تعلق على المزدوجات الحرارية بطاقة الحصول على البيانات أثناء الدراسة المريض وقياس البيانات المخزنة على الكمبيوتر. </li></ol> 2. صورة اقتناء <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذ لا يمكن أن يتم الكشف عن الآفة في صورة حرارية دون تأثير التبريد ، يتم استخدام علامة لاصقة مربع لتوطين آفة مصطبغة المصالح وضواحيها (الشكل 1B). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> علينا الحصول على صورة الضوء الساطع من آفة مصطبغة ، ونافذة لاصقة مع كاميرا رقمية (كانون PowerShot G11) (الشكل 1B). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ويستخدم dermatoscope متصلة كاميرا رقمية (DermLite صورتي النظام) لالتقاط صورة الضوء المستقطب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> علينا الحصول على صورة الدولة المستقرة تحت الحمراء مع midwave ميرلين (3-5 ميكرومتر) كاميرا الأشعة تحت الحمراء هو مبين في Fig.1a ، C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نحن نطبق تيار من الهواء البارد إلى منطقة جلد المريض تحتوي على الآفة وكذلك المنطقة المحيطة بقطر 50 ملم لمدة دقيقة واحدة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد دقيقة واحدة ، ونحن إزالة هذا الضغط للسماح للتبريد الجلد لفي درجة حرارة الغرفة في غضون دقائق 3-4 (الحرارية مرحلة الانتعاش) (الشكل 1C - D) إعادة الدافئة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خلال مرحلة الانتعاش الحرارية ، ويتم التقاط صور الأشعة تحت الحمراء من آفة مصطبغة كل 2 ثانية (الشكل 1C - D). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يتم حفظ كل الصور الأشعة تحت الحمراء (بالإضافة إلى الضوء الأبيض والضوء المستقطب الصور) التي اتخذت خلال دراسة وتخزينها باستخدام برنامج LABVIEW. </li></ol> 3. معالجة الصور <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ويتم تحليل هذه الصور باستخدام الأشعة تحت الحمراء رمز مطلب مكرس من أجل الحصول على دقة توزيع الحرارة عابرة على سطح الجلد. لهذا الغرض ، ونحن نقدم العديد من الخطوات معايرة وتحليل صورة النظام المتعدد الوسائط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نبدأ بتطبيق خوارزمية الكشف المعالم لصورة الضوء الساطع لتوطين أركان علامة لاصقة. المقبل ، حددنا النقاط المقابلة في صورة الأشعة تحت الحمراء المرجعية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> من أجل التعويض عن حركة الجسم / أطرافه غير الطوعي للمريض ، ونحن نستخدم هذه النقاط والمعالم في نموذج الحركة التربيعية لمواءمة تسلسل صورة الأشعة تحت الحمراء في مرحلة الانتعاش. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نستخدم ماشي عشوائي ، وتجزئة الصور خوارزمية التفاعلية حيث يمكن للمستخدم دليل مكانيا للتجزئة عن طريق وضع نقاط البذور ، لخلق صورة قناع ترسيم الآفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بمجرد أن نحدد شكل الآفة ، نحدد المنطقة المقابلة في كل من صور الأشعة تحت الحمراء مسجلة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نختار نقطة عشوائية داخل الآفة ، وبعيدا عن الآفة التي تمثل آفة والأنسجة السليمة ، على التوالي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قارنا استجابة عابرة الحراري للبشرة صحية واستجابة الآفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نعد جدولا يبين كافة البيانات : الرقمية ، dermoscopy ، مرمزة صور الأشعة تحت الحمراء من الآفة والمنطقة المحيطة بها المسجلة في الظروف المحيطة وبعد 2 ثانية الإثارة التبريد ، واستجابة عابرة الحرارية الآفة والأنسجة السليمة. </li></ol> 4. ممثل النتائج : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2679/2679fig1.jpg" alt="الشكل 1" /> الشكل 1. أ) نظام التصوير بالأشعة تحت الحمراء HRIS في غرفة التجارب السريرية ، ب) صورة فوتوغرافية لمنطقة الجسم أكبر السطح مع مجموعة من الآفات الصباغية والإطار قالب بطلبات للحصول على التصوير ، ج) والأشعة تحت الحمراء صورة مرجع في المنطقة عند درجة حرارة الغرفة ، د) تضخيم نفس المنطقة بعد التبريد وه) قسم من آفة الجلد والمناطق المحيطة بها <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2679/2679fig2.jpg" alt="الشكل 2" /> الشكل 2. قاعة الامتحان مع نظامنا التصوير الحراري. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2679/2679fig3.jpg" alt="الشكل 3" /> الشكل 3. تبريد الآفة وأنسجة الجلد المحيطة بها تهب تيار من الهواء البارد من أنبوب الدوامة.

