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	<li>Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C., Hillyard, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+varieties+of+long-latency+positive+waves+evoked+by+unpredictable+auditory+stimuli+in+man.">Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man.</a> Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. 38, 387-401 (1975).</li><li>Polich, J., Criado, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychology+and+neuropharmacology+of+P3a+and+P3b.">Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b.</a> International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 60, 172-185 (2006).</li><li>Turetsky, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+endophenotypes+of+schizophrenia:+the+viability+of+selected+candidate+measures.">Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures.</a> Schizophrenia bulletin. 33, 69-94 (2007).</li><li>Mobascher, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P300+event-related+potential+and+smoking--a+population-based+case-control+study.">The P300 event-related potential and smoking--a population-based case-control study.</a> International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 77, 166-175 (2010).</li><li>Li, L., Gratton, C., Fabiani, M., Knight, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+frontoparietal+changes+during+the+control+of+bottom-up+and+top-down+attention:+an+ERP+study.">Age-related frontoparietal changes during the control of bottom-up and top-down attention: an ERP study.</a> Neurobiology of aging. 34, 477-488 (2013).</li><li>Kirino, E., Belger, A., Goldman-Rakic, P., McCarthy, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+activation+evoked+by+infrequent+target+and+novel+stimuli+in+a+visual+target+detection+task:+An+event-related+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study.">Prefrontal activation evoked by infrequent target and novel stimuli in a visual target detection task: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20, 6612-6618 (2000).</li><li>Warbrick, T., Reske, M., Shah, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+EEG+paradigms+work+in+fMRI?+Varying+task+demands+in+the+visual+oddball+paradigm:+Implications+for+task+design+and+results+interpretation.">Do EEG paradigms work in fMRI? Varying task demands in the visual oddball paradigm: Implications for task design and results interpretation.</a> Neuroimage. 77, 177-185 (2013).</li><li>Warbrick, T., Arrubla, J., Boers, F., Neuner, I., Shah, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attention+to+Detail:+Why+Considering+Task+Demands+Is+Essential+for+Single-Trial+Analysis+of+BOLD+Correlates+of+the+Visual+P1+and+N1.">Attention to Detail: Why Considering Task Demands Is Essential for Single-Trial Analysis of BOLD Correlates of the Visual P1 and N1.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 26, 529-542 (2014).</li><li>Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., McCarthy, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional magnetic resonance imaging. , (2008).</li><li>Miezin, F. M., Maccotta, L., Ollinger, J. M., Petersen, S. E., Buckner, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+the+hemodynamic+response:+effects+of+presentation+rate,+sampling+procedure,+and+the+possibility+of+ordering+brain+activity+based+on+relative+timing.">Characterizing the hemodynamic response: effects of presentation rate, sampling procedure, and the possibility of ordering brain activity based on relative timing.</a> Neuroimage. 11, 735-759 (2000).</li><li>Jezzard, P., Matthews, P. M., Smith, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Introduction to Methods. , (2001).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

وتبين لنا أن التلاعب مهمة يطالب في نتائج مهمة غريب الاطوار البصرية في أنماط مختلفة من التنشيط جريئة في العد والاستجابة الظروف. كانت الأدوار الوظيفية لبعض المناطق المتورطين في كل حالة أن تم تعيينها بشكل غير لائق البيانات من الإصدارات الثلاثة المهمة لم تكن متاحة ...

