This work was funded by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG4179 to A.N.), the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01NS073425 and R01NS074870 to A.N.) and the National Science Foundation (A.N.). We thank Dr. Frank Kirchhoff (University of Saarland, Homburg Germany) for providing PLPDsRed transgenic mice. We thank Youfen Sun for her assistance in maintaining the transgenic mouse colony.

ملاحظة: جميع الإجراءات الحيوانية تتبع المبادئ التوجيهية حيث تم اعتمادها من قبل اللجنة المؤسسية رعاية الحيوان واستخدام (IACUC) في جامعة كونيتيكت. ملاحظة: للحصول على هذه التجارب التأسيسية NG2cre 18 (JAX # 008533) ومحرض NG2creER 16 (JAX # 008538) الفئران المعدلة وراثيا منها إلى Z / EG 19 (JAX # 003920) أو gtRosa26: مراسل YFP 20 (JAX # 006148) خطوط استخدمت التوالي صورة لخلايا NG2 وذريتها. لصورة قليلة التغصن ناضجة، استخدمت PLPDsRed الفئران المعدلة وراثيا 21. من أجل البقاء ثابت، وشرائح يمكن عزل من الفئران تصل إلى 10 يوم بعد الولادة من كل من الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ. 1. شريحة التحضير <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في الثقافة هود، ضع إدراج زراعة الأنسجة في ست لوحات جيدة وإضافة 1 مل شريحة متوسطة الثقافة (وصفة في قسم الكواشف). وضع لوحات في الحاضنة زراعة الخلايا عند 37 درجة مئوية مع 5٪ CO 2 على الأقل 2 ساعة قبل تشريح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعقيم جميع الأدوات والمروحية الأنسجة مع الايثانول 70٪. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فقاعة عازلة تشريح (وصفة في قسم الكواشف) مع 95٪ O 2، 5٪ CO 2 على الجليد لمدة 15 دقيقة على الأقل قبل بدء تشريح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخدير الجراء الماوس عن طريق وضعها على الجليد لمدة 5-10 دقيقة وفقا لبروتوكولات الحيوانية المعتمدة. تأكد عمق مناسب من التخدير عن طريق التأكد من الفئران لا تستجيب الى الذيل وأخمص القدمين معسر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع رأس الحيوانات باستخدام مقص حاد التالية بروتوكولات الحيوان. بسرعة إزالة الجمجمة على الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ بجعل أول خفض سهمي تليها شق الجانبي، وذلك باستخدام أدوات معقمة. قطع الأعصاب القحفية من السطح البطني من الدماغ والمخيخ بعناية من قبل المتداول الأنسجة إلى الجانب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الأنسجة في العقيمة 35 ملم صحن يحتوي عازلة تشريح المؤكسج الجليد الباردة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام شفرة حلاقة، قطع المخيخ والدماغ الأمامي. ثم اجراء خفض منتصف السهمي ترولاف الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ، التي تفصل بين نصفي الكرة الأرضية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع 300 أقسام الاكليلية والسهمي ميكرون سميكة من الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ مع المروحية الأنسجة اليدوية. ملاحظة: المروحية الأنسجة اليدوية تتيح معالجة سريعة من تشريح للثقافة الحضانة دون الحاجة لتضمين الاغاروز. ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم vibratome كما هو موضح سابقا 9. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل شرائح فصلها إلى فقاعات حديثا عازلة تشريح الباردة على الجليد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام تشريح ملاعق صغيرة أو وزنها لفصل المقاطع الفردية ونقلها إلى preincubated ستة أطباق جيدا مع تدرج الثقافة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة أي عازلة تشريح الزائد من سطح إدراج الثقافة باستخدام ماصة نقل القابل للتصرف أو P 200 طرف الماصة. يمكن وضعها مرتين إلى ثلاث الدماغ الأمامي أو ثلاث شرائح للدماغ على إدراج ثقافة واحدة. ملاحظة: للحصول على نتائج متسقة مع الثقافات الدماغ المقدم، فإنه يعتبر مثاليا لاتخاذ شرائح التي تغطي الجزء الأمامي من ثلث الجسم الثفني(الشكل 1A) من أجل دراسة كل مناطق المادة الرمادية والبيضاء في نفس شريحة. كل حيوان عادة ما ينتج 6 شرائح الدماغ الأمامي و 6 شرائح المخيخ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع لوحات جيدة ستة في الحاضنة واستبدال شريحة المتوسطة مع 1 مل من شريحة متوسطة بعد 1 يوم إعداد شريحة وبعد ذلك مرة كل يومين حتى شريحة التثبيت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اعتمادا على التجربة، استخدام شرائح بعد 5-7 أيام في الثقافة. فقط استخدام شرائح التي تصبح شفافة بعد الأيام القليلة الأولى وتجاهل تلك التي لديها مناطق مبهمة متفاوتة. ملاحظة: المناطق المعتمة داخل شرائح مرئية بالعين وتظهر كما أجمة من زنازين مظلمة تحت النقيض من المرحلة. بعد أن تم يتقن هذه التقنية، تحدث شرائح مبهمة الميتة نادرا، في أقل من 1-5٪ من شرائح. </li></ol> 2. الوقت