<ol>
	<li>Elder, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+progression,+early+diagnosis+and+prognosis+of+melanoma.">Tumor progression, early diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma.</a> Acta Oncol. 38, 535-547 (1999).</li><li>Wartman, D., Weinstock, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+we+overemphasizing+sun+avoidance+in+protection+from+melanoma.">Are we overemphasizing sun avoidance in protection from melanoma.</a> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17, 469-470 (2008).</li><li>Pirtini Cetingul, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Using high resolution infrared imaging to detect melanoma and dysplastic nevi [dissertation]. , (2010).</li><li>Jones, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reappraisal+of+the+use+of+infrared+thermal+image+analysis+in+medicine.">A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 17, 1019-1027 (1998).</li><li>Anbar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+thermal+imaging+today-shifting+from+phenomenological+thermography+to+pathophysiologically+based+thermal+imaging.">Clinical thermal imaging today-shifting from phenomenological thermography to pathophysiologically based thermal imaging.</a> IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 17, 25-33 (1998).</li><li>Anbar, M., Gratt, B. M., Hong, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermology+and+facial+telethermography.+Part+I:+history+and+technical+review.">Thermology and facial telethermography. Part I: history and technical review.</a> Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 27, 61-67 (1998).</li><li>Jones, B. F., Plassmann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+infrared+thermal+imaging+of+human+skin.">Digital infrared thermal imaging of human skin.</a> IEEE Eng. Med. Bio. 21, 41-48 (2002).</li><li>Qi, H., Diakides, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Infrared imaging in Medicine. , (2007).</li><li>Pirtini Cetingul, M., Herman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+skin+lesions+from+the+transient+thermal+response+using+infrared+imaging+technique.">Identification of skin lesions from the transient thermal response using infrared imaging technique.</a> IEEE 5th Int. Symp. on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro 1-4. , 1219-1222 (2008).</li><li>Cetingul, P. i. r. t. i. n. i., M, ., Herman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+the+thermal+signature+of+a+melanoma+lesion.">Quantification of the thermal signature of a melanoma lesion.</a> Int. Journal of Thermal Science. 50, 421-431 (2011).</li><li>Pirtini Cetingul, M., Herman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+heat+transfer+model+of+skin+tissue+for+the+detection+of+lesions:+sensitivity+analysis.">A heat transfer model of skin tissue for the detection of lesions: sensitivity analysis.</a> Physics in Medicine and Biology. 55, 5933-5951 (2010).</li><li>Pirtini Cetingul, M., Herman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+evaluation+of+skin+lesions+using+transient+thermal+imaging.">Quantitative evaluation of skin lesions using transient thermal imaging.</a> Proc. Int. Heat Transfer Conf. , (2010).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

وتشير النتائج إلى أن الضغط من خلال تطبيق نظام التبريد علينا تعزيز الاختلافات في درجة الحرارة بين الآفة والأنسجة المحيطة صحية. أيضا ، وبسبب حركات صغيرة من المريض خلال التصوير الحراري ، كان لدينا لتطبيق الاقتراح تتبع لتراكب الصور بشكل صحيح لقياس الاختلافات في درجة الحرارة بين الدولة مرجعية وتوزيع درجات الحرارة خلال الانتعاش الحراري. دون أن تتبع الحركة فإننا لم تكن قادرة على كشف وقياس درجة الحرارة الفرق بين الآفة الخبيثة والأنسجة السليمة. واجهت هذه النتائج ، وضرورة تعقب الحركة دقيقة شرح للمحققين صعوبات في الماضي عندما كانت تحاول تشخيص سرطان الجلد باستخدام الأشعة تحت الحمراء والتصوير استنادا إلى معلومات الدولة المستقرة وحدها وبشكل واضح يثبت مزايا التصوير الحراري الديناميكي. تجدر الإشارة إلى أن القرار المكانية للكاميرا الأشعة تحت الحمراء (عدد البكسل في الصفيف البؤري IR) أمر حاسم عندما آفات صغيرة المميزين. وكان كلا من القرار المكانية وحساسية في درجة الحرارة من كاميرات الأشعة تحت الحمراء في وقت مبكر محدودة ، وهو ما يمثل أيضا بالنسبة للصعوبات في الكشف عن سرطان الجلد في وقت مبكر في المرحلة الماضية. الاختلافات الرئيسية بين نهجنا وقبل محاولات التصوير الحراري -- التي كانت ناجحة نسبيا -- هي تسلسل المعايرة وخطوات معالجة الصور التي تسمح لنا لقياس درجة الحرارة بدقة الخلافات في هذا النظام بالإضافة إلى دينامية عملية التصوير التي تعتمد على التبريد النشطة.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المعدات </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td></tr><tr><td> ميرلين MWIR الكاميرا </td><td> FLIR </td><td> -- </td></tr><tr><td> كانون PowerShot G11 </td><td> شريعة </td><td> -- </td></tr><tr><td> DermLite صورتي النظام </td><td> DermLite </td><td> -- </td></tr><tr><td> دوامة انبوب </td><td> Exair </td><td> -- </td></tr><tr><td> خزانات الهواء </td><td> Airgas </td><td> -- </td></tr></tbody></table>