مع تطور أساليب العلوم العصبية الإدراكية، وتستخدم المهام التجريبية التي أقيمت مع طرائق التصوير الدماغي الناشئة. هذا هو تطور منطقي لأن معظم مفاهيم العصبية (مثل الذاكرة متميزة-المكونات الفرعية) وقد تم التحقيق في المجال السلوكي والمهام التجريبية المناسبة لبحث وظائف محددة تم تطويرها واختبارها. والتكنولوجيا الجديدة تبرز الأدلة على الأسس العصبية من هذه الملاحظات السلوكية يسعى مع أساليب تصوير الدماغ الجديدة. في حين أنه قد يكون مغريا لرسم ببساطة على المهام السلوكية مدروسة للدراسات والتصوير، وعدة محاذير هامة يجب أن تؤخذ بعين الاعتبار. واحدة حاسمة، على الرغم من كثير من الأحيان المهملة، والنظر هو استخدام تقنية التصوير الأنسب لتحقيق مزيد من الأدلة السلوكية. من حيث علم الأعصاب المعرفي وعلم النفس هناك العديد من طرق التصوير الدماغي المتاحة لتعزيز فهمنا للأكتيف العصبيإيتي المفاهيم الكامنة وراء المصالح؛ على سبيل المثال المخ (EEG)، الدماغ المغناطيسي (MEG)، والتحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة (TMS)، والتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي (fMRI) والتصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني (PET). كل من هذه الطرق لها مزاياها والعيوب والتطبيقات المناسبة. يعتبر هنا نقل نموذج مع تاريخ طويل من التجارب السلوكية وEEG لتجربة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. وقد استخدم EEG لعقود للتحقيق استجابات العصبية المرتبطة بالعمليات الإدراكية والمعرفية. على هذا النحو، تم وضع العديد من النماذج للاستخدام مع هذا الأسلوب، وتطورت مع مرور الوقت. وظيفية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي هو تقنية التي ظهرت مؤخرا في علم الأعصاب الإدراكي وأدى ذلك إلى بعض النماذج المتقدمة في مجال البحوث EEG المستخدمة في الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. بناء على قاعدة المعرفة من التجارب EEG مع التقنيات الجديدة هو خطوة منطقية ولكن قد تكون مهملة رغم ذلك بعض النقاط الهامة في النقل. تقنيات لإعادة مختلفة جدا وتحتاج المهام لتكون مصممة وفقا لذلك. وهذا يتطلب معرفة كيفية عمل الطريقة، وعلى وجه الخصوص، كيف التحويرات المحتملة للنموذج تستخدم ستؤثر على التدابير المتخذة. لمزيد من المعلومات على تصميم تجارب الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي يتم توجيه القارئ المهتم إلى الرابط التالي <a href="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency">http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency</a> . وسينظر تصميم مهمة في سياق نقل نموذج المتقدمة للبحوث EEG للبيئة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. أهداف هذه الورقة هي: ط) لوصف فترة وجيزة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي، وعندما استخدامها مناسب في علم الأعصاب الإدراكي. ب) لتوضيح كيفية تصميم المهمة يمكن أن تؤثر على نتائج تجربة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي، وخاصة عندما يتم اقترضت هذه المهمة من طريقة التصوير آخر؛ والثالث) لشرح الجوانب العملية لأداء تجربة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. وظيفية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي هو الآن على نطاق واسع ميتاليكومثل النظام العالمي هو أسلوب شائع يستخدم في علم الأعصاب الإدراكي. من أجل اتخاذ قرار بشأن ما إذا كان الأسلوب هو مناسبة لإجراء تجربة معينة يجب اعتبار مزايا ومساوئ الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي بالنسبة إلى غيرها من التقنيات المتاحة. عيوب هذه الطريقة أنه ليس مقياسا مباشرا من النشاط العصبي، بل هو القرين من النشاط العصبي في أن الاستجابة الأيضية (الحاجة للأكسجين) convolved مع استجابة الديناميكية الدموية. وبالتالي قرارها الزمني ضعيف بالمقارنة مع الكهربية، على سبيل المثال، حيث الإشارة الكهربائية قياس أقرب إلى النشاط العصبي الأساسي بدلا من الاستجابة الأيضية. EEG لديه القرار الزماني في النظام المللي ثانية مقارنة قرارا في ترتيب ثوان في الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. ومع ذلك، فإن الميزة الرئيسية لالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي هو أن القرار المكاني للتقنية ممتازة. وعلاوة على ذلك، فمن موسع وبالتالي موضوعات لا يجب أن استيعاب المواد مثل التعاونيتعرض كلاء ntrast أو للإشعاع كما هو الحال في التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني (PET). ولذلك، الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي هو أسلوب مناسبة للتجارب التحقيق التي تشارك مناطق الدماغ في الإدراك، والإدراك، والسلوك. في هذه الورقة يتم أخذ نموذج غريب الاطوار البصرية كمثال لنقل راسخة-EEG-مهمة لالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي (انظر الشكل 1 للحصول على التفاصيل). تجدر الإشارة إلى أن القضايا التي نوقشت ويمكن أيضا أن تؤثر على النتائج وتفسير البيانات عندما تستخدم نماذج أخرى، وينبغي أن تعتبر من الناحية الفنية في تصميم جميع تجارب الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. كثيرا ما يستخدم نموذج غريب الاطوار في علم النفس وعلم الأعصاب المعرفي لتقييم الاهتمام واستهداف أداء الكشف. وقد تم تطوير النموذج في البحث EEG، وتحديدا إمكانيات الحدث ذات الصلة (نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسات)، للتحقيق في ما يسمى عنصر P300 1. وP300 يمثل الكشف عن الهدف وأثارت على الاعترافهدف نادر التحفيز 1. يتم استخدام P300 في الدراسات في عدد من المجالات المعرفية والسريرية 2 على سبيل المثال، المرضى الذين يعانون من الفصام وأقاربهم 3، 4 المدخنين الشرهين وشيخوخة السكان 5. وبالنظر إلى أن نموذج غريب الاطوار (P300 والتي تسببها النموذج) هو قوي والتضمين أيضا الحالات المرضية المختلفة، ونقلها عبر طرائق التصوير المختلفة لا مفر منه. تفعيل ينظر على نطاق واسع في الدماغ خلال قياس الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي غريب الاطوار هو معروف أن تكون نتيجة الوظائف المعرفية متعددة، كما يتضح من العديد من الدراسات الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي سبر المفاهيم المعرفية الأخرى. هذا النوع على نطاق واسع لتفعيل نمط يجعل من الصعب تحديد أي مناطق الدماغ هي أكثر (أو أقل) نشطة بسبب التلاعب مهمة محددة أو الاختلافات المجموعة التي المجرب مهتمة على وجه التحديد، فإنه من غير المؤكد ما إذا كانت الاختلافات التي لوحظت في تشغيل إشاراتترتبط vation لاستهداف الكشف عن نفسها، إلى عمليات الاهتمام ذات الصلة، أو ما إذا كانت تتعلق مطالب مهمة أخرى مثل عمليات الذاكرة العاملة الجارية أو العمليات المتصلة إنتاج استجابة المحرك. عملية تعيين وظيفة لقياس النشاط أسهل في المجال EEG حيث يتم قياس المكون المعرفي للاهتمام (كشف الهدف) في استجابة الدماغ واضحة لهذه المهمة غريب الاطوار (P300). ومع ذلك، فإن علماء الأعصاب تميل إلى تفسير نتائجها لصالح الفرضية الخاصة والتجربة، بدلا من وضع في الجهود الرامية إلى استبعاد التفسيرات البديلة. معظم التجارب، ومع ذلك، لن تكون قادرة على حل هذه الأسئلة المهمة بطبيعتها - وقت الفحص مكلف - وهو ما يدفعنا إلى القول للتخطيط دقيق والاختبار التجريبي للنماذج. إلى جانب هذه الصعوبة في إقامة صلة مباشرة بين مناطق الدماغ والمكونات المعرفية، وطبيعة نموذج غريب الاطوار أيضايعرض قضايا أخرى محتملة المنهجية عند نقله إلى الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي. على سبيل المثال، عادة ما أشارت الكشف عن التحفيز الهدف عن طريق الضغط على زر الرد. وهذا يسمح للمجرب لتسجيل الدقة وسرعة الاستجابة ولكن هذا الرد قد تؤثر أيضا على استجابة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي جريئة لاستهداف المحفزات. العمل المحركات المطلوبة للتأثيرات اضغط على زر على غير الساحلية التحفيز تفعيل الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي نظرا لأنه يحدث لمجرد بضع مئات من ميلي ثانية بعد عرض الحوافز الهدف. هذا ويمكن أيضا أن تؤثر على تفسير التنشيط، لمناطق الدماغ سبيل المثال تشارك في التحضير للاستجابة المحرك قد خطأ يفترض أن تشارك في الكشف عن التحفيز الهدف، والعكس بالعكس. وقد أدى ذلك إلى التعديلات المنهجية حيث التدابير غير المباشرة للكشف الهدف، وليس الاعتماد على الاستجابات الحركية، تؤخذ. على سبيل المثال، عد المحفزات الهدف تم اقتراح 6 كوسيلة لجعل متأكد من المواضيع الحفاظ attentiعلى على المهمة؛ غاب عن عدد من التجارب يمكن أن تشير إلى مدى تفريط كان الموضوع. الإبلاغ عن عدد من المحفزات عدها في نهاية المهمة يعني أيضا أن المجرب يمكن أن تحقق ما إذا كان موضوع تنفيذ المهمة بشكل صحيح. البديل الثالث هو استخدام التصميم مهمة السلبي تماما حيث يتم إعطاء الموضوع أي تعليمات بشأن كيفية الرد وحداثة حافزا الهدف يفترض أن تثير في حد ذاتها هدفا مثل الكشف عن الاستجابة. على الرغم من هذه الإصدارات المهمة باستخدام نفس النوع من المحفزات والتصميم الأساسي، فإن نمط تفعيل الناتجة عن كل الاختلاف المهمة ستكون مختلفة لأن المطالب المعرفية والحركية للمهام مختلفة 7،8. على سبيل المثال، سيكون هناك عمليات الذاكرة العاملة المشاركة في عد المحفزات الهدف على سبيل المثال، عقد العدد الحالي من المحفزات الهدف في الاعتبار، والتي لن تكون هناك حاجة خلال عرض السلبي. هنا هذه الإصدارات 3 المهمة غريب الاطوار، السلبي، والعد، والثانية تستخدم الاستجابة لاظهار كيف حذرا تصميم وتنفيذ المهمة يمكن أن تمثل هذه التغييرات في متطلبات المهمة والسماح تفسير مناسب لنتائج.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;">Magnetom Tim Trio 3T MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Presentation version 14.8</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Neurobehavioural system, Albany, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Lumitouch device</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Photon Control Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This device is no longer produced by the manufacturer. Alternative MR compatible response devices are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">TFT display</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30inch cinema display</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The screen was custom modified in-house to be MR compatible. However, a number of MR compatible screens are available on the market</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">optseq</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/optseq</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">program for determining optimal stimulus timing for rapid event related designs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">FMRIB software library (FSL)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FMRIB, Oxford</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Other software tools are available for analysing fMRI data, for example SPM, AFNI and Brain Voyager&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transferring cognitive tasks between brain imaging modalities: implications for task design and results interpretation in fmri studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

أثارت طريقة التحفيز والتحليل بالتنشيط جريئة في مناطق الدماغ المرتبطة مهمة غريب الاطوار البصرية. الهدف&gt; كشف النقيض غير المستهدفة لا يوجد تفعيل للحالة السلبية ولكن لم تكشف التنشيط في كل من عدد والاستجابة (الشكل 3). البيانات المعروضة في الشكل 3 هي الم...

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Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

نقل المهام المعرفية بين الدماغ التصوير الطرائق: الآثار المترتبة على تصميم العمل ونتائج التفسير في دراسات الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

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13.1K Views.  Research Centre Jülich GmbH. Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

Video: Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

المهام التطابق Crossmodal كوسيلة للحصول على قياس الهدف السلوكي في المطاط اليد بارادايم الوهم

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

قياس النشاط الجبهي الحوفي باستخدام العاطفي غريب الاطوار العمل في الأطفال الذين يعانون من مخاطر عالية العائلي لمرض الفصام

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

كشف بيت الصمم: اضطرابات كشف إيقاع مع فنجر تزامن التنصت والمهام الإدراكية التوقيت

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي التحقق من fNIRS القياسات خلال مهمة الطبيعي

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

المنهجية العملية للمهام الإدراكي في غضون تقييم الملاحي

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals&#39; neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant&#39;s level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants&#39; brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

استخدام قياسات كهربية لمقارنة الكفاءة العصبية المهام المحددة ل: مهام المكانية الاستخبارات

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

باستخدام Fiberless، fNIRS لبس لمراقبة نشاط المخ في المهام المعرفية في العالم الحقيقي

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

وبمقارنة تأثير التردد بين قرار المعجمة والمهام تسمية باللغة الصينية

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it difficult to determine the underlying processing mechanism of ERP components. Unlike the traditional static approach of manipulating expectancy through corpus frequency or cloze probability, this protocol proposes a dynamic method to enhance participants&#39; expectancy for rarely-met anomalous sentences by multiple repetitions while maintaining their semantic integration difficulties. To address the time cost increase resulting from multiple repetitions, this protocol proposes to repeat only the strictly simplified core structure extracted from the anomalous sentence before presenting the semantically enriched, much more informative complete anomalous sentence containing the anomalous core structure to reinitiate the semantic integration processing. The complete anomalous sentence elicited a P600 effect. It suggests that the participants did not give up processing the anomalous information after repetitions and the same semantic integration difficulty was successfully reinitiated. Importantly, the representative experimental results reveal that the greatly attenuated N400 effect caused by multiple repetitions was not recovered by the follow-up reinitiated semantic integration difficulty. It suggests that the attenuated N400 effect should be mainly attributed to the enhancement of expectancy for anomalous information by multiple repetitions. The experimental results show that this method can effectively enhance participants&#39; expectancy for anomalous sentences while retaining the semantic integration difficulty.

We present a protocol to dissociate the intertwining factors of integrative difficulty and unexpectedness in semantically anomalous sentences by applying multiple repetitions to enhance participant&#39;s expectancy for anomalous sentences. The dissociation helps to investigate the major contributor of elicited event-related potentials (ERP) effects such as N400 in language studies.

فصل التأثيرات المربكة للتوقع والصعوبة التكاملية المقيمة في الجمل الشاذة في الدراسات المحتملة المتعلقة بالحدث

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

مهمة القرار المعجمي لدراسة الاعتراف الكتابي بالكلمات في البالغين الذين يعانون من الخرف أو الاختلال المعرفي الخفيف أو غير المنضوين

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...