This work was supported by the grant P01HL107151 from the NHLBI/NIH. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support and access to instrumentation provided through grant P41GM103490 from the NIGMS/NIH.

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The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Combining in-gel reductive &#946;-elimination with aqueous-organic extraction enhances the sensitivity and depth of structural data that can be acquired for characterizing sulfated and non-sulfated O-linked glycans harvested from small amounts of mucin-type glycoproteins resolved from other proteins by SDS-PAGE. The essential advances of the technical approaches presented in this study are: (a) facile removal of gel derived contaminants by simple washing steps; (b) quantitative recovery of permethylated sulfoglycans in t...

بالغليكوزيل هو بروتين آخر متعدية التعديل الضروري، والمساهمة في الفيزيولوجيا العضوي، علم أمراض الأنسجة، والاعتراف الخلوي 1-3. على الرغم من التقدم الكبير في glycoscience التحليلي، تميز التنوع الكامل للglycans على بروتين معين لا يزال مهمة صعبة للغاية، خصوصا على البروتينات المعزولة من المصادر البيولوجية الأولية. ومع ذلك، فإن microheterogeneity من glycans سكري يؤثر كثيرا تفاعلات وظيفية مع بروتينات أخرى. لذا، وتوصيف التنوع غليكان ضروري لفهم مغزى الفسيولوجية الخلوية والأنسجة بالغليكوزيل 4،5. من أجل فهم مساهمة سكري بالغليكوزيل لعلم وظائف الأعضاء والأنسجة الفيزيولوجيا المرضية وقوية وحساسة، والتقنيات التحليلية glycomic شاملة أصبحت ذات أهمية متزايدة. في تحليل البروتين، وتتحقق التعرف البروتين عموما LC-MSتحليل / MS من الببتيدات زيتية 6. يمكن أن يتم هضم البروتين من استخدام البروتين أو البروتينات المنقى حلها بواسطة SDS-PAGE التالية في جل الهضم مع البروتياز مثل التربسين 7-9. قبل التخصيب للخليط البروتين بواسطة SDS-PAGE يعزز من عمق ودقة ID البروتين. تطوير استراتيجيات مماثلة لتحليل glycomic من بروتين سكري بالغليكوزيل تكمن في طليعة glycoscience. وتعلق الطبقات الكبرى اثنين من glycans العمود الفقرى للبروتين إما من خلال N-O-الربط أو الربط. وتعلق glycans N-مرتبطة الأسباراجين (الأسباراجين) وجدت بقايا كجزء من sequon يعرف الأسباراجين-X-سر / منتدى المجالس الرومانسية / السيستئين (X هو أي الأحماض الأمينية إلا البرولين)، ويمكن أن تنطلق من الهضم الأنزيمي مع peptide- N -glycanase (PNGaseF أو A)، إما في الحل، في هلام، أو على لطخة 10-12. وترد glycans مرتبطة أساسا ليا سيرين (سر) أو ثريونين (THR) المخلفات. ومع ذلك، فقد تم الاتساع إنزيم واحد فقطtified التي هي قادرة على اطلاق سراح glycans مرتبطة يا من بروتين سكري ولها خصوصية غليكان محدودة للغاية، والإفراج فقط أبسط glycans مرتبطة الإخراج. تبقى استراتيجيات الإفراج الكيميائية الأسلوب المفضل لإطلاق شامل للglycans مرتبطة يا من بروتينات سكرية. الاختزالية أو غير الاختزالية β-القضاء، أو hydrazinolysis وتقنيات الافراج كيميائية تتميز كذلك وحاليا الأكثر شيوعا نهج لإطلاق glycans مرتبطة يا من بروتينات سكرية 13،14. على الرغم من التخفيض β-القضاء قد استخدمت لإطلاق glycans مرتبطة يا من بروتينات سكرية مفصولة SDS-PAGE، النهج السابقة تقتضي الفصل HPLC لتحليلها لاحقا 15-17. يوفر متعدد الأبعاد MS (MS ن) التحليل حاليا أغنى مصدر البيانات الهيكلية للتميز glycans صدر من بروتينات سكرية معزولة في المبالغ المتوقعة من معظم المصادر البيولوجية. عمق MSوالتوصيف الهيكلي المستندة سهلت كثيرا permethylating وglycans صدر قبل تحليلها. Permethylation يعزز التأين ويميل إلى معادلة ردود إشارة المولي عبر مجموعة واسعة من الهياكل غليكان 18،19. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، permethylation الكلمات بشكل لا لبس فيه الأنصاف أحادي السكاريد الطرفية واستبداله مع الجماهير مميزة، وبالتالي تعزيز توضيح الهيكلي 20-23. على سبيل المثال، glycans الحمضية يصعب عادة للكشف عن الأنواع غير permethylated التي كتبها MS. على الرغم من glycans الحمضية يمكن اكتشافه في وضع الأيونات السالبة التي كتبها MS، فإنه من المستحيل للكشف عن كل من glycans الحمضية ومحايدة في وضع ايون نفسه. والميزة الرئيسية لpermethylation غليكان هي التي سيتم توج كل من مجموعات الهيدروكسيل مجانية (OH) على بدائل أحادي السكاريد وغليكان مع مجموعة الميثيل (OCH 3 أو OME)، وبذلك يتم تحييد التهم لغليكان sialylated، وجعلها كما كشفها كما permethylated محايد (آسيالو) glycans. ومع ذلك، فإن الهيدروكسيل من الأنصاف سلفات على sulfoglycans تقاوم permethylation، مما أدى إلى الإبقاء على تهمة أنيوني، الذي يقمع التأين ويقلل الحساسية. هذا القمع يمنع حاليا glycomic تحليل شامل للبروتينات سكرية معقدة جدا مثل mucins، التي تحمل فرة عالية من glycans مكبرت 24-26. التقارير الأخيرة على تنقية مكبرت glycans استخدمت اتهم، عكس المرحلة اللوني لتنقية وglycans permethylated منفصلة قبل تحليل MALDI. تعتمد هذه الطريقة على الفصل التام بين glycans مكبرت وغير مكبرت باستخدام مراحل النقالة المختلفة للشطف، والتي وجدنا أن تكون أقل صرامة من مرحلة التقسيم العضوي. وبالتالي، يتم عرض تقنيات جديدة مناسبة للكشف وإثراء sulfoglycans هنا. هذه التقنيات تسمح لاسترداد الكمي للglycans مكبرت في المرحلة المائية التالية الماء: • قرار مجلس الوزراء (ثنائي كلورو ميثان)استخراج، والتي تتم بشكل روتيني في نهاية التفاعلات permethylation غليكان 