We thank Anne Wochele for her assistance in the laboratory and Vera Augsburger for help with the automated gel sequencer. We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for funding by grants BE4038/2 and BE4038/5 within the &#8220;priority programmes&#8221; SPP1316 and SPP1617.

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The authors have nothing to disclose that would present a conflict of interest.

تمديد التمهيدي الفلورسنت هو طريقة بسيطة وسريعة لتحديد الغايات 5 &#39;من الرنا، إما لTSP- أو تحديد معالجة RNA الثانوي. بسبب استخدام بادئات الفلورسنت، ويمكن ضبط ردود الفعل صعودا وتشغيل دون احتياطات أمنية إضافية (على عكس في حالة الاشعال المسمى بالإشعاع). كما تم الكشف عن عينات...

تمديد التمهيدي 1 هي طريقة الجزيئية لتحديد الغايات 5 &#39;من جزيئات RNA محددة تصل إلى قرار قاعدة واحدة. ميزة لأساليب أخرى مثل 5&#39;-RACE (التضخيم السريع ل[كدنا ينتهي) هي الفترة الزمنية السريعة والقدرة على تحليل بسهولة مزيج من أطوال مختلفة من جزيئات الحمض النووي الريبي. يعمل هذا الأسلوب بإخضاع جزيئات الحمض النووي الريبي لعكس ردود الفعل النسخ باستخدام بادئات محددة الفلورسنت، وتوليد شظايا [كدنا بعض الأطوال. وتدار هذه الجزيئات [كدنا] جنبا إلى جنب مع سانجر تسلسل ردود الفعل التقليدية 2 على تغيير طبيعة المواد الهلامية بولي أكريلاميد ويمكن الكشف عنها بواسطة مضان من جراء استخدام بادئات fluorescently المسمى. ثم يتم تقييم أطوال شظايا [كدنا] من خلال المقارنة لسلم التسلسل، والسماح للرسم الخرائط من &#39;بنتيجة 5 RNA. تقليديا، يتم استخدام ردود الفعل تمديد التمهيدي بالاشتراكمع النظائر المشعة للكشف عن جزيئات [كدنا على أفلام الأشعة السينية. بسبب المخاطر الصحية، وقضايا التخلص من النفايات وسهولة التعامل معها والبروتوكولات تستخدم أحدث مضان للكشف عن تمديد التمهيدي مع التعاقب الآلي، وإن كان حساسيتها أقل قليلا. باستخدام بادئات fluorescently المسمى، ويمكن حذف تكرار الإجراء الإذاعة وضع العلامات، والاشعال الفلورسنت مستقرة لفترة طويلة (أكثر من سنة في أيدينا). طريقة وصفنا هنا يستخدم هلام المنظم الآلي، ولكن مع تعديلات طفيفة، التعاقب الشعرية يمكن أن تستخدم أيضا لفصل [كدنا] والكشف عن 3. طبيعة موازية لتحليل هلام تجعل من الممكن للكشف حتى كمية صغيرة من الانقسام RNA أو المعالجة. ميزة أخرى هي عالية الدقة لهذه الطريقة، والانقسام الطرفي أو تجهيز قاعدة واحدة حتى يمكن الكشف عنها. في ما يتعلق بالكشف عن انشقاق RNA أو المعالجة، رypically نوعين مختلفين من ملحقات التمهيدي متميزة. في حالة واحدة، ويتم علاج الأنزيمية في المختبر باستخدام انزيم RNA المنقى والمنقى، بينما في الحالة الأخرى، ويتم تجهيز في الجسم الحي ويتم تنقيته من RNA الناتجة عن ذلك. في كلتا الحالتين تتعرض RNA لتنفيذ تمديد التمهيدي في المختبر، ومع ذلك، اعتمادا على مصدر من الحمض النووي الريبي، وطريقة إما يسمى في المختبر أو في الجسم الحي تمديد التمهيدي. في بروتوكول نقدم هنا، ونحن نركز فقط على المجراة التمهيدي التمديد، بسبب سهولة الاستخدام (لا يوجد تنقية البروتينات الضرورية) وإمكانية تحديد نقاط انطلاق النسخي والمعالجة في نفس الوقت. ومع ذلك، في المختبر ملحقات التمهيدي من حيث المبدأ اقامة بنفس الطريقة وهذا البروتوكول يمكن أن تكون بمثابة نقطة الانطلاق. طريقة موضح هنا يمكن تطبيقها على العديد من الأنواع البكتيرية طالما أنها قابلة للارتفاعالنقاء وعالية الغلة إعداد الأحماض النووية. البحث في مختبرنا يركز على نطاق تنظيمي نظم السامة الترياق (TA-) 4،5، وهو الحقل الذي يتم استخدام طريقة تمديد التمهيدي على نطاق واسع. TA-النظم هي عناصر جينية صغيرة موجودة في الجينوم بدائية النواة التي تتكون من البروتين السام مستقر ونشط التطور الطبيعي ومعظمها غير مستقر البروتين أو RNA الترياق الذي يصد سمية 6،7. النشاط السم يمارس أحيانا عن طريق تثبيط تكرار، تركيب جدار الخلية أو آليات أخرى، لكن في معظم الأحيان حسب النشاط ريبونوكلياز 8،9. عادة، يتم تحديد ريبونوكلياز خصوصية عن طريق إجراء اختبارات مختلفة، واحدة منها هي طريقة تمديد التمهيدي. ردود الفعل تمديد التمهيدي هي مناسبة تماما لهذا التطبيق، وخليط من شظايا طول المشقوق وكاملة يمكن تحليلها في وقت واحد لتحديد من 5 &#39;تنتهي. باستخدام مزيج من في المختبر وفي الجسم الحي ملحقات التمهيدي، والسم محدد ريبونوكلياز الانقسام، على سبيل المثال، خصوصية التسلسل يمكن تحديد 10-13. <img alt="الشكل 1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52134/52134fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> الشكل 1. نظرة عامة على إجراء تمديد التمهيدي. يتم تحضين الثقافات البكتيرية وعلاجها وفقا لاحتياجات التجريبية. يتم استخراج الحمض النووي الريبي مجموع من الخلايا، وتعامل مع الدناز أنا لإزالة آثار الحمض النووي وتعرض لردة فعل عكس النسخ باستخدام بادئات محددة الهدف الحمض النووي الفلورسنت ذات العوائد [كدنا]. يتم استخراج الحمض النووي الجيني أو البلازميدات وتستخدم بعد ذلك لالفلورسنت ردود الفعل سانجر تسلسل للمقارنة مع حجم شظايا [كدنا]. تدار المنتجات تمديد التمهيدي إلى جانب المنتجات التسلسل سانجر على تغيير طبيعة هلام بولي أكريلاميد اليوريا وتحليلها مع الليزر الآلي والمجهر. قاعدة التسلسل الذي يصطف مع الفرقة [كدنا] هي لاالحادي قاعدة 5 &quot;نهاية [كدنا] (السهم الأزرق). مزيد من المعلومات في Fekete، وآخرون. 