الدعم المقدم من جامعة ألاباما في برمنغهام كلية برنامج منح التنمية.

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classical+conditioning+of+autonomic+fear+responses+is+independent+of+contingency+awareness.">Classical conditioning of autonomic fear responses is independent of contingency awareness.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 36, 495-500 (2010).</li><li>Dunsmoor, J. E., Bandettini, P. A., Knight, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+unconditioned+response+diminution+during+Pavlovian+conditioning.">Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning.</a> Neuroimage. 40, 811-817 (2008).</li><li>Katkin, E. S., Wiens, S., Ohman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonconscious+fear+conditioning,+visceral+perception,+and+the+development+of+gut+feelings.">Nonconscious fear conditioning, visceral perception, and the development of gut feelings.</a> Psychol. Sci. 12, 366-370 (2001).</li><li>Knight, D. C., Waters, N. S., King, M. K., Bandettini, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning-related+diminution+of+unconditioned+SCR+and+fMRI+signal+responses.">Learning-related diminution of unconditioned SCR and fMRI signal responses.</a> Neuroimage. 49, 843-848 (2010).</li><li>Knight, D. C., Waters, N. S., Bandettini, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+substrates+of+explicit+and+implicit+fear+memory.">Neural substrates of explicit and implicit fear memory.</a> Neuroimage. 45, 208-214 (2009).</li><li>Lovibond, P. F., Shanks, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+awareness+in+Pavlovian+conditioning:+empirical+evidence+and+theoretical+implications.">The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: empirical evidence and theoretical implications.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 28, 3-26 (2002).</li><li>Hippocampus, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 8, 620-626 (1998).</li><li>Cox, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AFNI:+software+for+analysis+and+visualization+of+functional+magnetic+resonance+neuroimages.">AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages.</a> Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162-173 (1996).</li><li>Knight, D. C., Nguyen, H. T., Bandettini, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+conditional+fear+with+and+without+awareness.">Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 15280-15283 (2003).</li><li>Bunce, S. C., Bernat, E., Wong, P. S., Shevrin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Further+evidence+for+unconscious+learning:+preliminary+support+for+the+conditioning+of+facial+EMG+to+subliminal+stimuli.">Further evidence for unconscious learning: preliminary support for the conditioning of facial EMG to subliminal stimuli.</a> J. Psychiatr. Res. 33, 341-347 (1999).</li><li>Kotze, H. F., Moller, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+auditory+subliminal+stimulation+on+GSR.">Effect of auditory subliminal stimulation on GSR.</a> Psychol. Rep. 67, 931-934 (1990).</li><li>Miller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threshold+variability+in+subliminal+perception+experiments:+fixed+threshold+estimates+reduce+power+to+detect+subliminal+effects.">Threshold variability in subliminal perception experiments: fixed threshold estimates reduce power to detect subliminal effects.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 17, 841-851 (1991).</li><li>Tabbert, K., Stark, R., Kirsch, P., Vaitl, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+of+neural+responses+and+skin+conductance+reactions+during+fear+conditioning+with+and+without+awareness+of+stimulus+contingencies.">Dissociation of neural responses and skin conductance reactions during fear conditioning with and without awareness of stimulus contingencies.</a> Neuroimage. 32, 761-770 (2006).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

