تم توفير التمويل لهذا العمل في جزء من منحة بحثية تمنح لMF سلفاتوري من المعهد الوطني للشيخوخة (AG040261). فإن الكتاب أود أيضا أن نعترف الحقول فيكتوريا لمساعدتها مع التجارب السلوكية المرتبطة بعمل وقدمت ماكنزي بستان لمساعدته مع بناء مساندة للحلقة مفرغة.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

هناك أدلة تشير إلى أن استراتيجيات نمط الحياة مثل ممارسة الرياضة، قد يقلل من خطر الإصابة بالأمراض المزمنة المرتبطة بالعمر والأعراض الأساسية، بما في ذلك تلك من الأمراض العصبية مثل مرض الزهايمر وPD 20. صالح ممارسة القسري في حلقة مفرغة، في مقابل ممارسة طوعية على عجل...

استراتيجيات نمط الحياة موسع التي يمكن إما منع أو تخفيف ضعف في الإدراك والحركة وكلا غالبا ما ترتبط مع الشيخوخة، تكتسب الجر وممارسات قابلة للحياة للحفاظ على الصحة والرفاه 1،2. على سبيل المثال، معتدلة الى ممارسة صارمة على أساس أسبوعي وثابت عند الرجال في منتصف العمر يمكن أن تزيد بشكل كبير قدرات الحركي مقارنة مع أقرانهم في سن بالمثل مع تقدم العمر 3. وعلاوة على ذلك، تشير أدلة متزايدة على أن هذه الاستراتيجيات نمط الحياة، مثل ممارسة التمارين الرياضية، يمكن أن تخفف أو حتى العاهات المرتبطة بالأمراض العصبية مثل مرض باركنسون (PD) 4 عكس. كما تم توجيه الجهود لفهم الآليات الجزيئية من العاهات المرتبطة بالشيخوخة نحو تحديد كيف استراتيجيات موسع، مثل ممارسة الرياضة، عكس أو تخفيف من الآليات التي تساهم في مثل هذه العاهات. ممارسة مفرغه هي واحدة من هذه STRATايجى يجري استخدامها بشكل متزايد في نماذج من PD 5-7 وضعف الادراك 1، حيث لا يزال يجري تحديد الآليات وراء التحسينات في الحركي أو الوظائف المعرفية. ومع ذلك، من المهم أن نشير إلى أن الشيخوخة هي الخلفية العصبية الحيوية من PD. وبالتالي، لأي الترجمة المحتملة من ممارسة أي فائدة في نموذج حيواني أن تتحقق في حالة الإنسان يجب أن تأخذ في الاعتبار الخلفية العصبية الحيوية الشيخوخة. على سبيل المثال، الآليات التعويضية التي درء ضعف الحركي خلال PD التقدم يمكن أن تنال من عملية الشيخوخة 8. وبالتالي، فإنه من المعقول أن يجب تطوير النماذج العملية التي لا ننظر فقط إلى تأثير الشيخوخة سواء في وجود أو عدم وجود علم الأمراض، ولكن هذا أيضا يمكن أن تبدأ والحفاظ عليها في القوارض المسنين. ولذلك، في النظر في الشيخوخة على خلفية العصبية الحيوية، واختيار من سلالة الفئرانوينبغي النظر بعناية من قبل المحقق. تتوفر للدراسات الشيخوخة عدة سلالات الفئران، ولا سيما فيشر 344 وبراون النرويج / فيشر 344 F 1 (BNF) هجين. ويشيع استخدامها سبراغ داولي الفئران (سلالة الأباعد) هو أيضا قابلة لمثل هذا الاستخدام، كما أنها تستخدم عادة في نماذج الأمراض العصبية، مثل نموذج PD-6 hydroxydopamine. مختبرنا يستخدم كل من سبراج داولي وBNF سلالات في الشيخوخة والعمل الأمراض العصبية التنكسية. في هذا التقرير، سنقدم نتائج تسليط الضوء على بروتوكولات ممارستنا باستخدام كل السلالات. بالنسبة لأولئك المحققين تركز بشكل صارم على الدراسات المرتبطة بالعمر، سلالة BNF يقدم بعض المزايا الهامة. أولا، فمن نسبيا أقل عرضة للاضطرابات المرتبطة بالشيخوخة مثل (الأورام) ولها طول العمر استثنائي (نموذجي عمر يتجاوز 30 شهرا) بالمقارنة مع السلالات الأخرى. لديهم أيضا أقل تقلب في مجموعة متنوعة من النتائج الفسيولوجية والسلوكية 9، ود هي أيضا مناسبة للتحقيق في النهج التي تدخل في عملية الشيخوخة. وعلاوة على ذلك، والتجارب مثل ممارسة القسري تتطلب معالجة كبيرا من قبل المحقق، والتصرف لطيف من سلالة BNF هو مفيد. المتصلة بالشيخوخة والتغييرات في محتوى الدوبامين أنسجة الجسم المخطط والدماغ المتوسط، فضلا