والكتاب الامتنان توم روبنسون للقراءة دليل على المخطوطة، C. BÄRTSCHI وH. بنز لبناء نظام مراقبة ضغط مبنية خصيصا. نود أيضا أن نعترف استخدام مركز المجهر الضوئي (LMC)، وكلاهما في ETH زيورخ أول مرفق غرفة نظيفة و. وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من قبل شركة ميرك سيرونو ومجلس البحوث الأوروبي (ERC) في إطار برنامج الإطار 7 (ERC ابتداء غرانت، المشروع رقم 203428، nμLIPIDs).

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يعلن الكتاب أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

وقد فتحت التكنولوجيا على microfluidics إمكانيات جديدة ورائعة للتحليل وحيدة الخلية. على وجه الخصوص، وإمكانية اعتراض وشل الخلايا بشكل فردي عن طريق أدوات ميكروفلويديك سمحت دراسات منهجية على المدى القصير والطويل على خصائص وحيدة الخلية والاستجابة لها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، التغل...

وقد كشفت العديد من الدراسات في الماضي خلية الى خلية الخلافات بين السكان زنزانة كبيرة 1-3، ولا سيما إشارات العمليات 4، أو مبالغ الجزيئات الحيوية مثل البروتينات داخل الخلايا 5،6، الأيض، والعوامل المساعدة 7،8. وتعتبر هذه التغاير أن يكون أهمية أساسية للتكيف الخلايا والتطور 9، ولكن أيضا أن تلعب دورا رئيسيا في ظهور والعلاج من الأمراض مثل السرطان 10-13. وبالتالي، دراسات على مستوى خلية واحدة هي من الفائدة المرتفعة في الأبحاث البيولوجية والدوائية، وخاصة إذا تكشف هذه الدراسات ردود مختلفة من الخلايا بعد العلاج مع المواد الكيميائية النشطة بيولوجيا. في السنوات الأخيرة، وقد وضعت العديد من المنصات التحليلية التي تسهل تحليل الخلايا الحية واحدة أو التركيب الكيميائي لمحتوى الخلية. بينما الفلورسنت خلية تنشيط الفرز (FACS) هو الذهب الحادي وANDARD لتحليل الإنتاجية العالية جدا من الخلايا الحية واحدة، وطريقة لا يمكن أن تستخدم لتقدير حجم المركبات داخل الخلايا أو يفرز. وقد وعدت ظهور منصات ميكروفلويديك استراتيجيات تحليلية جديدة لتحديد المواقع، والمعالجة والمراقبة للخلايا واحدة. وتم التوصل إلى علامة فارقة في على microfluidics مع دمج PDMS مرن الصمامات التي حققتها الزلزال وزملاء العمل 14،15. هذه الصمامات هي مفيدة لأنها يمكن عزل مناطق في الرقاقة، مثل فصل ثقافتين 16. علاوة على ذلك، كانت قابلة للتطبيق وخاصة بالنسبة للتحليل خلية واحدة، وبالتالي يساعد على تقليل المشاكل التخفيف تحليلها. قوة هذا النهج للتحليل وحيدة الخلية وقد تجلى مؤخرا من قبل هانسن وزملاء العمل، الذي حلل التعبير الجيني من مئات الخلايا واحد في نفس الوقت 17. عند استهداف البروتينات ونواتج الأيض، وتحليل أمر صعب جدا نظرا لعدم وجود مناسبةطرق mplification، وعدد كبير من مركبات مختلفة الحاضر، والاختلافات في الطبيعة الكيميائية. علاوة على ذلك، من المتوقع أن تكون موجودة بأعداد نسخة منخفضة في حدود بضع عشرة آلاف الجزيئات الحيوية داخل الخلايا 18 الأكثر، وبالتالي الطريقة التحليلية المستخدمة يجب أن يكون لديك حساسية عالية. فحوصات أكثر قوة مثل المناعية والمناعية انزيم مرتبط (ELISA) يصعب على الاندماج في الأجهزة ميكروفلويديك لأنها تتطلب العديد من الخطوات الغسيل والحضانة وكذلك تجميد السطح. نظرا لهذه التحديات، فإنه ليس من المستغرب أن تم الإبلاغ سوى أمثلة قليلة حيث تم كميا البروتينات او نواتج على مستوى خلية واحدة. على سبيل المثال، تم الإبلاغ عن دراسات على إفراز مركبات الفلورسنت 19،20. في الآونة الأخيرة، وقدم مع تنفيذ ELISA لتحليل يفرز (nonfluorescent) البروتينات من ثقافة الخلية (الخلايا THP-1) 21 واحد (طمناعية) الخلايا 10. استهداف البروتينات داخل الخلايا، شي وآخرون. تطوير جهاز ميكروفلويديك التي سهلت تحديد البروتينات داخل الخلايا لتحليل مسارات الإشارات في الخلايا السرطانية عن طريق والمناعية 11. ومع ذلك، تم تحديد كميات النسبية فقط من البروتينات، وكان يستخدم أي التضخيم الأنزيمية لزيادة إشارة للبروتينات وفرة منخفضة. في الآونة الأخيرة، كنا قادرين على الجمع بين محاصرة microdevice وحيدة الخلية مع المقايسات المناعية مضان 8 و 22 (الشكل 1). محاصرون الخلايا بشكل سلبي في الهياكل عقبة microsized، والتي تسمح العرض والصرف (السريع) من العوامل الكيميائية الأخرى المتوسطة ودون أي حركة الخلايا. صمام على شكل حلقة حول كل فخ يمكن عزل الخلية في حجم صغير جدا (&quot;وmicrochamber&quot;). وهذا صمام دفعتها مباشرة بعد إدخال عازلة الخلايا lysing (hypoosmolar)، وقال انهالامتحانات التنافسية الوطنية ومنع الجزيئات داخل الخلايا أو الجزيئات يفرز لنزع فتيل بعيدا. الأهم من ذلك، ونظرا لصغر حجم وحدة التخزين (625 رر) يتم تجنب تخفيف كبير من الجزيئات. علاوة على ذلك، منذ يتم تنفيذ تحلل والتحليل في في نفس الموقف في رقاقة، ليست هناك خسارة من analytes بسبب النقل. تصميم رقاقة الموصوفة هنا تضم ​​8 صفوف بالتناوب إما 7 أو 8 microchambers، بلغ مجموعها 60 microchambers. ودفعتها في غرف الصفوف، بحيث تنتفي صفة انتقال التلوث على طول الخط. منصة يمكن استخدامها في تركيبة مع المقايسات مضان فضلا عن المقايسات المناعية (الشكل 1D). لهذا الأخير، أنشأنا بروتوكولات لتجميد الأجسام المضادة، التي تتوافق مع إنتاج رقاقة وعملية التجميع. وبالتالي منصة يفتح الطريق لفحوصات حساسة وموثوقة وقابلة للقياس الكمي على مستوى خلية واحدة. حتى الآن، وقد استخدمنا جهاز لتحليل طالانزيمات ntracellular ويفرز (الكمي النسبي الذي المقايسات الأنزيمية)، العوامل المساعدة داخل الخلايا والبروتينات والجزيئات الصغيرة (الكمي المطلق من قبل المقايسات نقطة النهاية أو ELISA). في ما يلي، ونحن تصف عملية تصنيع رقاقة عن طريق الطباعة الحجرية الناعمة متعدد الطبقات وبروتوكولات لالزخرفة من الأجسام المضادة عن طريق microcontact الطباعة والكيمياء السطح. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إعطاء بعض الأمثلة على استخدام رقاقة والعمليات.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:344px;">REAGENTS:</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