منهجية تكييف الخوف وصفها هنا يوفر وسيلة للتحقيق في الآليات العصبية للوعي وغير مدركين عمليات الذاكرة الخوف. هذه الطريقة يستفيد من رصد البيانات في وقت واحد السلوكية، الاستقلال الذاتي، والرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. رصد السلوكي (أي UCS المتوقع) والاستجابات اللاإرادية (أي S...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> معدات </td><td> شركة </td><td> البند رقم </td></tr><tr><td> نظام متكامل التصوير وظيفية (IFIS-SA) </td><td> Invivo كورب، وأورلاندو، فلوريدا </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> وحدة التحكم الرئيسية (الموجود في غرفة التحكم) الطرفية وحدة واجهة (الموجود في غرفة MRI) الصوت / وحدة العرض المرئي (الموجود في غرفة MRI)، ويشمل: <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 6.4 &quot;LCD الفيديو (قطري) شاشة <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 640 × 480 و 15 ° مجال الرؤية </li></ul></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> واجهة مربع الصوتية <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يسلم الصوت الهوائية في ستيريو </li></ul></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سماعات ستيريو MR-متوافق </li></ul></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> رصد نظام الفسيولوجية </td><td> Biopac أنظمة، وشركة، غلتا، CA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> البيانات Acquisitأيون وتحليل نظام ويندوز (MP150) معزولة واجهة رقمية (رقمي) كلفاني الجلد استجابة (GSR) مكبر للصوت MRI تلفزيون / نظام تصفية لمجموعة مكبر للصوت محول، ما يلي: <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> MRI تمديد الكابلات (غرفة لتصفية) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> RF تدخل مرشح </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> MRI تمديد الكابلات (GSR مكبر للصوت لتصفية) </li></ul> مكونات إضافية: DB25 الكابل الشريط M / F radiotranslucent أقطاب القابل للتصرف ألياف الكربون يؤدي </td><td></td><td valign="top"> MP150WSW STP100C EDA100C-MRI MECMRI-TRANS - MECMRI-1 - MRIRFIF - MECMRI-3 CBL110C EL508 LEAD108 </td></tr><tr><td> JOYSTICK </td><td> التصاميم الحالية، وشركة، فيلادلفيا، PA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> إرث جويستيك </td><td></td><td> HH-JOY-4 </td></tr><tr><td> تراث واجهة fORP </td><td></td><td> الوحدة-005 </td></tr></tbody></table>

investigating the neural mechanisms of aware and unaware fear memory with fmri

وكثيرا ما يستخدم الجنوني تكييف الخوف في تركيبة مع التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي (الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي) في البشر للتحقيق في ركائز العصبية للتعلم النقابي 1-5. في هذه الدراسات، من المهم أن تقدم أدلة السلوكية من تكييف للتحقق من اختلافات في نشاط المخ والتعلم المرتبطة ارتباطا مع السلوك البشري. دراسات تكييف الخوف في كثير من الأحيان ردود رصد المستقل (مثل الجلد استجابة تصرف؛ SCR) وذلك في مؤشر التعلم والذاكرة 6-8. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن للتدابير سلوكية أخرى توفر معلومات قيمة حول عملية التعلم و / أو الوظائف المعرفية الأخرى التي تؤثر تكييف. وكان على سبيل المثال، فإن تأثير التحفيز دون شروط (UCS) المتوقع لها على التعبير عن استجابة مشروطة (CR) والاستجابة غير المشروطة (UCR) موضوع اهتمام في العديد من الدراسات التي أجريت مؤخرا 9-14. SCR وUCS المتوقع يقيس حافي مؤخرا تستخدم في بالاشتراك مع الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للتحقيق في ركائز العصبية للتعلم وعلم علم الخوف وعمليات الذاكرة 15. على الرغم من أن يمكن تقييم هذه العمليات المعرفية إلى حد ما بعد الدورة تكييف، يمكن بعد تكييف التقييمات لا قياس التوقعات على أساس تجريبي إلى المحاكمة وعرضة لتدخل والنسيان، فضلا عن العوامل الأخرى التي قد تشوه نتائج 16،17 . رصد الاستجابات اللاإرادية والسلوكية في وقت واحد مع الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي يوفر آلية يمكن من خلالها تقييم ركائز العصبية التي تتوسط العلاقات المعقدة بين العمليات المعرفية والاستجابات السلوكية / اللاإرادي. ومع ذلك، ورصد ردود اللاإرادي والسلوكية في بيئة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي يشكل عدد من المشاكل العملية. على وجه التحديد، هي التي شيدت 1) معيار معدات الرصد السلوكية والفسيولوجية من المواد الحديدية التي لا يمكن استخدامها بأمان بالقرب من هيئة السلع التموينية MRIيمكن أن تنتج nner، 2) عندما يتم وضع هذه المعدات خارج دائرة المسح التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي، والكابلات إسقاط لهذا الموضوع يمكن أن تحمل الضوضاء التي تنتج RF التحف في صور الدماغ، 3) التحف داخل الجلد إشارة تصرف من خلال تحويل التدرجات المسح الضوئي، 4) يجوز للإشارة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي التي تنتجها المحركات مطالب من الاستجابات السلوكية تحتاج إلى تمييزها عن نشاط يتعلق العمليات المعرفية في المصالح. يمكن حل كل هذه القضايا مع تعديلات على الإعداد لمعدات الرصد الفسيولوجية والإجراءات الإضافية تحليل البيانات. هنا نقدم منهجية لرصد الاستجابات في وقت واحد اللاإرادي والسلوكية خلال الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي، وشرح استخدام هذه الأساليب لتحقيق عمليات الذاكرة وعيا ويدركون خلال تكييف الخوف.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI at JoVE.com

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

يوصف منهجية للتحقيق في الآليات العصبية التي تدعم عمليات الذاكرة وعيا ويدركون خلال تكييف الخوف. هذه الطريقة يراقب مستوى الأكسجين في الدم التابع (BOLD) التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي، واستجابة الجلد تصرف، ودون شروط التحفيز المتوقع خلال تكييف الخوف الجنوني لتقييم يرتبط العصبية عمليات الذاكرة متميزة.

التحقيق في الآليات العصبية للذاكرة الخوف وغير مدركين إدراكا مع الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي

Pavlovian fear conditioning is often used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate the neural substrates ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K Views.  University of Alabama at Birmingham. يوصف منهجية للتحقيق في الآليات العصبية التي تدعم عمليات الذاكرة وعيا ويدركون خلال تكييف الخوف. هذه الطريقة يراقب مستوى الأكسجين في الدم التابع (BOLD) التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي، واستجابة الجلد تصرف، ودون شروط التحفيز المتوقع خلال تكييف الخوف الجنوني لتقييم يرتب...

Video: Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في وقت واحد والكهربية في الدماغ القوارض

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

التدريب الانقراض خلال فترة الانتقالات إعادة الوحدة يمنع استرداد الخوف

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

بصري تسجيل النشاط العصبي للقرار suprathreshold وحيدة الخلية واحد مسمار-

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

شارك في تحليل بنية الدماغ والدالة باستخدام الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي وانتشارها المرجحة التصوير

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

كله المشبك التصحيح الخلايا لدراسة آليات التحفيز العصبية الأشعة تحت الحمراء

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the underlying neuronal components in the circuits1-6. Application of optogenetics7,8 in the larval neural circuit allows us to manipulate neuronal activity in spatially and temporally patterned ways9-13. Typically, specimens are broadly illuminated with a mercury lamp or LED, so specificity of the target neurons is controlled by binary gene expression systems such as the Gal4-UAS system14,15. In this work, to improve the spatial resolution to "sub-genetic resolution", we locally illuminated a subset of neurons in the ventral nerve cord using lasers implemented in a conventional confocal microscope. While monitoring the motion of the body wall of the semi-intact larvae, we interactively activated or inhibited neural activity with channelrhodopsin16,17 or halorhodopsin18-20, respectively. By spatially and temporally restricted illumination of the neural tissue, we can manipulate the activity of specific neurons in the circuit at a specific phase of behavior. This method is useful for studying the relationship between the activities of a local neural assembly in the ventral nerve cord and the spatiotemporal pattern of motor output.

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Here we describe a protocol for optogenetic manipulation of motoneuronal activity while monitoring changes in motor output (muscle contraction) in semi-intact Drosophila larvae using lasers within a conventional confocal microscope. This technique enables researchers to achieve local perturbation of neural activity in a few neuromeres to elucidate the dynamics of motor circuits.

Optogenetic اضطراب النشاط العصبي مع إضاءة الليزر في شبه سليمة<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقات في الحركة

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

تحفيز الدماغ العميق مع الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في وقت واحد في القوارض

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

بروتوكول "الإدارة في الوقت الحقيقي" في الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي Neurofeedback التدريب

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

زيادة تعتمد على الوقت في استجابة الشبكة لتحفيز الثقافات خلية الخلايا العصبية على صفائف الدقيقة الكهربائي

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

التسجيلات المتزامنة الإمكانات الميدانية المحلية القشرية، ورسم القلب، اليكتروميوجرام وإيقاع من الفئران تتحرك بحرية في التنفس

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...