quantitative visualization and detection of skin cancer using dynamic thermal imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging at JoVE.com

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

أثبتنا بأن الآفات الخبيثة مصطبغة مع زيادة النشاط الأيضي توليد كميات قابلة للقياس الحرارة وقياس رد فعل عابر الحرارية من الجلد إلى الإثارة التبريد يسمح تحديد كمي لسرطان الجلد وسرطانات الجلد الأخرى (مقابل غير التكاثري حمات) في وقت مبكر مرحلة من مراحل المرض.

الكمية التصور والكشف عن سرطان الجلد باستخدام التصوير الحراري الديناميكي

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

quantitative-visualization-detection-skin-cancer-using-dynamic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.7K Views.  The Johns Hopkins University. أثبتنا بأن الآفات الخبيثة مصطبغة مع زيادة النشاط الأيضي توليد كميات قابلة للقياس الحرارة وقياس رد فعل عابر الحرارية من الجلد إلى الإثارة التبريد يسمح تحديد كمي لسرطان الجلد وسرطانات الجلد الأخرى (مقابل غير التكاثري حمات) في وقت مبكر مرحلة من مراحل المرض.

Video: Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

دقيقة وبسيطة قياس الموالية للالتهابات سايتوكاين 1β ايل باستخدام تحفيز الدم الجامعة الفحص

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Quantitative Analysis of Cancer Metastasis using an Avian Embryo Model

During metastasis cancer cells disseminate from the primary tumor, invade into surrounding tissues, and spread to distant organs. Metastasis is a complex process that can involve many tissue types, span variable time periods, and often occur deep within organs, making it difficult to investigate and quantify. In addition, the efficacy of the metastatic process is influenced by multiple steps in the metastatic cascade making it difficult to evaluate the contribution of a single aspect of tumor cell behavior. As a consequence, metastasis assays are frequently performed in experimental animals to provide a necessarily realistic context in which to study metastasis. Unfortunately, these models are further complicated by their complex physiology. The chick embryo is a unique in vivo model that overcomes many limitations to studying metastasis, due to the accessibility of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a well-vascularized extra-embryonic tissue located underneath the eggshell that is receptive to the xenografting of tumor cells (figure 1). Moreover, since the chick embryo is naturally immunodeficient, the CAM readily supports the engraftment of both normal and tumor tissues. Most importantly, the avian CAM successfully supports most cancer cell characteristics including growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and remodeling of the microenvironment. This makes the model exceptionally useful for the investigation of the pathways that lead to cancer metastasis and to predict the response of metastatic cancer to new potential therapeutics. The detection of disseminated cells by species-specific Alu PCR makes it possible to quantitatively assess metastasis in organs that are colonized by as few as 25 cells. Using the Human Epidermoid Carcinoma cell line (HEp3) we use this model to analyze spontaneous metastasis of cancer cells to distant organs, including the chick liver and lung. Furthermore, using the Alu-PCR protocol we demonstrate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay as a tool to analyze and quantitate intravasation, arrest, extravasation, and colonization as individual elements of metastasis.

Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate how the well-established chick CAM model can be used to quantitatively analyze the metastasis of human tumor cells to distant organs.

تحليل الكمي الإنبثاث السرطان باستخدام الأجنة النموذجي الطيور

During metastasis cancer cells disseminate from the primary tumor, invade into surrounding tissues, and spread to distant organs. Metastasis is a complex ...