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			<td></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:344px;">Name of the Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">SU-8 2015</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">MicroChem Corp. (Netwon, MA)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyl-dimethylchloro-silane</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">ABCR (Karlsruhe, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">AB103608</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">4-Methylumbelliferyl &#946;-D-N,N&#8242;-diacetylchitobioside hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">M9763</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Merck VWR (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">100014</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Avidin</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">AppliChem (Axon Lab AG)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">A-2568</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">AZ 1518</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">AZ Electronic Materials (Wiesbaden, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">AZ 726 developer</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">AZ Electronic Materials (Wiesbaden, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">A-4503</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Bovine serum albumin, biotin</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">A-8549</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Cell dissociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">13151-014</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Hexamethyldisilazane (HDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">40215</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">84422</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Merck VWR (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">109634</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">63068</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">MR developer 600</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Microresist technology GmbH (Berlin, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">10010-031</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">PLL-g-PEG grafted</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">SuSoS, (D&#252;bendorf, Switzerland)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">PLL-g-PEG grafted biotin</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">SuSoS, (D&#252;bendorf, Switzerland)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">60132</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Protein G, biotin</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">41624</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Silicon wafer</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Si-Mat (Kaufering, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit (PDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td>39100000</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">1610716</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">1706531</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EQUIPMENT:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:344px;">Material Name</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">0.22 &#181;m PES syringe filter</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">TRP</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">99722</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">1/1.5 mm biopsy puncher</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Miltex, York PA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">33-31AA/33-31A</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Cell Trics filter 20 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Partec</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">04-004-2325</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Centrifuge Sigma 3-18K</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Kuehner</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Hotplate HP 160 III BM</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sawatec, Sax, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">MA-6 mask aligner</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Karl Suess</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Multizoom AZ100M microscope</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Nikon Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Photomask</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Microlitho, Essex, U.K.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Plasma Cleaner PDC-32G</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Harrick</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Spin coater Modell WS-400 BZ-6NPP/LITE</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Laurell</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Spin Modules SM 180 BM</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sawatec, Sax, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Step profiler Dektak XT Advanced</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:344px;">Syringe pump neMESYS</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Cetoni</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microfluidic chip for the versatile chemical analysis of single cells