27. الأهم من ذلك، هذا الفصل قوي من sulfoglycans permethylated من خليط من permethylated glycans غير مكبرت يثري متزامنة للأنواع مشحونة مع تبسيط MS 2 أنماط التجزئة. ويرد أيضا على بروتوكول شامل لتحسين مرتبطة يا التحليل غليكان في هلام. تحسن بروتوكول يعزز الانتعاش غليكان، ويزيد من المعلومات التي يمكن الحصول عليها من خلال الهيكلية MS ن تحليل glycans permethylated، ويحسن حساسية التحليلات sulfoglycomic تطبيقها على بروتينات سكرية أساسية معزولة من مصادر بيولوجية. ويهدف هذا البروتوكول لتحليل مرتبطة يا غليكان مقتطفات سكري بأكملها أو من بروتين سكري معين من الفائدة حلها بواسطة SDS-PAGE ويتكون من ثلاثة الإجراءات التجريبية. A) جل التنظيف، B) في جل التخفيض β-القضاء، وC) permethy غليكانlation. الهدف هو الحصول على بيانات شاملة مرتبطة يا glycomic عن بروتينات سكرية تحصد من المصادر الأولية من الفائدة البيولوجية (الشكل 1). وتصور البروتينات السكرية مفصولة SDS-PAGE من قبل تلطيخ ويتم استئصال عصابات من الفائدة وشرائح الناتجة الفرقة هلام الى قطع صغيرة. وdestained القطع جل وتعرض لغسيل خلات الإيثيل لإزالة الملوثات هلام (الشكل 2A). ويتحقق الإفراج غليكان من قبل في جل التخفيض β-القضاء (الشكل 2B) وpermethylated وglycans الافراج عنهم. استخراج مائي العضوي permethylation التالية أقسام كميا أنيوني مكبرت glycans بعيدا عن glycans محايدة غير مكبرت (الشكل 2C). في جل التخفيض β-القضاء إلى جانب استخراج مائي العضوي يمكن توصيف glycans مرتبطة يا وsulfoglycans صدر من كميات صغيرة من بروتين سكري مفصولة SDS-PAGE. نظرة عامة على الاستراتيجية هي summariوتظهر زيد في الشكل 1 والتفاصيل في الشكل (2). وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، جزء من القطع هلام destained وغسلها يمكن استخدامها لمعرف البروتين من خلال تقنيات البروتين LC-MS / MS القياسية.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:231px;">Water, deionized water</td>
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			<td>270733-4L</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">CHROMASOLV, for HPLC</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Acetic acid, Glacial</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>A38-500</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Certified ACS&#8805;99.7 w/w %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>34860-4L-R</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">CHROMASOLV, for HPLC, &#8805;99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fluka</td>
			<td>09830-500G</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">BioUltra, &#8805;99.5% (T), Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>34998-4L</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">CHROMASOLV Plus, for HPLC, &#8805;99.9%, Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fluka</td>
			<td>34972-1L-R</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">LC-MS CHROMASOLV, Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sodium borohydride</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>213462-25G</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">ReagentPlus, 99%, Step 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Iodomethane</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>289566-100G</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">ReagentPlus, 99.5%,&#160; Step 6.&#160; Store at 4 &#176;C until use.&#160; Sit at room temperature before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Sodium hydroxide solution, 50% w/w</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>SS254-1</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Certified, Step 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>276855-1L</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Anhydrous, &#8805;99.9%, Step 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Methanol, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>322415-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Anhydrous, 99.8%, Step 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>34856-4L</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">CHROMASOL&#174;, for HPLC, &#8805;99.8%, contains amylene as stabilizer, Step 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">Dowex 50WX8 hydrogen formhydrogen form 100-200&#160;mesh</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>217506-500G</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">AG 50W-X8 Resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>142-1441</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:231px;">BAKERBOND spe 1 ml x 100 mg Solid Phase Extraction Column, PP, Octadecyl (C18) Reverse Phase</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td>JT-7020-01</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 5 and 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">7.5% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Bio-Safe Coomassie Stain&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0786</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">G-250, Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Silver Stain Kit for Mass Spectrometry</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Pierce</td>