3 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52134/52134fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> لمحة عامة عن الإجراء بأكمله تمديد التمهيدي يمكن العثور عليها في الشكل 1. باختصار، الخلايا البكتيرية هي مثقف، تحصد، بيليه الخلايا هي lysed والحمض النووي الريبي المستخرج. ثم يتم التعامل مع RNA المنقى مع الدناز أنا لإزالة آثار لجزيئات الحمض النووي التي يمكن أن تكون بمثابة نماذج للالناسخ العكسي. تضاف الاشعال الفلورسنت محددة إلى RNA، المهجنة إلى المنطقة في وقت لاحق من الاهتمام وعكس كتب، مما أدى إلى واحد DNA مكملة الذين تقطعت بهم السبل ([كدنا]). يتم إنشاء سلم التسلسل بواسطة التسلسل التقليدي سانجر استخدام بادئات الفلورسنت وفصلها على تغيير طبيعة هلام بولي أكريلاميد جانب من شظايا تمديد التمهيدي [كدنا]. الناتجويتم تحليل هلام بمقارنة العصابات الفلورسنت، مما يسمح بتحديد الغايات 5 &#39;من الفائدة. نقطة الانطلاق النسخي ومواقع المعالجة ثم يتم تقييمها بشكل فردي عن طريق مقارنات تسلسل.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1200">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:D16">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Supplier</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Catalog Number(s)</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Comment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">AMV Reverse Transcriptase (20-25 U/&#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">NEB / Roche</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">NEB: M0277-T / Roche: 10109118001</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:399px;">DNase I (RNase free)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ambion (life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">AM2222</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">FastPrep-24 Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">MPBio</td>
			<td align="right">116004500</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:399px;">Fluorescently labeled primers</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Biomers</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">5&#8217; DY-681 modification of &#8220;ordinary&#8221; DNA oligonucleotides. Compatible dyes such as the LICOR IRDye 700/800 are also available from other suppliers such as IDTdna.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">Li-Cor 4200 Sequencer incl. ImagIR Data collection software</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Li-Cor</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Product discontinued</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">Nuclease free water</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ambion (life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">AM9915G</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">Plasmid mini preparation kit</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td align="right">12125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">RapidGel-XL-40% Concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">USB</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">US75863</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">RNA STORAGE BUFFER</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ambion (life technologies)</td>
			<td>AM7000</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:399px;">Roti-Aqua-P/C/I</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">X985.3</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Alternative: &#8220;Acid-Phenol:Chloroform, pH 4.5 (with IAA, 125:24:1)&#8221; from Ambion (AM9720)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">SUPERase&#8226;In RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ambion (life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">AM2696</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:399px;">Thermo Sequenase fluorescently labelled primer cycle sequencing kit with 7-deaza-dGTP</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">RPN2538</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">TRIzol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">15596-026</td>
			<td style="width:363px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:399px;">Zirconia/Silica Beads 0.1 mm</td>
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fluorescence based primer extension technique to determine transcriptional starting points and cleavage sites of rnases in vivo