عن النشاط الحركي تغييرات مماثلة على الفئران والقرود BNF 10-11. يحتوي مختبرنا أيضا خبرة واسعة مع توصيف والتلاعب مخططي والدماغ المتوسط ​​مما يشير الدوبامين وكذلك النشاط الحركي في سلالة BNF 12-16. ولذلك، لأن خطر أمراض أخرى استنادا neurobiologically-يزيد مع الشيخوخة، النماذج الحيوانية للمرض الاعصاب ينبغي أن تنظر في استخدام سلالات القوارض مع سجل حافل واسعة من استخدامها في دراسات الشيخوخة. بروتوكول لدينا هنا أيضا يتناول بعض القضايا الحرجة أن المحقق يجب أن تنظر في تفسير نتائجها obtaineد من بروتوكول ممارسة الرياضة. جهاز القوارض مفرغة (استخدام التي سوف تسلط الضوء في هذا التقرير)، وقد تم تجهيز عادة مع لفائف الصدمات الكهربائية في الجزء الخلفي من كل حارة من مطحنة التي يمكن إبطال مفعولها. ولكن عندما يتم تنشيط هذه الملفات صدمة كهربائية، يتم تسليم footshock صغير لهذا الموضوع لأنه يأتي في اتصال مع لفائف. وغالبا ما تستخدم هذه الاستراتيجية في الدراسات العملية لتسهيل الامتثال لممارسة مفرغة. هذه نقطة حاسمة للنظر فيها، خاصة بالنسبة لأولئك المحققين المعنيين بالدراسات السلوكية التي تتأثر dopamine- أو بافراز-الإشارات. footshock الكهربائي هو الإجهاد الفسيولوجي، كما تم توثيقه جيدا تأثيرها على نظامي العصبي، مع زيادة تفعيل هيدروكسيلاز التيروزين 17-18. وبالتالي، زيادة الحيوي إما من الناقل العصبي يمكن أن يتغلب على تفسير أي تأثير ممارسة الرياضة، مما يجعل المحقق مسؤولا عن تفسير ما إذا كان أيومن المقرر صارما لنظام ممارسة أو الإجهاد footshock التغير الملحوظ في السلوك بعد التمرين. الأهم من ذلك أن المقترح القسري ممارسة نظام لا توظف استخدام footshock في أي نقطة في التأقلم مفرغة أو ممارسة فترات التدريب. تتطلب نظم ممارسة ناجحة أيضا الامتثال لممارسة أقصى من اختبار المواضيع. توظيف footshock من أجل تحقيق الامتثال يمكن أن تربك تفسير النتائج التجريبية عندما يرتبط هذا الاجراء يعتمد على ناقل عصبي مما يشير إلى أن يتأثر footshock (كما نوقش سابقا). وبالتالي، فإن التحدي هو الحصول على القوارض، وخاصة الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين القوارض، للامتثال لممارسة نظام. والهدف المرغوب في أي ممارسة نظام هو تحقيق الامتثال ما يقرب من 100٪، حيث سيؤدي ذلك إلى تقليل عدد الحيوانات اللازمة لاستكمال ممارسة نظام. على وجه التحديد، والحد الأقصى الامتثال لممارسة وتفسير نتائج ممارسة نظام يمكن بالبريد التي تم الحصول عليها في منطقتنا ممارسة نظام نتيجة لعدة إجراءات ما قبل العملية بما في ذلك، 1) دورة ضوء الظلام العكسية التي تمكن الحيوانات أثناء ممارسة النشطة أعقاب) دورة (، 2) ضمان خطوط أساس الأداء الحركي متساوون قبل فصل السيطرة وممارسة الجماعات، و 3) تقديم الموضوعات اختبار لفترة التأقلم التي تعرفهم تدريجيا إلى متطلبات ممارسة نظام. هنا، فإن الاعتبارات والخطوات التجريبية المذكورة اللازمة لتحقيق الامتثال ما يقرب من 100٪ إلى المطحنة ممارسة في القوارض الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين (&gt; 18 شهرا من العمر) سيتم تقييمها وعرضها. أخيرا، والبيئة المرتبطة التمرينات الرياضية قد تكون مرهقة، وعلى هذا النحو، وإمكانات الحالية يفند لتحديد الآثار الفسيولوجية محددة لممارسة الرياضة. يتحكم بروتوكول لدينا أيضا من أجل التعرض للبيئة الذي يحفز التوتر المحتملة للحلقة مفرغة من قبل بما في ذلك مجموعة nonexercise في كل جانب من جوانب مرحلة التأقلم (بما في ذلك مودست مفرغة تشغيل) ووضعها على جهاز المشي الثابت خلال التمرينات مفرغة. وبالتالي، يهدف هذا البروتوكول إلى وصف التدابير اللازمة لتحديد الأثر الفسيولوجي لممارسة الرياضة وحدها.