			<td>24600</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Oligosaccharides Kit (Maltotriose, Dp3: R474140)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Supelco&#160;</td>
			<td>47265</td>
			<td style="width:303px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Oligosaccharides Kit (Maltotetraose, Dp4: R474135)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Supelco&#160;</td>
			<td>47265</td>
			<td style="width:303px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Disposable Pasteur Pipets, Glass, Short Tip</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">VWR</td>
			<td>14673-010</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">PYREX 13 x 100 mm Disposable Round Bottom Threaded Culture Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Corning</td>
			<td>99447-13</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">PYREX 16 x 125 mm Disposable Round Bottom Threaded Culture Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Corning</td>
			<td>99447-16</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Phenolic Caps/Closures with PTFE-Faced Rubber Liner</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Kimble</td>
			<td>45066C-13</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Phenolic Caps/Closures with PTFE-Faced Rubber Liner</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Kimble</td>
			<td>45066C-15</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hamilton HPLC syringe</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">HAMILTON</td>
			<td>81265</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">volume 500&#160;&#956;L, needle size 22 ga&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hamilton HPLC syringe</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">HAMILTON</td>
			<td>81165</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">volume 250&#160;&#956;L, needle size 22 ga</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hamilton HPLC syringe</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">HAMILTON</td>
			<td>81065</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">volume 100&#160;&#956;L, needle size 22s ga&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hamilton HPLC syringe</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">HAMILTON</td>
			<td>80965</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">volume 50&#160;&#956;L, needle size 22s ga</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hamilton Calibrated Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">HAMILTON</td>
			<td>80300</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">volume 10&#160;&#956;L, needle size 26s ga&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">Petri Dish Glass 100mm x 15mm</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">GSC INTERNATIONAL INC</td>
			<td>1500-4</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Wash before use, Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Bard-Parker Surgical Blades</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>371310</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Reacti-Therm Heating/Stirring Module</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Pierce</td>
			<td>18870</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 1, 4 and 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Heating Blocks</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>125D</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Pyrex fiber glass wool borosilicate pore size 8&#160;&#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3950</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Fused Silica CutterTubing cutter</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">alltech</td>
			<td>3194</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Multi-tube vortexers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">VWR</td>
			<td>444-7063</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Step 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Lyophilizer 25EL Freezemobile</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Virtis</td>
			<td>25EL</td>
			<td style="width:303px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">VWR</td>
			<td>Clinical 50</td>
			<td style="width:303px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:303px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">LTQ Orbitrap Discovery</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:303px;">0</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved in-gel reductive &#946;-elimination for comprehensive o-linked and sulfo-glycomics by mass spectrometry

Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by in-gel proteolytic digestion of resolved protein bands has produced high-resolution proteomic analysis of biological samples. Similar approaches, that would allow in-depth analysis of the glycans carried by glycoproteins resolved by SDS-PAGE, require special considerations in order to maximize recovery and sensitivity when using mass spectrometry (MS) as the detection method. A major hurdle to be overcome in achieving high-quality data is the removal of gel-derived contaminants that interfere with MS analysis. The sample workflow presented here is robust, efficient, and eliminates the need for in-line HPLC clean-up prior to MS. Gel pieces containing target proteins are washed in acetonitrile, water, and ethyl acetate to remove contaminants, including polymeric acrylamide fragments. O-linked glycans are released from target proteins by in-gel reductive &#946;-elimination and recovered through robust, simple clean-up procedures. An advantage of this workflow is that it improves sensitivity for detecting and characterizing sulfated glycans. These procedures produce an efficient separation of sulfated permethylated glycans from non-sulfated (sialylated and neutral) permethylated glycans by a rapid phase-partition prior to MS analysis, and thereby enhance glycomic and sulfoglycomic analyses of glycoproteins resolved by SDS-PAGE.

تأثير خلات الإيثيل العلاج قبل في جل الاختزالية β-القضاء ويرد الطيف الكتلي تمثيلية من permethylated عينات غليكان مرتبطة يا صدر من الأبقار باستخدام الميوسين في جل التخفيض β-القضاء في الشكل 3، وغسل EtOAc من القطع الجل يزيل ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Improved In-gel Reductive Î²-Elimination for Comprehensive O-linked and Sulfo-glycomics by Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Improved In-gel Reductive &amp;#946;-Elimination for Comprehensive O-linked and Sulfo-glycomics by Mass Spectrometry

In order to comprehensively explore the diversity of O-linked glycans, a new procedure for in-gel reductive &#946;-elimination, combined with permethylation and a rapid phase-partition method, is applied to the analysis of O-linked glycans directly released from glycoproteins resolved by SDS-PAGE and amenable to subsequent glycomic analysis by mass spectrometry.

تحسن في جل β-القضاء الشامل للO-ربط وسلفو-glycomics الاختزالية التي كتبها الطيف الكتلي

Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by in-gel proteolytic digestion of resolved protein bands has produced high-resolution proteomic analysis of ...

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Improved In-gel Reductive &#946;-Elimination for Comprehensive O-linked and Sulfo-glycomics by Mass Spectrometry

Unit 1

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Video: Improved In-gel Reductive &#946;-Elimination for Comprehensive O-linked and Sulfo-glycomics by Mass Spectrometry

Large Scale Non-targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Serum by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS)

Non-targeted metabolite profiling by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) is a powerful technique to investigate metabolism. The approach offers an unbiased and in-depth analysis that can enable the development of diagnostic tests, novel therapies, and further our understanding of disease processes. The inherent chemical diversity of the metabolome creates significant analytical challenges and there is no single experimental approach that can detect all metabolites. Additionally, the biological variation in individual metabolism and the dependence of metabolism on environmental factors necessitates large sample numbers to achieve the appropriate statistical power required for meaningful biological interpretation. To address these challenges, this tutorial outlines an analytical workflow for large scale non-targeted metabolite profiling of serum by UPLC-MS. The procedure includes guidelines for sample organization and preparation, data acquisition, quality control, and metabolite identification and will enable reliable acquisition of data for large experiments and provide a starting point for laboratories new to non-targeted metabolite profiling by UPLC-MS.

Large Scale Non-targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Serum by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry UPLC-MS

Non-targeted metabolite profiling by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) is a powerful technique to investigate metabolism. This article outlines a typical workflow utilized for non-targeted metabolite profiling of serum including sample organization and preparation, data acquisition, data analysis, quality control, and metabolite identification.

نطاق واسع غير المستهدفة التنميط Metabolomic من المصل بواسطة الترا الطيف الأداء اللوني الكتلة السائل (UPLC-MS)

Non-targeted metabolite profiling by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) is a powerful technique to ...