مضان مقرها تمديد التمهيدي (FPE) هي طريقة الجزيئية لتحديد نقاط الانطلاق النسخي أو مواقع تصنيع جزيئات الحمض النووي الريبي. ويتحقق هذا عن طريق النسخ العكسي من الحمض النووي الريبي من الفائدة باستخدام بادئات fluorescently المسمى محددة والتحليل اللاحق للشظايا [كدنا الناجم عن تغيير طبيعة هلام بولي أكريلاميد الكهربائي. في الوقت نفسه، يتم تشغيل رد فعل التسلسل التقليدي سانجر على جل لرسم نهايات شظايا [كدنا لقواعد المناظرة الدقيقة الخاصة بهم. وعلى النقيض من 5&#39;-RACE (السريع التضخيم من [كدنا ينتهي)، حيث يجب استنساخ المنتج ومرشحين متعددين التسلسل، فإن الجزء الأكبر من شظايا [كدنا] الناتجة عن تمديد التمهيدي يمكن الكشف في وقت واحد في واحدة المدى هلام. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن الإجراء بأكمله (من النسخ العكسي إلى التحليل النهائي لنتائج) يمكن أن تكتمل في يوم عمل واحد. باستخدام بادئات fluorescently المسمى، واستخدام النظائر المشعة الخطرة وصفت الكواشفويمكن تجنب وخفض أوقات المعالجة كما يمكن الكشف عن المنتجات أثناء إجراء الكهربائي. في البروتوكول التالي، نحن تصف طريقة تمديد التمهيدي الفلورسنت في الجسم الحي موثوق وسريع لكشف نهايات 5 &#39;من الرنا للاستدلال النسخي نقطة البداية وتجهيز مواقع RNA (على سبيل المثال، من خلال مكونات النظام السم الترياق) في س. الذهبية، E. كولاي وغيرها من البكتيريا.

كما هو مبين في الشكل (6)، يمكن استخدام رد فعل تمديد التمهيدي لتحديد نقاط الانطلاق النسخي من النصوص ذات الأهمية ويمكن أن يساعد على استخلاص مناطق المروج (التي تم تحديدها عادة من قبل -10 و -35 العناصر). يمثل العلوي (أطول) [كدنا] جزء من &quot;نهاية 5 من مرنا وبالتالي يمكن ت...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence Based Primer Extension Technique to Determine Transcriptional Starting Points and Cleavage Sites of RNases In Vivo at JoVE.com

Fluorescence Based Primer Extension Technique to Determine Transcriptional Starting Points and Cleavage Sites of RNases In Vivo

We here describe a fluorescence based primer extension method to determine transcriptional starting points from bacterial transcripts and RNA processing in vivo using an automated gel sequencer.

