نود أن نعترف مرفق FCCC مختبر الحيوان لما قدموه من دعم في هذا المشروع. نشكر مختبرات وولف، وشركة لمساعدتهم في تحليل مستويات باكليتاكسيل في البلازما والأنسجة. وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح K01CA120091 لEHB، وCA06927 لفوكس تشيس للسرطان مركز.

<ol>
	<li>Gallo, J. M., Li, S., Guo, P., Ma Reed, K., J, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+P-Glycoprotein+on+Paclitaxel+Brain+and+Brain+Tumor+Distribution+in+Mice.">The Effect of P-Glycoprotein on Paclitaxel Brain and Brain Tumor Distribution in Mice.</a> Cancer Research. 63 (16), 5114-5117 (2003).</li><li>Sonnichen, D. S., Relling, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics+of+Paclitaxel.">Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel.</a> Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 27 (4), 256-269 (1994).</li><li>Gianni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+Pharmacokinetics+and+Metabolism+of+Paclitaxel+and+Its+Pharmacokinetic+/+Pharmacodynamic+Relationship+in+Humans.">Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Paclitaxel and Its Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Relationship in Humans.</a> Journal Clinical Oncology. 13 (1), 180-190 (1995).</li><li>Sparreboom, A., Van Tellingen, O., Nooijen, W. J., Beijnen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+Pharmacokinetics+of+Paclitaxel+in+Mice+Results+from+the+Pharmaceutical+Vehicle+Cremophor+EL.">Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel in Mice Results from the Pharmaceutical Vehicle Cremophor EL.</a> Cancer Research. 56 (9), 2112-2115 (1996).</li><li>Sparreboom, A., Van Tellingen, O., Nooijen, W. J., Beijnen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+paclitaxel+and+metabolites+in+mouse+plasma,+tissues,+urine+and+faeces+by+semi-automated+reversed-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Determination of paclitaxel and metabolites in mouse plasma, tissues, urine and faeces by semi-automated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 664, 383-391 (1995).</li><li>Bradshaw-Peirce, E. L., Eckhardt, S. G., Gustafson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Physiologically+Based+Pharmacokinetic+Model+of+Docetaxel+Disposition:+from+Mouse+to+Man.">A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Docetaxel Disposition: from Mouse to Man.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 13, 2768-2778 (2007).</li><li>Eiseman, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+Pharmacokinetics+and+Tissue+Distribution+of+Paclitaxel+in+CD2F1+Mice.">Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Paclitaxel in CD2F1 Mice.</a> Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 34 (6), 465-471 (1994).</li><li>Schinkel, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+Viability+and+Altered+Pharmacokinetics+in+Mice+Lacking+mdr1-type+(drug-transporting)+P-glycoproteins.">Normal Viability and Altered Pharmacokinetics in Mice Lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 4028-4033 (1997).</li><li>Fraser, I. J., Dear, G. J., Plumb, R., L&#8217;Affineur, M., Fraser, D., Skippen, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Use+of+Capillary+High+Performance+Liquid+Chromatography+with+Electrospray+Mass+Spectrometry+for+the+Analysis+of+Small+Volume+Blood+Samples+from+Serially+Bled+Mice+to+Determine+the+Pharmacokinetics+of+Early+Discovery+Compounds.">The Use of Capillary High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Small Volume Blood Samples from Serially Bled Mice to Determine the Pharmacokinetics of Early Discovery Compounds.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 13 (23), 2366-2375 (1999).</li><li>Bateman, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+Animal+Usage+by+Serial+Bleeding+of+Mice+for+Pharmacokinetic+Studies:+Application+of+Robotic+Sample+Preparation+and+Fast+Liquid+Chromatography+&#8211;+Mass+Spectrometry.">Reduction of Animal Usage by Serial Bleeding of Mice for Pharmacokinetic Studies: Application of Robotic Sample Preparation and Fast Liquid Chromatography &#8211; Mass Spectrometry.</a> Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 754 (1), 245-251 (2001).</li><li>Berndt, K., Vogel, J., Buehler, C., Vogt, P., Born, W., Fuchs, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+repeated+drug+infusion+into+the+femoral+artery+of+mice.">A new method for repeated drug infusion into the femoral artery of mice.</a> J. Am. Assoc. Lab Animal Sci. 51 (6), 825-831 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Squibb+&amp;+Sons,+L.L.C..">Squibb &amp; Sons, L.L.C..</a> Drug Information for TAXOL (Paclitaxel) Injection. , (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abraxis+BioScience+L.L.C.">Abraxis BioScience L.L.C.</a> Full Prescribing Information ABRAXANE for Injectable suspension (paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension) (albumin-bound). , (2013).</li><li>Fergusson, G., Ethier, M., Zarrouki, B., Font&#233;s, G., Poitout, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Model+of+Chronic+Nutrient+Infusion+in+the+Rat.">A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (78), (2013).</li></ol>

الكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

الشريان السباتي التسريب هو تقنية كبيرة في هذه الدراسة الدوائية باكليتاكسيل. الشريان السباتي التسريب هو طريقة لتوزيع المخدرات بسرعة في جميع أنحاء الدورة الدموية 14. في ساعة ضخ 3 هو أقرب تقليد الإدارة السريرية للعقاقير مثل taxanes من حقن البلعة. الجراحة يمكن أن يؤديه...

حقن المخدرات من خلال الشريان السباتي يمكن أن يؤديها بشكل صحيح وبتكاثر عن طريق تحسين المعدات والتقنية. الإجراء ليس معقد، على الرغم من أنها لا تتطلب مراقبة دقيقة والاهتمام بالتفاصيل. وهناك حاجة إلى الرعاية الفائقة والبراعة لعزل الشريان السباتي وإدراج القسطرة، والتي يمكن الحصول عليها عادة من خلال الممارسة. عملية جراحية من قبل فني من ذوي الخبرة وينبغي ألا تتجاوز ساعة واحدة. بعد عملية جراحية ناجحة، يجب أن يظهر الفأر العادي وصحية (على الرغم من أن الماوس قد تتفاعل على ضخ المخدرات الفعلي)، والمخدرات (ق) يمكن أن تدار في ذلك، جرعة مستمرة موحدة تسيطر عليها. يجب أن تؤخذ عينات الدم من موقع آخر من الشريان السباتي. أثبتت تنزف الرجعية الحجاج سهلة لجمع ومرضية لتحليل تركيزات المخدرات. القسطرة من الحجم الأمثل وشكل رصيدا لا يقدر بثمن في أداء ضخ ناجح 11. وجدنا القسطرة commerciall متاحةذ غالبا ما تكون كبيرة جدا و / أو مرنة جدا للسماح لسهولة الوصول إلى الشريان السباتي الماوس. ثبت أنه أفضل من القسطرة أزياء من أنابيب البولي ايثيلين المستخدمة لتوصيل الماوس إلى ضخ حقنة. وبالتالي، كانت جميع الأنابيب والموصلات والإبر ذات أبعاد متناسقة، الذي مبسطة التجمع الحقن في الوريد. باستخدام هذه التقنية، فإنه ليس من الضروري لدفع طرف القسطرة في الشريان الماضي نقطة حيث لا تزال واضحة، وليس استعادة تدفق الدم إلى الشريان السباتي حتى بعد تأمين القسطرة في البداية. هذا يقلل دفعت مخاطر ثقب شريان أو وجود القسطرة من قبل ارتفاع ضغط تدفق الدم. تصميم قسطرة هنا لا يتضمن &quot;عثرة&quot; ليثبت في مكانه، وبالتالي تأمين القسطرة جيدا مع الغرز الجراحية والشريط هو الأولوية. قد يكون الحقن أفضل من الحقن المشتركة الرابع بلعة، باعتباره أفضل تقليد للإدارة السريرية للالعقاقير مثل taxanes 3 و 12 و 13. تقنية وصفها هنا وضعت أصلا للسماح ضخ في نماذج الماوس حيث كان يحول دون الوصول إلى حبل الوريد الفخذي أو من خلال نمو الأورام الثديية و / أو الأوعية الدموية المفرط للمنطقة الإدراج. هذه الطريقة قد تكون في كثير من الأحيان المناسب حتى في الفئران الخالية من الورم: على الرغم من عزل والقسطرة في الشريان السباتي هو أكثر قليلا الغازية، وجدنا أنه أفضل من حبل الوريد، لأن الميل الجدار الوداجي لمزق أسفرت الإدراج والفشل لاستكمال أكثر الفاشلة وبالطبع الوقت 3 ساعة. في حين أن النتائج المعروضة هنا هي من C57BL / 6J (ولدت في منزل) الفئران، وقد استخدمنا هذه التقنية للبث بنجاح باكليتاكسيل إلى عدة سلالات من الفئران، بما في ذلك FVB وسلالات مختلطة، لمتابعة الدوائية في نماذج الماوس التلاعب transgenically إلى أسفل تنظيم وظائف نقل الخلوية. عينات الدم والأنسجة جمعت أظهر المستويات المتوقعة من paclitaxايل، في مجموعة من المستويات التي شهدناها بعد ضخ الوريد 1. قد يكون من المتوقع أن تعمل بشكل جيد على قدم المساواة في نماذج الماوس الأخرى ومع حلول التسريب أخرى هذه التقنية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="846">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:293px;">Table of specific reagents and equipment:</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Source:</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Polyethylene tubing 0.024&#8221;OD X 0.011&#8221;ID&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">PE10</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Stainless steel port plug (30 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NB-30</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">2 Stainless steel connector plugs (28 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">PP-28</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Slightly larger than PE tubing ID, to fit snugly and keep a tight seal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">3 Blunted needles (30 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C-30</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">3 1cc syringes</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Becton, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">309659</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Sterile 0.9% Saline solution</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">0409-7984-37</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Cath-Loc HGS Heparin/Glycerol Solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">HGS</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Silk suture</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SUT-S&#160;113</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Vanna Scissors (micro-scissors)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14122</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">This model has a curved tip, but straight-tip scissors work as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Hartman Mesquito Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">501705</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Betadine Swabsticks</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Perdue Products L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BSWS1S</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Bupivacaine</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">0409-1160-01</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">May be replaced with Lidocaine, or similar local anesthesia.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Paclitaxel</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">LC Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P-9600</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">32213</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Micro-Hematocrit Capillary Tubes, Heparinized</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">22-362-566</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">&#160;Capillary Tube Sealant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">02-678</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:293px;">C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fox Chase Cancer Center, Laboratory Animal Facility in-house-bred</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">API 4000 Q-Trap mass spetrometer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