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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="814">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="6" height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:815px;">Table of Specific Materials/Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td colspan="3">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">Exer-4 Treadmill for Rats</td>
			<td>Columbus Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>96157-2</td>
			<td colspan="3" style="width:321px;">Columbus has a variety of treadmills for animals with varying numbers of lanes, and other options such as metabolic measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="59" rowspan="2" style="height:59px;width:211px;">Animal Activity Meter: Opto-Varimex 4-Auto Track&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Columbus Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">0170-R4</td>
			<td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="width:321px;">Columbus has several options for activity chambers with varying arena sizes, beam spacing, and sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

getting to compliance in forced exercise in rodents: a critical standard to evaluate exercise impact in aging-related disorders and disease

هناك زيادة كبيرة في الوعي بالأثر الإيجابي لممارسة الرياضة على تحسين العديد من الحالات المرضية مع أساس العصبية. تشمل هذه تحسين الوظيفة الإدراكية والأداء الجسدي. ونتيجة لذلك، هناك زيادة في عدد من الدراسات على الحيوانات التي تستخدم ممارسة الرياضة. ويقال إن القيمة الجوهرية واحدة من ممارسة القسري هي أن المحقق لديه السيطرة على العوامل التي يمكن أن تؤثر على تأثير التمرينات الرياضية على النتائج السلوكية، لا سيما ممارسة التردد، والمدة، وشدة ممارسة نظام. ومع ذلك، والامتثال في نظم ممارسة القسري قد يكون مشكلة، خاصة إذا يفند المحتملة لتوظيف القدم صدمة هي التي ينبغي تجنبها. ومن المهم أيضا النظر إلى أنه منذ تضرب معظم إدراكيا والحركي للفرد في العمر، تحديد تأثير التمرينات الرياضية على هذه العاهات يجب النظر في استخدام القوارض سن مع أعلى مستوى ممكن من الامتثال لضمان الحد الأدنى من الحاجة إلى اختبار سوbjects. هنا، ستعرض الخطوات ذات الصلة والاعتبارات اللازمة لتحقيق الامتثال ما يقرب من 100٪ إلى المطحنة ممارسة في نموذج القوارض العمر ومناقشتها. بغض النظر عن نظام ممارسة معينة يجري استخدامها من قبل المحقق، وينبغي أن يكون لدينا بروتوكول الاستخدام للمحققين التي تهتم بشكل خاص في الأثر المحتمل لممارسة القسري على المتصلة بالشيخوخة العاهات، بما في ذلك الرعاش المتصلة بالشيخوخة ومرض باركنسون.

ويظهر رسم تخطيطي لتسلسل الأحداث في جميع المراحل الثلاث من ممارسة نظام القسري في الشكل 1. بالإضافة إلى عكس اتجاه دورة ضوء الظلام، يوميا قبل التعامل مع أي اختبار التجريبي، والمرحلة 1 من التدريب التأقلم، حيث يجلس المواضيع على مطحنة ثابتة لمدة 5-10 دقيقة / يوم لمدة...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease at JoVE.com

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

الوصول الى التوافق في التمرين القسري في القوارض: معيار حاسم لتقييم ممارسة التأثير في الاضطرابات المتصلة بالشيخوخة والأمراض

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.1K Views.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

Video: Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals and humans. However, many animal models of depression were developed in males and are not applicable or effective in studies of postpartum females. Recent studies have reported significant effects of chronic social stress during lactation, an ethologically relevant and effective stressor, on maternal behavior, growth, and behavioral neuroendocrinology. This manuscript will describe this chronic social stress paradigm using repeated exposure of a lactating dam to a novel male intruder, and the assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine effects of this model. Chronic social stress (CSS) is a valuable model for studying the effects of stress on the behavior and physiology of the dam as well as her offspring and future generations. The exposure of pups to CSS can also be used as an early life stress that has long term effects on behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrinology.

This article describes the use of chronic resident intruder social stress as an ethologically relevant paradigm to model postpartum depression and anxiety in lactating rodents.

استخدام الضغط الاجتماعي المزمن لنموذج اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة في المرضعات القوارض

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals ...

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

المهام التطابق Crossmodal كوسيلة للحصول على قياس الهدف السلوكي في المطاط اليد بارادايم الوهم

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

إجراء لدراسة تأثير الغذاء المطول تقييد على الهيروين المفضل في الجرذان متقشف

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

كشف بيت الصمم: اضطرابات كشف إيقاع مع فنجر تزامن التنصت والمهام الإدراكية التوقيت

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

تقييم الفئران تمرين التحمل من دون استخدام الشبكة من الصدمة: بديل لممارسة القسري

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

إجراءات لمراقبة الناجم عن السياق تجديد مكيفة بافلوف-السلوك الكحول التماس في الجرذان

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

صور الموجات فوق الصوتية لسان: هناك دروس لتقييم وعلاج الأخطاء الكلام الصوت

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

سوبراماكسيمال كثافة ممارسة التاكسج، وتقييم وظيفة الأوعية الدموية في الفئران

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

التمارين الرئوية المنصوص عليها في المنزل في المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض انسداد رئوي مزمن مستقر

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

تاثير الفترة الزمنيه العالية الكثافة والتمارين المستمرة المعتدلة الكثافة علي مستوي تي تروبونين القلبي في مرحله مبكرة من التدريب

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...