نقدم جهاز ميكروفلويديك التي تمكن من تحديد كمية الجزيئات الحيوية داخل الخلايا في الخلايا وحيدة متعددة في نفس الوقت. لهذا الغرض، محاصرون الخلايا بشكل سلبي في منتصف microchamber. عند تفعيل طبقة تحكم، يتم عزل الخلية من حجم المحيطة في غرفة صغيرة. ويمكن بعد ذلك يتم تبادلها حجم المحيطة دون التأثير على الخلايا المعزولة. ومع ذلك، عند فتح وإغلاق قصيرة للغرفة، والحل في غرفة يمكن استبدالها في غضون بضع مئات من ميلي ثانية. ويرجع ذلك إلى العودة إلى الوراء من الغرف، والخلايا يمكن أن يتعرض لها حلول مختلفة بالتتابع بطريقة التحكم الى حد كبير، على سبيل المثال للحضانة، والغسيل، وأخيرا، تحلل الخلية. وmicrochambers مغلقة بإحكام تمكين الاحتفاظ المحللة، وتقليل والسيطرة على التخفيف بعد تحلل الخلية. منذ تحلل والتحليل تحدث في نفس المكان، ويتم الاحتفاظ حساسية عالية لأنه لا يوجد مزيد من دilution أو فقدان التحاليل يحدث أثناء النقل. وبالتالي فإن تصميم microchamber يتيح تحليل موثوق بها وقابلة للتكرار من الأرقام نسخة صغيرة جدا من الجزيئات داخل الخلايا (attomoles، zeptomoles) صدر من الخلايا الفردية. علاوة على ذلك، يمكن ترتيب العديد من microchambers في شكل مجموعة، والسماح للتحليل العديد من الخلايا في آن واحد، نظرا إلى أن تستخدم الأجهزة البصرية مناسبة للرصد. وقد استخدمنا بالفعل منصة لإثبات صحة مفهوم الدراسات لتحليل البروتينات داخل الخلايا، والإنزيمات، العوامل المساعدة والمرسلين الثاني بطريقة قابلة للقياس الكمي إما النسبية أو المطلقة.

برنامجنا هو قادرا على تحليل مجموعة متنوعة من الخلايا وكذلك جزيئات يفرزها موجودة في أو التي تنتجها الخلايا واحد. هنا، نود أن تقديم دراسات سبيل المثال مختلفة للتأكيد على مجموعة متنوعة من فحوصات ممكن. وسنقدم مثالا للانزيم يفرز (الشكل 5A)، وكذلك انزيم داخل الخلا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells at JoVE.com

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

في هذه المقالة نقدم رقاقة ميكروفلويديك لتحليل خلية واحدة. أنه يسمح للالكمي للبروتينات الخلايا، والإنزيمات، العوامل المساعدة، ورسله الثاني عن طريق فحوصات الفلورسنت أو المناعية.