carotid artery infusions for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of taxanes in mice

عند اقتراح استخدام المخدرات، مزيج المخدرات، أو توصيل الدواء إلى نظام الرواية، لا بد من تقييم الدوائية للدواء في نموذج الدراسة. كما استخدام نماذج الماوس غالبا ما تكون خطوة حيوية في اكتشاف الأدوية قبل السريرية وتطوير العقاقير 1-8، فمن الضروري تصميم نظام لإدخال المخدرات إلى الفئران في زي، بطريقة استنساخه. من الناحية المثالية، ينبغي أن يسمح النظام بجمع عينات الدم على فترات منتظمة خلال دورة زمنية محددة. القدرة على قياس تركيزات المخدرات-مطياف الكتلة، وقد سمح للمحققين لمتابعة التغيرات في مستويات البلازما المخدرات مع مرور الوقت في الفئران الفردية 1 و 9 و 10. وفي هذه الدراسة، تم إدخال باكليتاكسيل في الفئران المعدلة وراثيا بمثابة ضخ الشرياني المستمر على مدى ثلاثة ساعات، في حين تم أخذ عينات الدم في وقت واحد من قبل تنزف الرجعية المدارية في نقطة زمنية محددة. ضخ الشريان السباتي هي بديل محتمل لضخ حبل الوريد، عندما العوامل مثلالأورام الثديية أو أي عوائق أخرى تجعل ضخ الوريد غير عملي. باستخدام هذه التقنية، وتركيزات باكليتاكسيل في البلازما والأنسجة حققت مستويات مماثلة بالمقارنة مع ضخ الوداجي. في هذا البرنامج التعليمي، سوف نظهر كيفية يقثطر بنجاح الشريان السباتي عن طريق إعداد قسطرة الأمثل لنموذج الفأر الفردي، ثم عرض كيفية إدراج وتأمين القسطرة في الشريان السباتي الماوس، والخيط نهاية القسطرة من خلال الجزء الخلفي من رقبة الفأر، وربط الماوس إلى مضخة لتوفير مراقبة معدل تدفق المخدرات. انخفاض حجم الرجعية المدارية تنزف متعددة تسمح لتحليل تركيز الدواء في البلازما مع مرور الوقت.

<html> يتبع التوزيع باكليتاكسيل أنماط يمكن التنبؤ بها خلال 3 ساعة الجرعات نظام من 15 دقيقة عالية السرعة التسريب، تليها 165 دقيقة السرعة المنخفضة الحقن في الوريد. ويبين الشكل 1 مقارنة بين الوريد الوريد، الحقن باكليتاكسيل تركيز...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice at JoVE.com

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

وقد تم تطوير هذه الطريقة بهدف تقديم حل ثابت المخدرات عن طريق الشريان السباتي، لتقييم الدوائية للعقاقير الجديدة في نماذج الماوس.

الحقن الشريان السباتي لوأضافا الدوائية وتحليل Taxanes في الفئران

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

carotid-artery-infusions-for-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-analysis

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Medicine

Unit 1

Pharmacokinetic Models

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

22.7K Views.  Fox Chase Cancer Center.  وقد تم تطوير هذه الطريقة بهدف تقديم حل ثابت المخدرات عن طريق الشريان السباتي، لتقييم الدوائية للعقاقير الجديدة في نماذج الماوس. 