الفاصل بين التصوير من الانقسام الخلوي NG2 والتمايز دبقية قليلة التغصن ملاحظة: لإجراء وقت التصوير انقضاء NG2 تكاثر الخلايا والتمايز نستخدم NG2cre: ZEG الفئران 16التي تعبر عن EGFP في الخلايا NG2 وذريتها (الشكل 1C-E). مراسل التعبير في هذا الخط هو قوي بما فيه الكفاية للحصول على صور حية لGFP + الخلايا في شرائح فورا بعد باجتزاء لفترة زمنية من أربعة أسابيع على الأقل. ويتم الحصول على أوضح الصور بعد فترة ترقق الأولية للشريحة، والذي يحدث خلال الأيام الأولى 3-5 في الثقافة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في كافة مراحل التجربة، والحفاظ على شرائح في حاضنة زراعة الخلايا عند 37 درجة مئوية وإزالة إلا لفترات قصيرة من الوقت (أقل من 15 دقيقة لكل شريحة)، والحفاظ على غطاء على لوحة جيدا ستة حين التصوير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام المجهر مضان مقلوب مجهزة الكاميرا الرقمية، والتقاط الصور عند نقطة أول مرة باستخدام الهدف 10X. ملاحظة: نقطة للمرة الأولى سوف تختلف من التجربة ويمكن أن يكون اليوم الذي أعدت شرائح أو أي نقطة زمنية بعد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التقاط الصور من مناطق متعددة في نقطة زمنية واحدة في كل من مناطق المادة الرمادية والبيضاء للشريحة. مذكرة عشرالمنطقة تصويرها بواسطة البريد المعالم محددة داخل شريحة وعن طريق تعيين موقع الصورة على التخطيطي التي يمكن استخدامها لجلسات التصوير لاحقة. ويمكن أن تشمل معالم مفيدة حواف شرائح و / أو التوجه مساحات المادة البيضاء. صورة 7:56 المواقع على كل شريحة في كل نقطة زمنية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التقاط صور لاحقة في الفترة الفاصلة من 4-6 ساعة إذا فحص انقسام الخلايا دبقية قليلة التغصن NG2 والتمايز، بشكل مثالي خلال 5-7 أيام. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التقاط صورة نهائية لجميع المناطق وتحديد شرائح الفور. إضافة 1 مل من تثبيتي (4٪ PFA مع 0.1M-L يسين 0.01 M الصوديوم الفوقية بريودات) إلى الجزء السفلي من إدراج الثقافة، ثم يضاف 1 مل أخرى على أعلى من شرائح. والحرص على عدم بخ تثبيتي مباشرة على شريحة لأنها يمكن أن تنفصل عن الغشاء. إصلاح الأنسجة لمدة 30 دقيقة والمضي قدما المناعية باستخدام علامات مرحلة تنموية محددة كما هو موضح في القسم 4. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> شرائح غسل مع 0.2 M فوسفات الصوديوم عازلة 3 × 10 مفي. إذا لزم الأمر، وشرائح تخزينها في 4 درجة مئوية في 0.2 M فوسفات الصوديوم العازلة لمدة 1-3 أيام قبل المناعية ولكن أداء مثالي تلطيخ خلال 24 ساعة. المضي قدما المناعية كما هو موضح أدناه في القسم 4 لتحديد نسبة الخلايا التي متباينة في الخلايا قليلة التغصن (الشكل 2D-F). </li></ol> 3. مصير خارطة آله خلية NG2 عن طريق الفئران المعدلة وراثيا في محرض مراسل الثقافات شريحة ملاحظة: لتتبع مصير خلايا NG2 من نقطة زمنية معينة في الثقافة، محرض NG2creER: يمكن استخدام YFP الفئران المعدلة وراثيا. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لحث لجنة المساواة العرقية إعادة التركيب والتعبير مراسل بإضافة 100 نانومتر 4OHT الذائبة في الايثانول إلى مستنبت. ملاحظة: يجب أن تظهر خلايا إيجابية مراسل في غضون 1-2 أيام في كفاءة تحريض ~ 20-25٪ YFP + NG2 + / + NG2 الخلايا وعند هذه النقطة الوقت سوف تكون جميع الخلايا في مرحلة خلية NG2 (الشكل 2A-C) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إصلاح وغسل شريحةق في نقاط زمنية مختلفة بعد مختلف التلاعب (وصفها في الأقسام 2.5 و 2.6). </li></ol> 4. شريحة المناعية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع الأغشية مع شرائح المرفقة من إدراج باستخدام مشرط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل شرائح إلى الآبار الفردية لالمالحة 24 لوحة تحتوي على الآبار الفوسفات مخزنة (PBS) باستخدام مجموعة من ملاقط، مع الحرص على عدم تعطيل تشكيل شريحة عند التقاط الغشاء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل الشرائح الى 24 لوحة جيدا مع عرقلة الحل تحتوي على 5٪ مصل الماعز العادي (خ ع) و 0.1٪ تريتون-X100 في برنامج تلفزيوني لمدة 1 ساعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان الشرائح في الأجسام المضادة الأولية O / N في NGS 5٪ في برنامج تلفزيوني في 4 درجات مئوية. لتحديد الخلايا في مرحلة خلية NG2، استخدام الأجسام المضادة لNG2 وPDGFRα. لتحديد الخلايا قليلة التغصن متباينة، استخدام الأجسام المضادة للمستضد غدومي المرجلات القولونية (APC، استنساخ CC1). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على شرائح غسل يوم الثاني في برنامج تلفزيوني X15 3 دقائق، ثم في احتضان antibo الثانوييموت في 5٪ NGS في برنامج تلفزيوني لمدة 1 ساعة على RT. تغسل شرائح في برنامج تلفزيوني 3 X15 دقيقة وجبل على الشرائح. جبل مع شرائح صعودا وغشاء تواجه الشريحة بحيث الغشاء لا يكون بين الهدف والأنسجة. </li></ol>