مضان استنادا تمديد التمهيدي تقنية لتحديد ما الترانسكربتي المنطلقات ومواقع الشق من RNases<em&gt; في فيفو</em

Fluorescence based primer extension (FPE) is a molecular method to determine transcriptional starting points or processing sites of RNA molecules. This is ...

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Biology

Fluorescence Based Primer Extension Technique to Determine Transcriptional Starting Points and Cleavage Sites of RNases In Vivo

26.8K Views.  University of Tübingen. We here describe a fluorescence based primer extension method to determine transcriptional starting points from bacterial transcripts and RNA processing in vivo using an automated gel sequencer.

Video: Fluorescence Based Primer Extension Technique to Determine Transcriptional Starting Points and Cleavage Sites of RNases In Vivo

Proboscis Extension Response (PER) Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.
On the surface of the fly's mouth (labellum), there are hair-like structures called sensilla which houses taste neurons. When an attractive substance makes contact to the labellum, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the material. Proboscis Extension Response (PER) assay measures this taste behavior response, and it is a useful method to learn about food preferences in a single fly. Solutions of various sugars, such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, are very attractive to the fly. The effect of aversive substances can also be tested as reduction of PER when mixed in a sweet solution.Despite the simplicity of the basic procedure, there are many things that can prevent it from working. One of the factors that requires attention is the fly's responsive state. The required starvation time to bring the fly to the proper responsive state varies drastically from 36 to 72 hours. We established a series of controls to evaluate the fly's state and which allows screening out of non-responsive or hyper-responsive individual animals. Another important factor is the impact level and the position of the contact to the labellum, which would be difficult to describe by words. This video presentation demonstrates all these together with several other improvements that would increase the reproducibility of this method.

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis extension response or PER is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees. When the proboscis makes contact with an attractive substance, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the substance. Solutions of various sugars are very attractive to the fly.

خرطوم ملحق مواجهتها (PER) الفحص في ذبابة الفاكهة

Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.
On the surface of the fly's mouth ...

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Visualizing developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate molecular and functional changes in intact living organisms. Most existing optical imaging methods are inadequate for imaging at dimensions that lie between the penetration limits of modern optical microscopy (0.5-1mm) and the diffusion-imposed limits of optical macroscopy (&gt;1cm) [1]. Thus, many important model organisms, e.g. insects, animal embryos or small animal extremities, remain inaccessible for in-vivo optical imaging. 
Although there is increasing interest towards the development of nanometer-resolution optical imaging methods, there have not been many successful efforts in improving the imaging penetration depth. The ability to perform in-vivo imaging beyond microscopy limits is in fact met with the difficulties associated with photon scattering present in tissues. Recent efforts to image entire embryos for example [2,3] require special chemical treatment of the specimen, to clear them from scattering, a procedure that makes them suitable only for post-mortem imaging. These methods however evidence the need for imaging larger specimens than the ones usually allowed by two-photon or confocal microscopy, especially in developmental biology and in drug discovery.
We have developed a new optical imaging technique named Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography [4], which appropriate for non-invasive in-vivo imaging at dimensions of 1mm-5mm. The method exchanges resolution for penetration depth, but offers unprecedented tomographic imaging performance and it has been developed to add time as a new dimension in developmental biology observations (and possibly other areas of biological research) by imparting the ability to image the evolution of fluorescence-tagged responses over time. As such it can accelerate studies of morphological or functional dependencies on gene mutations or external stimuli, and can importantly, capture the complete picture of development or tissue function by allowing longitudinal time-lapse visualization of the same, developing organism.
The technique utilizes a modified laboratory microscope and multi-projection illumination to collect data at 360-degree projections. It applies the Fermi simplification to Fokker-Plank solution of the photon transport equation, combined with geometrical optics principles in order to build a realistic inversion scheme suitable for mesoscopic range. This allows in-vivo whole-body visualization of non-transparent three-dimensional structures in samples up to several millimeters in size.
We have demonstrated the in-vivo performance of the technique by imaging three-dimensional structures of developing Drosophila tissues in-vivo and by following the morphogenesis of the wings in the opaque Drosophila pupae in real time over six consecutive hours.