Video: Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

A Model of Disturbed Flow-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mouse Carotid Artery by Partial Ligation and a Simple Method of RNA Isolation from Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified version of carotid partial ligation methods [1,2] to show that it acutely induces low and oscillatory flow conditions, two key characteristics of disturbed flow, in the mouse common carotid artery. Using this model, we have provided direct evidence that disturbed flow indeed leads to rapid and robust atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E knockout mouse [3]. We also developed a method of endothelial RNA preparation with high purity from the mouse carotid intima [3]. Using this mouse model and method, we found that partial ligation causes endothelial dysfunction in a week, followed by robust and rapid atheroma formation in two weeks in a hyperlipidemic mouse model along with features of complex lesion formation such as intraplaque neovascularization by four weeks. This rapid in vivo model and the endothelial RNA preparation method could be used to determine molecular mechanisms underlying flow-dependent regulation of vascular biology and diseases. Also, it could be used to test various therapeutic interventions targeting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in considerably reduced study duration.

This describes a partial carotid ligation surgery, which causes disturbed flow conditions and subsequent atherosclerosis development (in two weeks) with intraplaque neo-vascularization (in four weeks) in the mouse common carotid artery. We also describe a novel method of RNA isolation from the carotid intima, providing high purity endothelial RNA.

نموذج من تصلب الشرايين الناتج عن تدفق ديستيربد في الشريان السباتي الماوس بواسطة الربط الجزئي وطريقة بسيطة لعزل الحمض النووي الريبي من بطانة الشريان السباتي

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

السكتة الدماغية النمذجة في الفئران -- الشرق انسداد الشريان الدماغي مع نموذج الشعيرة

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

تقنية لربط تعديل الشريان التاجي في الفئران

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce atherosclerosis (reviewed in 1 and 2). The role of shear stress has been extensively studied in vitro investigating the influence of flow dynamics on cultured endothelial cells 1,3,4 and in vivo in larger animals and humans 1,5,6,7,8. However, highly reproducible small animal models allowing systematic investigation of the influence of shear stress on plaque development are rare. Recently, Nam et al. 9 introduced a mouse model in which the ligation of branches of the carotid artery creates a region of low and oscillatory flow. Although this model causes endothelial dysfunction and rapid formation of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic mice, it cannot be excluded that the observed inflammatory response is, at least in part, a consequence of endothelial and/or vessel damage due to ligation.
In order to avoid such limitations, a shear stress modifying cuff has been developed based upon calculated fluid dynamics, whose cone shaped inner lumen was selected to create defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress within the common carotid artery 10. By applying this model in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high cholesterol western type diet, vascular lesions develop upstream and downstream from the cuff. Their phenotype is correlated with the regional flow dynamics 11 as confirmed by in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 12: Low and laminar shear stress upstream of the cuff causes the formation of extensive plaques of a more vulnerable phenotype, whereas oscillatory shear stress downstream of the cuff induces stable atherosclerotic lesions 11. In those regions of high shear stress and high laminar flow within the cuff, typically no atherosclerotic plaques are observed.
 
In conclusion, the shear stress-modifying cuff procedure is a reliable surgical approach to produce phenotypically different atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice.

The constricting cuff presented in this article is designed to induce atherosclerosis in the murine common carotid artery. Due to the conical shape of its inner lumen the implanted cuff generates well-defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress triggering the development of atherosclerotic lesions of different inflammatory phenotypes.

زرع الشريان السباتي الكفة لتحريك القص من التوتر في الفئران المستحثة تصلب الشرايين

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

نموذج الفئران من زرع دعامات في الشريان السباتي لدراسة عودة التضيق

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

الكبار ماوس وريدي ارتفاع ضغط الدم نموذج: الشريان السباتي المشترك لجهات خارجية الوداجي الوريد التحام.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

السكتة الدماغية النمذجة في الفئران: التخثر الدائم من الشريان الدماغي الأوسط القاصي

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

القسطرة من الشريان السباتي والوريد الوداجي إلى تنفيذ تدابير الدورة الدموية، الحقن والدم أخذ العينات في وإدراكا نموذج الفأر

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

إصابة الأوعية الدموية بالون والإدارة داخل اللمعة في الجرذ الشريان السباتي

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

الحديديك تخثر نموذج الفأر على الشريان السباتي ومساريق السفينة التي يسببها كلوريد

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...