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

In molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI) are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. PET is characterized by its excellent sensitivity and quantification ability while OI is notable for non-radiation, relative low cost, short scanning time, high throughput, and wide availability to basic researchers. However, both modalities have their shortcomings as well. PET suffers from poor spatial resolution and high cost, while OI is mostly limited to preclinical applications because of its limited tissue penetration along with prominent scattering optical signals through the thickness of living tissues.
 Recently a bridge between PET and OI has emerged with the discovery of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI)4-6. CLI is a new imaging modality that harnesses Cerenkov Radiation (CR) to image radionuclides with OI instruments. Russian Nobel laureate Alekseyevich Cerenkov and his colleagues originally discovered CR in 1934. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle travels at a superluminal speed in a dielectric medium7,8. The charged particle, whether positron or electron, perturbs the electromagnetic field of the medium by displacing the electrons in its atoms. After passing of the disruption photons are emitted as the displaced electrons return to the ground state. For instance, one 18F decay was estimated to produce an average of 3 photons in water5. 
 Since its emergence, CLI has been investigated for its use in a variety of preclinical applications including in vivo tumor imaging, reporter gene imaging, radiotracer development, multimodality imaging, among others4,5,9,10,11. The most important reason why CLI has enjoyed much success so far is that this new technology takes advantage of the low cost and wide availability of OI to image radionuclides, which used to be imaged only by more expensive and less available nuclear imaging modalities such as PET.
 Here, we present the method of using CLI to monitor cancer drug therapy. Our group has recently investigated this new application and validated its feasibility by a proof-of-concept study12. We demonstrated that CLI and PET exhibited excellent correlations across different tumor xenografts and imaging probes. This is consistent with the overarching principle of CR that CLI essentially visualizes the same radionuclides as PET. We selected Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche) as our therapeutic agent because it is a well-known angiogenesis inhibitor13,14. Maturation of this technology in the near future can be envisioned to have a significant impact on preclinical drug development, screening, as well as therapy monitoring of patients receiving treatments.

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Use of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for monitoring preclinical cancer treatment is described here. This method takes advantage of Cerenkov Radiation (CR) and optical imaging (OI) to visualize radiolabeled probes and thus provides an alternative to PET in preclinical therapeutic monitoring and drug screening.

كيرينكوف التصوير التلألؤ (CLI) لرصد علاج السرطان

In  molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI)  are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. ...

Quantitative Multispectral Analysis Following Fluorescent Tissue Transplant for Visualization of Cell Origins, Types, and Interactions

With the desire to understand the contributions of multiple cellular elements to the development of a complex tissue; such as the numerous cell types that participate in regenerating tissue, tumor formation, or vasculogenesis, we devised a multi-colored cellular transplant model of tumor development in which cell populations originate from different fluorescently colored reporter gene mice and are transplanted, engrafted or injected in and around a developing tumor. These colored cells are then recruited and incorporated into the tumor stroma. In order to quantitatively assess bone marrow derived tumor stromal cells, we transplanted GFP expressing transgenic whole bone marrow into lethally irradiated RFP expressing mice as approved by IACUC. 0ovarian tumors that were orthotopically injected into the transplanted mice were excised 6-8 weeks post engraftment and analyzed for bone marrow marker of origin (GFP) as well as antibody markers to detect tumor associated stroma using multispectral imaging techniques. We then adapted a methodology we call MIMicc- Multispectral Interrogation of Multiplexed cellular compositions, using multispectral unmixing of fluoroprobes to quantitatively assess which labeled cell came from which starting populations (based on original reporter gene labels), and as our ability to unmix 4, 5, 6 or more spectra per slide increases, we&#39;ve added additional immunohistochemistry associated with cell lineages or differentiation to increase precision. Utilizing software to detect co-localized multiplexed-fluorescent signals, tumor stromal populations can be traced, enumerated and characterized based on marker staining.1

Complex tissue masses, from organs to tumors, are composed of various cellular elements. We elucidated the contribution of cellular phenotypes within a tissue utilizing multi-labeled fluorescent transgenic mice in combination with multiparameter immunofluorescent staining followed by spectral unmixing to decipher cell origin as well as cell characteristics based on protein expression.

تحليل الكمي متعددة الأطياف وبعد زرع الأنسجة نيون لتصور أصول الخليوي، وأنواع، والتفاعلات

With the desire to understand the contributions of multiple cellular elements to the development of a complex tissue; such as the numerous cell types that ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