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G., Scheller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+reef+coral+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+central+nervous+system+of+transgenic+mice.">Expression of reef coral fluorescent proteins in the central nervous system of transgenic mice.</a> Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 30 (3), 291-303 (2005).</li><li>Nave, K. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+and+support+of+axonal+integrity+by+glia.">Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia.</a> Nature. 468 (7321), 244-252 (2010).</li><li>Rivers, L. E., Young, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PDGFRA/NG2+glia+generate+myelinating+oligodendrocytes+and+piriform+projection+neurons+in+adult+mice.">PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 11 (12), 1392-1401 (2008).</li><li>Dimou, L., Simon, C., Kirchhoff, F., Takebayashi, H., Gotz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progeny+of+Olig2-expressing+progenitors+in+the+gray+and+white+matter+of+the+adult+mouse+cerebral+cortex.">Progeny of Olig2-expressing progenitors in the gray and white matter of the adult mouse cerebral cortex.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (41), 10434-10442 (2008).</li><li>Kang, S. H., Fukaya, M., Yang, J. K., Rothstein, J. D., Bergles, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NG2++CNS+glial+progenitors+remain+committed+to+the+oligodendrocyte+lineage+in+postnatal+life+and+following+neurodegeneration.">NG2+ CNS glial progenitors remain committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage in postnatal life and following neurodegeneration.</a> Neuron. 68 (4), 668-681 (2010).</li><li>Ioannidou, K., Anderson, K. I., Strachan, D., Edgar, J. M., Barnett, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-lapse+imaging+of+the+dynamics+of+CNS+glial-axonal+interactions+in+vitro+and+ex+vivo.">Time-lapse imaging of the dynamics of CNS glial-axonal interactions in vitro and ex vivo.</a> PloS one. 7 (1), e30775 (2012).</li><li>Ghoumari, A. M., Baulieu, E. E., Schumacher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progesterone+increases+oligodendroglial+cell+proliferation+in+rat+cerebellar+slice+cultures.">Progesterone increases oligodendroglial cell proliferation in rat cerebellar slice cultures.</a> Neuroscience. 135 (1), 47-58 (2005).</li><li>Azim, K., Butt, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GSK3&#946;+negatively+regulates+oligodendrocyte+differentiation+and+myelination+in+vivo.">GSK3&#946; negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vivo.</a> Glia. 59 (4), 540-553 (2011).</li><li>Hussain, R., El-Etr, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progesterone+and+nestorone+facilitate+axon+remyelination:+a+role+for+progesterone+receptors.">Progesterone and nestorone facilitate axon remyelination: a role for progesterone receptors.</a> Endocrinology. 152 (10), 3820-3831 (2011).</li><li>Pampaloni, F., Reynaud, E. G., Stelzer, E. H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+third+dimension+bridges+the+gap+between+cell+culture+and+live+tissue.">The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (10), 839-845 (2007).</li><li>Lubetzki, C., Demerens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Even+in+culture,+oligodendrocytes+myelinate+solely+axons.">Even in culture, oligodendrocytes myelinate solely axons.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (14), 6820-6824 (1993).</li><li>Demerens, C., Stankoff, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+myelination+in+the+central+nervous+system+by+electrical+activity.">Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (18), 9887-9892 (1996).</li><li>Wood, P. M., Bunge, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+sensory+axons+are+mitogenic+for+Schwann+cells.">Evidence that sensory axons are mitogenic for Schwann cells.</a> Nature. 256 (5519), 662-664 (1975).</li><li>Stevens, B., Tanner, S., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+myelination+by+specific+patterns+of+neural+impulses.">Control of myelination by specific patterns of neural impulses.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (22), 9303-9311 (1998).</li><li>Stevens, B., Porta, S., Haak, L. L., Gallo, V., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+a+neuron-glial+transmitter+promoting+myelination+in+the+CNS+in+response+to+action+potentials.">Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials.</a> Neuron. 36 (5), 855-868 (2002).</li><li>Wake, H., Lee, P. R., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+local+protein+synthesis+and+initial+events+in+myelination+by+action+potentials.">Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials.</a> Science. 333 (6049), 1647-1651 (2011).</li><li>Rosenberg, S. S., Kelland, E. E., Tokar, E., De la Torre, A. R., Chan, J. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests

تكون الميالين في الجهاز العصبي المركزي أمر ضروري للتواصل الفعال وبقاء الخلايا العصبية محور عصبي 22. خلايا NG2 تولد باستمرار قليلة التغصن myelinating في مرحلة البلوغ مع الحفاظ على السكان المقيمين في معظم مناطق الدماغ 16،23 - 25. وقد وصفت بعض الآليات الوراثية والجزيئ?...

وقد أثبتت الثقافات شريحة Organoytpic من الجهاز العصبي المركزي إلى أن تكون مفيدة للغاية لدراسة الخلايا العصبية وبيولوجيا الخلايا الدبقية في نظام semiintact 1-4. هذه الثقافات هي بسيطة نسبيا لاعتماد وتحتفظ العديد من الفوائد من مزارع الخلايا فصلها الأولية مثل التلاعب في البيئة خارج الخلية وسهولة الوصول للالمتكررة على المدى الطويل التصوير الخلية الحية والتسجيلات الكهربية 5-9. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، الحفاظ على الثقافات شريحة التهندس الخلوي الأنسجة 3 الأبعاد، والربط العصبية الإقليمي، ومعظم أنواع الخلايا الرئيسية موجودة في النظام. هذه الخصائص تجعل هذه الثقافات نظام فريد ومريحة للتحقيق في سلوك خلية واحدة وعلم وظائف الأعضاء مع التفاعلات الخلوية والبيئية. خلايا NG2 هي مجموعة من الخلايا الدبقية في الجهاز العصبي المركزي الثدييات التي لا تزال تتكاثر وتوليد مyelinating قليلة التغصن أثناء التطور الجنيني وبعد الولادة 10. فقد تمت دراستها على نطاق واسع في مزارع الخلايا الأولية فصلها، والتطورات الأخيرة في خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا مع التعبير NG2 خلية محددة من البروتينات الفلورية سهلت في رسم مصير الجسم الحي والتسجيلات الكهربية في الاستعدادات شريحة الحادة. حتى مع هذه الدراسات، لا يعرف الكثير عن ديناميات الزمنية من NG2 تكاثر الخلايا والتمايز دبقية قليلة التغصن. على الرغم من أن يستخدم على نطاق واسع الثقافة خلية فصلها عن المنشأة النسبي في التلاعب الدوائية والوراثية، فإنه ليست مناسبة للاستجواب الاختلافات الوظيفية لهذه الخلايا في مناطق الدماغ المختلفة لا سيما عندما يكون من المرغوب فيه للحفاظ على سياق المكروية الخلوية. الثقافات شريحة توفر بديل بسيط هو أن قابلة للتلاعب الدوائية واستخدمت لتحقيق دبقية قليلة التغصن تكون الميالين 11،12، والخليةاستجابة جزيئية بعد ليزوليسيتين (مجلس السلام الليبيري) أو الأجسام المضادة التي يسببها إزالة الميالين 13،14، وتحريض عودة الميالين عن طريق العلاج الدوائي 15. وهناك طريقة للتحقيق وإجراء التصوير الحية والأنسجة الثابتة (أو postfixation) تحليل NG2 تكاثر الخلايا والتمايز دبقية قليلة التغصن في الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط مأخوذة من كل من الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ يوصف. هذا هو وسيلة قوية يمكن استخدامها لدراسة مصير خلية من خلايا NG2 واحدة بعد تقسيم 16 واكتشاف الاختلافات إقليمية وتعتمد على العمر في عامل نمو الخلايا NG2 يسببها انتشار 17. هذه التقنية بسيطة نسبيا يمكن الوصول إليها على نطاق واسع لمواصلة التحقيق خلية جوهري و / أو بيئية آليات تنظيم وظائف أعضاء هذه الخلايا الدبقية واستجابتها لنشاط الخلايا العصبية أو ضرر المايلين.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slice Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11090</td>
			<td>50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14175</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H-4034</td>
			<td>25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030</td>
			<td>1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6634</td>
			<td>1mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>0.4mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30074.03</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Titrate to pH 7.22 with NaOH, filter with bottle top filter, and store at 4 degrees Celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissection Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>124mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td>3.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>1.25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td>4.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>2mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>26mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>2.0mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4036</td>
			<td>0.075mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Filter with bottle top filter and store at 4 degrees Celsius, oxygenate with 95%O2 5%CO2 before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other Reagents and Supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4OHT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7904</td>
			<td>100nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>19200</td>
			<td>4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-6027</td>
			<td>0.1M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Metaperiodate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-1878</td>
			<td>0.01M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti NG2 antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti CC1 antibody</td>
			<td>Calbiochem (Millipore)</td>
			<td>OP80</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td>Vision Biosystems</td>
			<td>NCL-Ki67-MM1</td>
			<td>1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti NeuN antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Species specific secondary antibodies</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum (NGS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell culture membrane inserts 0.45&#956;m pore size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PICM03050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle top filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-25E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2 5% CO2 gas mix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile six well plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting (hippocampal) or weighing spatulas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual or automatic tissue chopper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable transfer pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm and 60mm sterile Petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Phase Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Fluorescence Microcope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

organotypic slice cultures to study oligodendrocyte dynamics and myelination

NG2 الخلايا معربا عن (polydendrocytes، خلايا دبقية قليلة التغصن السلائف) هي رابع السكان الخلايا الدبقية كبير في الجهاز العصبي المركزي. أثناء التطور الجنيني وبعد الولادة أنها تتكاثر بنشاط وتوليد الخلايا قليلة التغصن myelinating. وعادة تتم دراسة هذه الخلايا في الثقافات فصلها الأولية، cocultures الخلايا العصبية، وفي الأنسجة الثابتة. باستخدام خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا المتوفرة حديثا شريحة نظم الاستزراع يمكن استخدامها لتحقيق انتشار والتمايز للخلايا دبقية قليلة التغصن النسب في المنطقتين المادة الرمادية والبيضاء في الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ. يتم إعداد الثقافات شريحة من الفئران بعد الولادة المبكرة ويتم الاحتفاظ في الثقافة لمدة تصل إلى 1 في الشهر. هذه الشرائح ولا يمكن تصوير عدة مرات خلال الفترة الثقافة للتحقيق في سلوك الخلايا والتفاعلات. هذا الأسلوب يسمح التصور من انقسام الخلايا NG2 والخطوات المؤدية إلى دبقية قليلة التغصن التمايز مع تمكين تحليل مفصل للمنطقة تعتمدالأنف والحنجرة خلية دبقية قليلة التغصن NG2 وعدم التجانس الوظيفي. هذا هو أسلوب القوية التي يمكن استخدامها لتحقيق الإشارات الجوهرية وخارجي التأثير على هذه الخلايا مع مرور الوقت في بيئة الخلوية التي تشبه تلك الموجودة في الجسم الحي.