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

دراسة في Complexation من الزئبق (II) مع Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides التي كتبها Electrospray التأين الطيف الكتلي

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental exposure in a non-invasive manner. In this work, we present a protocol to characterize the exhaled VOCs in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-HRMS). The homemade Sec-nanoESI source was readily set up based on a commercial nanoESI source. Hundreds of peaks were observed in the background-subtracted mass spectra of exhaled breath, and the mass accuracy values are -4.0-13.5 ppm and -20.3-1.3 ppm in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively. The peaks were assigned with accurate elemental composition according to the accurate mass and isotopic pattern. Less than 30 s is used for one exhalation measurement, and it takes approximately 7 min for six replicated measurements.

A protocol for characterizing chemical composition of exhaled breath in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry is demonstrated.

تحليل التنفس في الوقت الحقيقي باستخدام التأين نانوليكتروسبراي الثانوية بالإضافة إلى دقة عالية الطيف الكتلي

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental ...

Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.

A protocol is described for the manual synthesis of oligo-peptoids followed by sequence analysis by mass spectrometry.

توليف وتحليل الطيف الكتلي اليغو-بيبتويدس

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have ...

Analyzing Protein Architectures and Protein-Ligand Complexes by Integrative Structural Mass Spectrometry

Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules that play many key roles in cellular functions including gene expression, catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA repair and replication. Therefore, a detailed understanding of these processes provides critical information on how cells function. Integrative structural MS methods offer structural and dynamical information on protein complex assembly, complex connectivity, subunit stoichiometry, protein oligomerization and ligand binding. Recent advances in integrative structural MS have allowed for the characterization of challenging biological systems including large DNA binding proteins and membrane proteins. This protocol describes how to integrate diverse MS data such as native MS and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) with molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into a helicase-nuclease DNA repair protein complex. The resulting approach provides a framework for detailed studies of ligand binding to other protein complexes involved in important biological processes.

Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as an important tool for the investigation of structure and dynamics of macromolecular assemblies. Here, we integrate MS-based approaches to interrogate protein complex formation and ligand binding.

تحليل البروتين أبنية ومجمعات البروتين-يجند بالتكامل الهيكلي الكتلي

Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules that play many key roles in cellular functions including gene expression, catalyzing ...

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug crisis in public health. Conventional urine drug testing based on a two-tier immunoassay screen followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method are expensive and prone to bias while being limited to targeted panels of known drugs of abuse (DoA). Herein, we outline an improved method for drug surveillance that allows for the resolution and detection of an expanded panel of DoA and their metabolites when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Multiplexed separations of ten urine samples with a quality control by CE (&lt; 3 min/sample) in conjunction with full-scan data acquisition using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) under positive ion mode detection allows for the identification and quantification of DoA above recommended cut-off levels. An excellent resolution of drug isomers and isobars, including background interferences, are achieved when using MSI-CE-MS with an electrokinetic spacer between sample segments, where accurate mass/molecular formula together with the comigration of a matching deuterated internal standard and the detection of one or more bio-transformed metabolites facilitate DoA identification over a wider detection window. Additionally, urine samples can be analyzed directly without enzyme deconjugation for the rapid screening without complicated sample workup. MSI-CE-MS enables the surveillance of a broad spectrum of DoA that is required for the treatment monitoring of high-risk patients, including confirming prescribed drug adherence, revealing illicit drug use/substitution, and evaluating optimal dosage regimes as required for new advances in precision medicine.

Here we describe a high-throughput method for comprehensive drug surveillance that allows for the improved resolution and detection of large panels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with quality control based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

مراقبة المخدرات الفائق وشاملة باستخدام مولتيسيجمينت الشعرية حقن التفريد الكتلي

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.

تحليل الجزيئات المعقدة وردود أفعالها على الأسطح عن طريق الامتصاص/التأيّن الطيفي الكتلي الناجم عن الكتلة

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass ...

Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Characterization of the Protein and Metabolite Corona Acquired by Nanomaterials