النخاعي السوائل عن طريق الرنا الميكروي التنميط الكمي في الوقت الحقيقي PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to clearly describe the acromion marker cluster (AMC) method of determining scapular kinematics when using a passive marker motion capture system, with consideration for the sources of error which could affect the validity and reliability of measurements. The AMC method involves placing a cluster of markers over the posterior acromion, and through calibration of anatomical landmarks with respect to the marker cluster it is possible to obtain valid measurements of scapular kinematics. The reliability of the method was examined between two days in a group of 15 healthy individuals (aged 19-38 years, eight males) as they performed arm elevation, to 120&#176;, and lowering in the frontal, scapular and sagittal planes. Results showed that between-day reliability was good for upward scapular rotation (Coefficient of Multiple Correlation; CMC = 0.92) and posterior tilt (CMC = 0.70) but fair for internal rotation (CMC = 0.53) during the arm elevation phase. The waveform error was lower for upward rotation (2.7&#176; to 4.4&#176;) and posterior tilt (1.3&#176; to 2.8&#176;), compared to internal rotation (5.4&#176; to 7.3&#176;). The reliability during the lowering phase was comparable to results observed during the elevation phase. If the protocol outlined in this study is adhered to, the AMC provides a reliable measurement of upward rotation and posterior tilt during the elevation and lowering phases of arm movement.

This report presents details of how to adopt the acromion marker cluster method of obtaining scapular kinematics when using a passive marker motion capture device. As has been described in the literature, this method provides a robust, non-invasive, three-dimensional, dynamic and valid measurement of scapular kinematics, minimizing skin movement artifact.

قياس من ديناميك الثوب الكينماتيكا باستخدام العنقودية الأخرم ماركر لتقليل قطعة أثرية حركة الجلد

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

التباين الديناميكي المحسن التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي لنموذج مثلي سرطان البنكرياس ماوس

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Assessment of Acute Ionizing Radiation Induced Skin Toxicity Using a Mouse Model

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and negatively impact patient quality of life and long term survival. Advances in the understanding of the biological pathways associated with normal tissue toxicities have allowed for the development of interventional drugs, however, current response studies are limited by a lack of quantitative metrics for assessing the severity of skin reactions. Here we present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe the instrumentation design of the DOS system as well as the inversion algorithm for extracting the optical parameters. Finally, to demonstrate clinical utility, we present representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema and compare the results with a commonly employed visual scoring. The described DOS method offers an objective, high through-put evaluation of skin toxicity via functional response that is translatable to the clinical setting.

We present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe DOS instrumentation design, optical parameters extraction algorithms and the animal handling procedures required to yield representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema.

منتشر الطيفي الضوئي للتقييم الكمي الحاد الإشعاعات المؤينة الجلد المستحث السمية باستخدام نموذج الفأر

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and ...

Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.

Here, we describe a light-sheet microscopy approach to visualize the cardiac CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate in a murine model of aseptic fulminant myocarditis, which is induced by the intratracheal diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c.DTR mice.

التصور الكمي من التسلل الكريات البيض في نموذج الفئران من التهاب عضلة القلب مداهم من قبل ورقة ضوء المجهري

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently ...

Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing continuous remodeling with the competing activity of osteoblasts, which produce the new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, whose function is to eliminate mineralized bone. [18F]-NaF is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer that enables visualization of bone metabolism. [18F]-NaF is chemically absorbed into hydroxyapatite in the bone matrix by osteoblasts and can thus noninvasively detect osteoblastic activity, which is occult to conventional imaging techniques. Kinetic modeling of dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET data provides detailed quantitative measures of bone metabolism. Conventional semi-quantitative PET data, which utilizes standardized uptake values (SUVs) as a measure of radiotracer activity, is referred to as a static technique due to its snapshot of tracer uptake in time.&#160; Kinetic modeling, however, utilizes dynamic image data where tracer levels are continuously acquired providing tracer uptake temporal resolution. From the kinetic modeling of dynamic data, quantitative values like blood flow and metabolic rate (i.e., potentially informative metrics of tracer dynamics) can be extracted, all with respect to the measured activity in the image data. When combined with dual modality PET-MRI, region-specific kinetic data can be correlated with anatomically registered high-resolution structural and pathologic information afforded by MRI. The goal of this methodological manuscript is to outline detailed techniques for performing and analyzing dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI data. The lumbar facet joint is a common site of degenerative arthritis disease and a common cause for axial low back pain.&#160; Recent studies suggest [18F]-NaF-PET may serve as a useful biomarker of painful facetogenic disease.&#160; The human lumbar facet joint will, therefore, be used as a prototypical region of interest for dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI analysis in this manuscript.

Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. We present detailed methodologies for performing and analyzing dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI data in a patient with facetogenic low back pain using the lumbar facet joints as a prototypical region of interest.

تحليل كمي [18F]-NAF-PET-MRI لتقييم دوران العظام الديناميكية في مريض يعاني من آلام الظهر المنخفضة في Facetogenic

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing ...