نود أن نشكر يوجين Gurfinkel ومارك تشابمان لدورهم في تصميم وتصنيع الإعصار. وقد تم تمويل تطوير الإعصار بواسطة المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح R01 AR - 31017 لCordo P. Gurfinkel وخامسا وF32 HD - 008520 لCacciatore T.. وT. Cacciatore أود أيضا أن نعترف مجلس البحوث الطبية في المملكة المتحدة للحصول على دعم لكتابة هذه المخطوطة.

<ol>
	<li>Foster, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Text+Book+of+Physiology.">A Text Book of Physiology.</a> The Central Nervous System. Vol. III, (1892).</li><li>Zatsiorsky, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+human+motion.">Kinetics of human motion.</a> Human Kinetics. , (2002).</li><li>Kumar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ergonomics+and+biology+of+spinal+rotation.">Ergonomics and biology of spinal rotation.</a> Ergonomics. 47, 370-415 (2004).</li><li>Kumar, S., Panjabi, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vivo+axial+rotations+and+neutral+zones+of+the+thoracolumbar+spine.">Vivo axial rotations and neutral zones of the thoracolumbar spine.</a> Journal of spinal. 8, 253-263 (1995).</li><li>Lamoth, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pelvis-thorax+coordination+in+the+transverse+plane+during+walking+in+persons+with+nonspecific+low+back.">Pelvis-thorax coordination in the transverse plane during walking in persons with nonspecific low back.</a> Spine. 27, E92-E99 (2002).</li><li>Gurfinkel, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postural+muscle+tone+in+the+body+axis+of+healthy+humans.">Postural muscle tone in the body axis of healthy humans.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 96, 2678-2687 (2006).</li><li>Wright, W. G., Gurfinkel, V. S., Nutt, J., Horak, F. B., Cordo, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axial+hypertonicity+in+Parkinson's+disease:+direct+measurements+of+trunk+and+hip+torque.">Axial hypertonicity in Parkinson's disease: direct measurements of trunk and hip torque.</a> Exp. Neurol. 208, 38-46 (2007).</li><li>Cacciatore, T. W., Gurfinkel, V. S., Horak, F. B., Cordo, P. J., Ames, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+dynamic+regulation+of+postural+tone+through+Alexander+Technique+training.">Increased dynamic regulation of postural tone through Alexander Technique training.</a> Human movement science. 30, 74-89 (2011).</li><li>Franzen, E., Gurfinkel, V. S., Wright, W. G., Cordo, P. J., Horak, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+touch+reduces+sway+by+increasing+axial+tone.">Haptic touch reduces sway by increasing axial tone.</a> Neuroscience. 174, 216-223 (2011).</li><li>Franzen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+performance+in+balance,+walking+and+turning+tasks+is+associated+with+increased+neck+tone+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Reduced performance in balance, walking and turning tasks is associated with increased neck tone in Parkinson's disease.</a> Exp. Neurol. 219, 430-438 (2009).</li><li>Wright, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axial+kinesthesia+is+impaired+in+Parkinson's+disease:+Effects+of+levodopa.">Axial kinesthesia is impaired in Parkinson's disease: Effects of levodopa.</a> Exp. Neurol. , (2010).</li><li>Sinkjaer, T., Toft, E., Andreassen, S., Hornemann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+stiffness+in+human+ankle+dorsiflexors:+intrinsic+and+reflex+components.">Muscle stiffness in human ankle dorsiflexors: intrinsic and reflex components.</a> J Neurophysiol. 60, 1110-1121 (1988).</li><li>Sherrington, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+plastic+tonus+and+proprioceptive+reflexes.">On plastic tonus and proprioceptive reflexes.</a> Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 2, 109-156 (1909).</li><li>Wright, W. G., Gurfinkel, V., King, L., Horak, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease+shows+perceptuomotor+asymmetry+unrelated+to+motor+symptoms.">Parkinson's disease shows perceptuomotor asymmetry unrelated to motor symptoms.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 417, 10-15 (2007).</li></ol>

الكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

ومن رأينا أنه يمكن استخدام الاعصار تعالج مسائل كثيرة في السيطرة منشط. حتى الآن ، والإعصار قد يؤدي إلى 7 6-11،14 مثل هذه المنشورات. ربما كان أهم سمة من سمات الإعصار هو أنه يوفر متكامل لقياس الحركية لهجة. لم يتم توفير هذا الإجراء عزم الدوران لهجة بواسطة الديناميات ، الحركية العكسية أو النهج electromyographic ، وضروري للرد على أسئلة كثيرة تتعلق هجة. أيضا ، هي فريدة من نوعها في الإعصار لا تتدخل بشكل كبير مع مضاد الجاذبية الطبيعية أو السلوك الوضعي ، ويوفر منشط ، بدلا من اضطراب طوري. واحد إمكانية استخدام الاعصار هو القياس الكمي للآثار المرض على منشط نغمة الوضعي. في حين تم صلابة الذاتية والمنعكس مدروسة لكثير من الحالات العصبية والعضلية باستخدام الاضطرابات السريعة ، وأثر الكمي لكثير من الأمراض وضعي على لهجة لا تتميز بشكل جيد. على وجه الخصوص ، يمكن أن يكون الإعصار شالحوار الاقتصادي الاستراتيجي لتقدير آثار الاضطرابات مثل التصلب 7،10،14 ، نقص التوتر ، خلل التوتر ، وآلام الظهر والرقبة على التوزيع ، وحجم والتماثل في لهجة وضعي على طول محور الجسم. ويمكن أيضا استخدامه لقياس kinesthesis المحوري ، على سبيل المثال ، مفهوم التناوب في الجسم يعتمد على العضلات وproprioceptors 11 التماثل إدراكي حركي ، على سبيل المثال ، والتمثيل من الأمام أثناء اللف المحوري 14. أخيرا ، يمكن استخدام الاعصار لدراسة تأثير التدخل بشأن هذه التدابير لهجة الوضعي المحوري 8. نحن تقدير تكلفة التعاقد مع شركة هندسية لتلفيق الإعصار حوالي 30000 $ في الولايات المتحدة. يمكن هذا الجهاز من المرجح أن تصنع في المنزل لجزء من هذه التكاليف ، وأسعار المواد الخام منخفضة ، ولكن المطلوب هو تلفيق كبيرة. طوال استخدامه ، وتطورت بشكل كبير ويستمر الاعصار للقيام بذلك. هناك العديد من الأسئلة الأساسية التي يمكن معالجتها مع الاعصار. ونحن نأمل ان يكون هذاوسوف يساعد التقرير محققين آخرين بناء أجهزة اللف أو خلاف ذلك تحفيز البحوث في هذا المجال أساسية لكنها غير مفهومة.

method to measure tone of axial and proximal muscle

السيطرة على النشاط العضلي منشط تبقى غير مفهومة. في حين يتم تقييمها عادة نغمة شاذة سريريا عن طريق قياس مقاومة سلبية للاسترخاء 1 أطرافه ، لا تتوفر أنظمة منشط لدراسة السيطرة على العضلات في حالة طبيعية نشطة لدعم مضاد الجاذبية. قمنا بتطوير جهاز (الاعصار) لدراسة تنظيم منشط للعضلات والداني المحوري أثناء الصيانة الوضعي النشط (أي لهجة الوضعي). الاعصار بالتناوب مناطق الجسم المحورية بالنسبة لبعضها البعض حول محور عمودي خلال الموقف ، وذلك لتطور مناطق الرقبة والجذع أو الورك. هذا اللف يفرض تغييرات على طول العضلات المحورية دون تغيير العلاقة الجسم على الجاذبية. لأن الإعصار لا توفر الدعم الوضعي ، لا بد من تنظيم لهجة لمواجهة عزم الدوران الجاذبية. علينا تحديد هذه اللائحة منشط من عزم الدوران إلى التواء المضطربة ، وهو ما يعكس حالة جميع عضلات تغيرات الطول ، فضلا عن الكهربائي للذات الصلة العضلات. لأن لهجة اتسمت التي تدوم طويلا نشاط العضلات على مستوى منخفض ، هو درس منشط التحكم بحركات بطيئة التي تنتج &quot;منشط&quot; تغيرات في طول العضلات ، ودون إثارة &quot;طوري&quot; سريع الاستجابة. الاعصار يمكن إعادة تكوين لدراسة مختلف جوانب قوة العضلات ، مثل التشكيل ، وشارك في الانكماش منشط للتغيرات الوضعي ، والتفاعلات منشط عبر قطاعات الهيئة ، فضلا عن الإدراك الحسي للعتبات بطيئة الدوران المحوري. ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم الاعصار لتوفير القياس الكمي للآثار المرض على نغمة الوضعي المحوري والداني ، وتقييم فعالية التدخل.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle at JoVE.com

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

قمنا بتطوير جهاز (الاعصار) لدراسة تنظيم نشاط العضلات منشط أثناء الصيانة وضعية نشطة. الاعصار تدابير مقاومة الالتواء والاستجابات العضلية في موضوعات دائمة خلال التواء محور الجسم. ويمكن تكوين الجهاز بمرونة لدراسة الجوانب المختلفة للسيطرة منشط عبر العنق والجذع ، و / أو الوركين.

طريقة لقياس النغمة من العضلات المحورية والدانية

The control of tonic muscular activity remains poorly understood.  While abnormal tone is commonly assessed clinically by measuring the passive resistance ...

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17.3K Views.  Oregon Health and Science University. قمنا بتطوير جهاز (الاعصار) لدراسة تنظيم نشاط العضلات منشط أثناء الصيانة وضعية نشطة. الاعصار تدابير مقاومة الالتواء والاستجابات العضلية في موضوعات دائمة خلال التواء محور الجسم. ويمكن تكوين الجهاز بمرونة لدراسة الجوانب المختلفة للسيطرة منشط عبر العنق والجذع ، و ...

Video: Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

التطبيقية وسيلة لقياس قوة العضلات إلى أقصى المرضى ذوي الحالات الحرجة : دليل اختبار العضلات

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&amp;#946;-induced Invasion

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

كروي الفحص لقياس TGF - β بفعل الغزو

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

الإنتاجية العالية التدفق الخلوي القائم على الفحص لكشف خلية أضداد N-ميثيل مد اسبارتاتي مستقبلات الدوبامين-2 أو مستقبلات في مصل الإنسان

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision

Reference scanners are used in dental medicine to verify a lot of procedures. The main interest is to verify impression methods as they serve as a base for dental restorations. The current limitation of many reference scanners is the lack of accuracy scanning large objects like full dental arches, or the limited possibility to assess detailed tooth surfaces. A new reference scanner, based on focus variation scanning technique, was evaluated with regards to highest local and general accuracy. A specific scanning protocol was tested to scan original tooth surface from dental impressions. Also, different model materials were verified. The results showed a high scanning accuracy of the reference scanner with a mean deviation of 5.3 &#177; 1.1 &#181;m for trueness and 1.6 &#177; 0.6 &#181;m for precision in case of full arch scans. Current dental impression methods showed much higher deviations (trueness: 20.4 &#177; 2.2 &#181;m, precision: 12.5 &#177; 2.5 &#181;m) than the internal scanning accuracy of the reference scanner. Smaller objects like single tooth surface can be scanned with an even higher accuracy, enabling the system to assess erosive and abrasive tooth surface loss. The reference scanner can be used to measure differences for a lot of dental research fields. The different magnification levels combined with a high local and general accuracy can be used to assess changes of single teeth or restorations up to full arch changes.

Accuracy is a major demand in dental medicine. To verify accuracy, reference scanners are needed. This article presents a new reference scanner with an adjusted scanning method to acquire a broad variety of dental morphologies with high trueness and precision.

الدقة في طب الأسنان، طريقة جديدة لقياس الصدق والدقة

Reference scanners are used in dental medicine to verify a lot of procedures. The main interest is to verify impression methods as they serve as a base ...

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

المثانة العضلات الملساء قطاع انقباض كوسيلة لتقييم المسالك البولية السفلى الصيدلة

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

الكشف المبكر عن المخدرات التي يسببها الفشل الكلوي الدورة الدموية الجنسي لدى الرجال عن طريق سنوغرفيك] تكنولوجيا في الفئران

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

القياس عن بعد داخل الرحم لقياس ماوس مقلص الضغط<em&gt; في فيفو</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

تقييم الموجات فوق الصوتية وبناء من الشريان التاجي تدفق وتدفق التاجي الاحتياطي باستخدام نموذج الزائد الضغط في الفئران

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.

في فيفو تقييم الخصائص الميكانيكية و اللزجة من اللسان الجرذ

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the lung. Barometric plethysmography is a classic technique to evaluate the lung volume with a long history of clinical use. Volumetric capnography utilizes the profile of exhaled carbon dioxide to determine the volume of the conducting airways, or dead space, and provides an index of airways homogeneity. These techniques may be used independently, or in combination to evaluate the dependence of airways volume and homogeneity on lung volume. This paper provides detailed technical instructions to replicate these techniques and our representative data demonstrates that the airways volume and homogeneity are highly correlated to lung volume. We also provide a macro for the analysis of capnographic data, which can be modified or adapted to fit different experimental designs. The advantage of these measures is that their advantages and limitations are supported by decades of experimental data, and they can be made repeatedly in the same subject without expensive imaging equipment or technically advanced analysis algorithms. These methods may be particularly useful for investigators interested in perturbations that change both the functional residual capacity of the lung and airways volume.

Here, we describe two measures of pulmonary function &#8211; barometric plethysmography, which allows the measurement of lung volume, and volumetric capnography, a tool to measure the anatomic dead space and airways uniformity. These techniques may be used independently or combined to assess airways function at different lung volumes.

الجمع بين كابنوجرافي الحجمي وضغطي بليثيسموجرافي لقياس علاقة بنية-وظيفة الرئة

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the ...