رقاقة ميكروفلويديك للتحليل الكيميائي للخلايا متعددة الاستخدامات واحدة

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

a-microfluidic-chip-for-versatile-chemical-analysis-single

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

14.8K Views.  ETH Zurich, Switzerland.  في هذه المقالة نقدم رقاقة ميكروفلويديك لتحليل خلية واحدة. أنه يسمح للالكمي للبروتينات الخلايا، والإنزيمات، العوامل المساعدة، ورسله الثاني عن طريق فحوصات الفلورسنت أو المناعية. 

Video: A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

ميكروفلويديك الأجهزة لإعادة تأسيس المكروية ورم<em&gt; في المختبر</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

A Microfluidic-based Hydrodynamic Trap for Single Particles

The ability to confine and manipulate single particles in free solution is a key enabling technology for fundamental and applied science. Methods for particle trapping based on optical, magnetic, electrokinetic, and acoustic techniques have led to major advancements in physics and biology ranging from the molecular to cellular level. In this article, we introduce a new microfluidic-based technique for particle trapping and manipulation based solely on hydrodynamic fluid flow. Using this method, we demonstrate trapping of micro- and nano-scale particles in aqueous solutions for long time scales. The hydrodynamic trap consists of an integrated microfluidic device with a cross-slot channel geometry where two opposing laminar streams converge, thereby generating a planar extensional flow with a fluid stagnation point (zero-velocity point). In this device, particles are confined at the trap center by active control of the flow field to maintain particle position at the fluid stagnation point. In this manner, particles are effectively trapped in free solution using a feedback control algorithm implemented with a custom-built LabVIEW code. The control algorithm consists of image acquisition for a particle in the microfluidic device, followed by particle tracking, determination of particle centroid position, and active adjustment of fluid flow by regulating the pressure applied to an on-chip pneumatic valve using a pressure regulator. In this way, the on-chip dynamic metering valve functions to regulate the relative flow rates in the outlet channels, thereby enabling fine-scale control of stagnation point position and particle trapping. The microfluidic-based hydrodynamic trap exhibits several advantages as a method for particle trapping. Hydrodynamic trapping is possible for any arbitrary particle without specific requirements on the physical or chemical properties of the trapped object. In addition, hydrodynamic trapping enables confinement of a "single" target object in concentrated or crowded particle suspensions, which is difficult using alternative force field-based trapping methods. The hydrodynamic trap is user-friendly, straightforward to implement and may be added to existing microfluidic devices to facilitate trapping and long-time analysis of particles. Overall, the hydrodynamic trap is a new platform for confinement, micromanipulation, and observation of particles without surface immobilization and eliminates the need for potentially perturbative optical, magnetic, and electric fields in the free-solution trapping of small particles.

In this article, we present a microfluidic-based method for particle confinement based on hydrodynamic flow. We demonstrate stable particle trapping at a fluid stagnation point using a feedback control mechanism, thereby enabling confinement and micromanipulation of arbitrary particles in an integrated microdevice.

A فخ هيدرودينامي ميكروفلويديك المستندة للجسيمات واحدة

The ability to confine and manipulate single particles in free solution is a key enabling technology for fundamental and applied science.  Methods for ...

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

طرق الكشف عن منصات مضان الحبرية ميكروفلويديك

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The chip produces monodisperse aqueous sample droplets in perfluorohexane (PFH). Size and frequency of the aqueous droplets can be varied in the range of 40 to 60 &#181;m and from 90 to 7,000&#160;Hz, respectively. The droplets are ejected from the chip with a second flow of PFH and remain intact during the ejection. A custom-built desolvation system removes the PFH and transports the droplets into the ICPMS. Here, very stable signals with a narrow intensity distribution can be measured, showing the monodispersity of the droplets. We show that the introduction system can be used to quantitatively determine iron in single bovine red blood cells. In the future, the capabilities of the introduction device can easily be extended by the integration of additional microfluidic modules.