وترد أمثلة على بيانات تمثيلية أدناه التي تم الحصول عليها باستخدام شريحة الثقافات من كل من الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ من P8 NG2cre: ZEG، NG2creER: YFP وPLPDsRed خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا. خلايا NG2 يمكن تصويرها خلال أيام في الدماغ الأمامي والمخيخ شرائح (الشكل 1B-D، فيديو 1) والنمط ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط لدراسة ديناميات دبقية قليلة التغصن وتكون الميالين

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

organotypic-slice-cultures-to-study-oligodendrocyte-dynamics

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18.2K Views.  University of Connecticut. A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Video: Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

وعضوي النمط الثقافة شريحة الحصين النموذجي لفحص الإصابات متعلق بالخلايا العصبية

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

عضوي النمط الثقافات شريحة الحصين

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

مخيخي الثقافات عضوي النمط : التحديات والكشف عن أفكارك

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

تسجيل خلية كاملة من إعداد عضوي النمط شريحة من القشرة المخية الحديثة

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

تسجيلات صفيف متعدد القطب من الانهيارات الجليدية الخلايا العصبية في الثقافات عضوي النمط

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cellular development is commonly studied with primary cell culture models. Primary cell culture facilitates the evaluation of a given cell type by providing a controlled environment, free of the extraneous variables that are present in vivo. While OL cultures derived from rats have provided a vast amount of insight into OL biology, similar efforts at establishing OL cultures from mice has been met with major obstacles. Developing methods to culture murine primary OLs is imperative in order to take advantage of the available transgenic mouse lines. 
Multiple methods for extraction of OPCs from rodent tissue have been described, ranging from neurosphere derivation, differential adhesion purification and immunopurification 1-3. While many methods offer success, most require extensive culture times and/or costly equipment/reagents. To circumvent this, purifying OPCs from murine tissue with an adaptation of the method originally described by McCarthy &amp; 
de Vellis 2 is preferred. This method involves physically separating OPCs from a mixed glial culture derived from neonatal rodent cortices. The result is a purified OPC population that can be differentiated into an OL-enriched culture. This approach is appealing due to its relatively short culture time and the unnecessary requirement for growth factors or immunopanning antibodies. 
While exploring the mechanisms of OL development in a purified culture is informative, it does not provide the most physiologically relevant environment for assessing myelin sheath formation. Co-culturing OLs with neurons would lend insight into the molecular underpinnings regulating OL-mediated myelination of axons. For many OL/neuron co-culture studies, dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) have proven to be the neuron type of choice. They are ideal for co-culture with OLs due to their ease of extraction, minimal amount of contaminating cells, and formation of dense neurite beds. While studies using rat/mouse myelinating xenocultures have been published 4-6, a method for the derivation of such OL/DRGN myelinating co-cultures from post-natal murine tissue has not been described. Here we present detailed methods on how to effectively produce such cultures, along with examples of expected results. These methods are useful for addressing questions relevant to OL development/myelinating function, and are useful tools in the field of neuroscience.

This article describes methods to derive enriched populations of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in primary culture, which differentiate to produce mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). In addition, this report describes techniques to produce murine myelinating co-cultures by seeding mouse OPCs onto a neurite bed of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs).

الاشتقاق الثقافات Oligodendrocyte المخصب وOligodendrocyte نيورون / Myelinating المشارك من الثقافات في مرحلة ما بعد الولادة مناديل الفئران

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط من المخ الأوسط بطني الجنينية : نظام لدراسة التنمية متعلق بالخلايا العصبية الدوبامينية في المختبر</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

على تحليل من الخليوي بركينيي علم الصرف شجيرى في الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

وتحليل وعائية عصبية إعادة عرض في Entorhino-الحصين الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

أورجانوتيبيك شريحة هيبوكامبال الثقافات كنموذج للدراسة نيوروبروتيكتيون واختزاع الخلايا السرطانية

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...