The adsorption of biomolecules from surrounding biological matrices to the surface of nanomaterials (NMs) to form the corona has been of interest for the past decade. Interest in the bio-nano interface arises from the fact that the biomolecular corona confers a biological identity to NMs and thus causes the body to identify them as &#8220;self&#8221;. For example, previous studies have demonstrated that the proteins in the corona are capable of interacting with membrane receptors to influence cellular uptake and established that the corona is responsible for cellular trafficking of NMs and their eventual toxicity. To date, most research has focused upon the protein corona and overlooked the possible impacts of the metabolites included in the corona or synergistic effects between components in the complete biomolecular corona. As such, this work demonstrates methodologies to characterize both the protein and metabolite components of the biomolecular corona using bottom-up proteomics and metabolomics approaches in parallel. This includes an on-particle digest of the protein corona with a surfactant used to increase protein recovery, and a passive characterization of the metabolite corona by analyzing metabolite matrices before and after NM exposures. This work introduces capillary electrophoresis &#8211; mass spectrometry (CESI-MS) as a new technique for NM corona characterization. The protocols outlined here demonstrate how CESI-MS can be used for the reliable characterization of both the protein and metabolite corona acquired by NMs. The move to CESI-MS greatly decreases the volume of sample required (compared to traditional liquid chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approaches) with multiple injections possible from as little as 5 &#181;L of sample, making it ideal for volume limited samples. Furthermore, the environmental consequences of analysis are reduced with respect to LC-MS due to the low flow rates (&#60;20 nL/min) in CESI-MS, and the use of aqueous electrolytes which eliminates the need for organic solvents.

Here we present a protocol to characterize the complete biomolecular corona, proteins, and metabolites, acquired by nanomaterials from biofluids using a capillary electrophoresis &#8211; mass spectrometry approach.

نهج قياس الطيف الكتلي للكهربائية الشعرية لتوصيف البروتين والايض كورونا المكتسبة من المواد النانوية

The adsorption of biomolecules from surrounding biological matrices to the surface of nanomaterials (NMs) to form the corona has been of interest for the ...

Covalent Labeling with Diethylpyrocarbonate for Studying Protein Higher-Order Structure by Mass Spectrometry

Characterizing a protein&#39;s higher-order structure is essential for understanding its function. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for this purpose, especially for protein systems that are difficult to study by traditional methods. To study a protein&#39;s structure by MS, specific chemical reactions are performed in solution that encode a protein&#39;s structural information into its mass. One particularly effective approach is to use reagents that covalently modify solvent accessible amino acid side chains. These reactions lead to mass increases that can be localized with residue-level resolution when combined with proteolytic digestion and tandem mass spectrometry. Here, we describe the protocols associated with use of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) as a covalent labeling reagent together with MS detection. DEPC is a highly electrophilic molecule capable of labeling up to 30% of the residues in the average protein, thereby providing excellent structural resolution. DEPC has been successfully used together with MS to obtain structural information for small single-domain proteins, such as &#946;2-microglobulin, to large multi-domain proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies.

The experimental procedures for performing diethylpyrocarbonate-based covalent labeling with mass spectrometric detection are described. Diethylpyrocarbonate is simply mixed with the protein or protein complex of interest, leading to the modification of solvent accessible amino acid residues. The modified residues can be identified after proteolytic digestion and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis.

وضع العلامات التساهمية مع ديثيلبيروبونات لدراسة بنية البروتين الأعلى ترتيبا حسب قياس الطيف الكتلي

Characterizing a protein&#39;s higher-order structure is essential for understanding its function. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool ...

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of RNA represent an understudied mechanism involved in the regulation of translation in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence has linked specific neuronal RNA modifications to learning and memory paradigms. Unfortunately, conventional methods for the detection of these epitranscriptomic features are only capable of characterizing highly abundant RNA modifications in bulk tissues, precluding the assessment of unique PTM profiles that may exist for individual neurons within the activated behavioral circuits. In this protocol, an approach is described&#8212;single-neuron RNA modification analysis by mass spectrometry (SNRMA-MS)&#8212;to simultaneously detect and quantify numerous modified ribonucleosides in single neurons. The approach is validated using individual neurons of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, beginning with surgical isolation and enzymatic treatment of major CNS ganglia to expose neuron cell bodies, followed by manual single-neuron isolation using sharp needles and a micropipette. Next, mechanical and thermal treatment of the sample in a small volume of buffer is done to liberate RNA from an individual cell for subsequent RNA digestion. Modified nucleosides are then identified and quantified using an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. SNRMA-MS is employed to establish RNA modification patterns for single, identified neurons from A. californica that have known morphologies and functions. Examples of qualitative and quantitative SNRMA-MS are presented that highlight the heterogeneous distribution of RNA modifications across individual neurons in neuronal networks.

Post-transcriptional modifications of RNA represent an understudied layer of translation regulation that has recently been linked to central nervous system plasticity. Here, sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach is described for simultaneous characterization of numerous RNA modifications in single neurons.

توصيف تعديلات الحمض النووي الريبي في الخلايا العصبية المفردة باستخدام مطياف الكتلة

Post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of RNA represent an understudied mechanism involved in the regulation of translation in the central nervous ...