We present a discrete droplet sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). It is based on a cheap and disposable microfluidic chip that generates highly monodisperse droplets in a size range of 40&#8722;60 &#181;m at frequencies from 90 to 7,000 Hz.

رقاقة ميكروفلويديك لICPMS مقدمة عينة

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma ...

The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments,&#160;as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier,&#160;more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. 
For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.

Here, we present a protocol to coculture primary cells, tissue models and punch biopsies in a microfluidic multi-organ chip for up to 28 days. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, liver aggregates and skin biopsies were successfully combined in a common media circulation.

رقاقة متعدد الجهاز - A منصة ميكروفلويديك لفترة طويلة Coculture متعدد الأنسجة

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need ...

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of physiological dcEF in guiding cell movement during embryo development, cell differentiation, and wound healing has been demonstrated in many studies. By applying microfluidic chips to an electrotaxis assay, the investigation process is shortened and experimental errors are minimized. In recent years, microfluidic devices made of polymeric substances (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, or acrylic) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been widely used in studying the responses of cells to electrical stimulation. However, unlike the numerous steps required to fabricate a PDMS device, the simple and rapid construction of the acrylic micro&#64258;uidic chip makes it suitable for both device prototyping and production. Yet none of the reported devices facilitate the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and dcEF effects on cells. In this report, we describe our design and fabrication of an acrylic-based multichannel dual-electric-field (MDF) chip to investigate the concurrent effect of chemical and electrical stimulation on lung cancer cells. The MDF chip provides eight combinations of electrical/chemical stimulations in a single test. The chip not only greatly shortens the required experimental time but also increases accuracy in electrotaxis studies.

Many microfluidic devices have been developed for use in the study of electrotaxis. Yet, none of these chips allows the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and electric-field (EF) effects on cells. We developed a polymethylmethacrylate-based device that offers better-controlled coexisting EF and chemical stimulation for use in electrotaxis research.

الدراسات انجذاب كهربي من الرئة خلايا سرطان باستخدام القنوات المتعددة ثنائي الكهربائية الميدان ميكروفلويديك رقاقة

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of ...

Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological device. We recapitulate the intestinal lumen-capillary tissue interface in a microfluidic device, where physiological mechanical deformations and fluid shear flow are constantly applied to mimic peristalsis. In the lumen microchannel, human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells are cultured to form a &#39;germ-free&#39; villus epithelium and regenerate small intestinal villi. Pre-cultured microbial cells are inoculated into the lumen side to establish a host-microbe ecosystem. After microbial cells adhere to the apical surface of the villi, fluid flow and mechanical deformations are resumed to produce a steady-state microenvironment in which fresh culture medium is constantly supplied and unbound bacteria (as well as bacterial wastes) are continuously removed. After extended co-culture from days to weeks, multiple microcolonies are found to be randomly located between the villi, and both microbial and epithelial cells remain viable and functional for at least one week in culture. Our co-culture protocol can be adapted to provide a versatile platform for other host-microbiome ecosystems that can be found in various human organs, which may facilitate in vitro study of the role of human microbiome in orchestrating health and disease.

We describe an in vitro protocol to co-culture gut microbiome and intestinal villi for an extended period using a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological system.

شارك في ثقافة المعيشة Microbiome مع المعوية الزوائد Microengineered الإنسان في الوتر على واحد في رقاقة ميكروفلويديك الأجهزة

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human ...

Designing Microfluidic Devices for Studying Cellular Responses Under Single or Coexisting Chemical/Electrical/Shear Stress Stimuli

Microfluidic devices are capable of creating a precise and controllable cellular micro-environment of pH, temperature, salt concentration, and other physical or chemical stimuli. They have been commonly used for in vitro cell studies by providing in vivo like surroundings. Especially, how cells response to chemical gradients, electrical fields, and shear stresses has drawn many interests since these phenomena are important in understanding cellular properties and functions. These microfluidic chips can be made of glass substrates, silicon wafers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates, or polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) substrates. Out of these materials, PMMA substrates are cheap and can be easily processed using laser ablation and writing. Although a few microfluidic devices have been designed and fabricated for generating multiple, coexisting chemical and electrical stimuli, none of them was considered efficient enough in reducing experimental repeats, particular for screening purposes. In this report, we describe our design and fabrication of two PMMA-based microfluidic chips for investigating cellular responses, in the production of reactive oxygen species and the migration, under single or coexisting chemical/electrical/shear stress stimuli. The first chip generates five relative concentrations of 0, 1/8, 1/2, 7/8, and 1 in the culture regions, together with a shear stress gradient produced inside each of these areas. The second chip generates the same relative concentrations, but with five different electric field strengths created within each culture area. These devices not only provide cells with a precise, controllable micro-environment but also greatly increase the experimental throughput.

Micro-fabricated devices integrated with fluidic components provide an in vitro platform for cell studies mimicking the in vivo micro-environment. We developed polymethylmethacrylate-based microfluidic chips for studying cellular responses under single or coexisting chemical/electrical/shear stress stimuli.

تصميم الأجهزة ميكروفلويديك لدراسة الردود الخليوي تحت واحدة أو تتعايش الكيميائية / الكهربائية / إجهاد القص المحفزات

Microfluidic devices are capable of creating a precise and controllable cellular micro-environment of pH, temperature, salt concentration, and other ...

A Versatile Method of Patterning Proteins and Cells

Substrate and cell patterning techniques are widely used in cell biology to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions. Conventional patterning techniques work well only with simple shapes, small areas and selected bio-materials. This article describes a method to distribute cell suspensions as well as substrate solutions into complex, long, closed (dead-end) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels using negative pressure. This method enables researchers to pattern multiple substrates including fibronectin, collagen, antibodies (Sal-1), poly-D-lysine (PDL), and laminin. Patterning of substrates allows one to indirectly pattern a variety of cells. We have tested C2C12 myoblasts, the PC12 neuronal cell line, embryonic rat cortical neurons, and amphibian retinal neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that this technique can directly pattern fibroblasts in microfluidic channels via brief application of a low vacuum on cell suspensions. The low vacuum does not significantly decrease cell viability as shown by cell viability assays. Modifications are discussed for application of the method to different cell and substrate types. This technique allows researchers to pattern cells and proteins in specific patterns without the need for exotic materials or equipment and can be done in any laboratory with a vacuum.

This report describes a simple, easy to perform technique, using low pressure vacuum, to fill microfluidic channels with cells and substrates for biological research.

منهج تنوعا من الزخرفة البروتينات والخلايا

Substrate and cell patterning techniques are widely used in cell biology to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions. Conventional patterning ...

Establishing Single-Cell Based Co-Cultures in a Deterministic Manner with a Microfluidic Chip

Cell co-culture assays have been widely used for studying cell-cell interactions between different cell types to better understand the biology of diseases including cancer. However, it is challenging to clarify the complex mechanism of intercellular interactions in highly heterogeneous cell populations using conventional co-culture systems because the heterogeneity of the cell subpopulation is obscured by the average values; the conventional co-culture systems can only be used to describe the population signal, but are incapable of tracking individual cells behavior. Furthermore, conventional single-cell experimental methods have low efficiency in cell manipulation because of the Poisson distribution. Microfabricated devices are an emerging technology for single-cell studies because they can accurately manipulate single cells at high-throughput and can reduce sample and reagent consumption. Here, we describe the concept and application of a microfluidic chip for multiple single-cell co-cultures. The chip can efficiently capture multiple types of single cells in a culture chamber (~46%) and has a sufficient culture space useful to study the cells&#39; behavior (e.g., migration, proliferation, etc.) under cell-cell interaction at the single-cell level. Lymphatic endothelial cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma were used to perform a single-cell co-culture experiment on the microfluidic platform for live multiple single-cell interaction studies.

This report describes a microfluidic chip-based method to set up a single cell culture experiment in which high-efficiency pairing and microscopic analysis of multiple single cells can be achieved.

إنشاء الثقافات المشتركة القائمة علي خليه واحده بطريقه قطعيه مع رقاقه ميكروفلويدريك

Cell co-culture assays have been widely used for studying cell-cell interactions between different cell types to better understand the biology of diseases ...