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic fluorescence tomography operates beyond the penetration limits of tissue-sectioning fluorescence microscopy. The technique is based on multi-projection illumination and a photon transport description. We demonstrate in-vivo whole-body 3D visualization of the morphogenesis of GFP-expressing wing imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.

جرحشاعثزرحشرتاد الإسفار عن التصوير المقطعي في الجسم الحي. تصوير النامية ذبابة الفاكهة</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Primer Extension Capture: Targeted Sequence Retrieval from Heavily Degraded DNA Sources

We present a method of targeted DNA sequence retrieval from DNA sources which are heavily degraded and contaminated with microbial DNA, as is typical of ancient bones. The method greatly reduces sample destruction and sequencing demands relative to direct PCR or shotgun sequencing approaches. We used this method to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of five Neandertals from across their geographic range. The mtDNA genetic diversity of the late Neandertals was approximately three times lower than that of contemporary modern humans. Together with analyses of mtDNA protein evolution, these data suggest that the long-term effective population size of Neandertals was smaller than that of modern humans and extant great apes.

We present a method of targeted ancient DNA sequence retrieval, which we used to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Neandertal individuals. Comparison of these sequences with present day humans suggests that Neandertals had a long term low effective population size.

التمهيدي لقطة فرعي : استرجاع المستهدفة تسلسل الحمض النووي من مصادر المتدهورة بالديون

We present a method of targeted DNA sequence retrieval from DNA sources which are heavily degraded and contaminated with microbial DNA, as is typical of ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

عزلة البروتينية ريبوسوم الوليدة منضم<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; لتحديد المواقع وقفة بالحركة على طول مرنا

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC)

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method makes it possible to count the numbers of protein molecules produced in one cell during sequential, five-minute time windows. It requires a fluorescence microscope with laser excitation power density of ~0.5 to 1 kW/cm2, which is sufficiently sensitive to detect single fluorescent protein molecules in live cells. The fluorescent reporter used in this method consists of three parts: a membrane targeting sequence, a fast-maturing, yellow fluorescent protein and a protease recognition sequence. The reporter is translationally fused to the N-terminus of a protein of interest. Cells are grown on a temperature-controlled microscope stage. Every five minutes, fluorescent molecules within cells are imaged (and later counted by analyzing fluorescence images) and subsequently photobleached so that only newly translated proteins are counted in the next measurement.
Fluorescence images resulting from this method can be analyzed by detecting fluorescent spots in each image, assigning them to individual cells and then assigning cells to cell lineages. The number of proteins produced within a time window in a given cell is calculated by dividing the integrated fluorescence intensity of spots by the average intensity of single fluorescent molecules. We used this method to measure expression levels in the range of 0-45 molecules in single 5 min time windows. This method enabled us to measure noise in the expression of the &lambda; repressor CI, and has many other potential applications in systems biology.

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage CoTrAC

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC), to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method has been used to follow the stochastic expression dynamics of a transcription factor, the &lambda; repressor CI 1.

واحدة جزيء التصوير من تنظيم الجينات<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; استخدام التنشيط بواسطة Cotranslational انشقاق (CoTrAC)

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells ...

A Quantitative Assay to Study Protein:DNA Interactions, Discover Transcriptional Regulators of Gene Expression, and Identify Novel Anti-tumor Agents

Many DNA-binding assays such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), chemiluminescent assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based assays, and multiwell-based assays are used to measure transcription factor activity. However, these assays are nonquantitative, lack specificity, may involve the use of radiolabeled oligonucleotides, and may not be adaptable for the screening of inhibitors of DNA binding. On the other hand, using a quantitative DNA-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (D-ELISA) assay, we demonstrate nuclear protein interactions with DNA using the RUNX2 transcription factor that depend on specific association with consensus DNA-binding sequences present on biotin-labeled oligonucleotides. Preparation of cells, extraction of nuclear protein, and design of double stranded oligonucleotides are described. Avidin-coated 96-well plates are fixed with alkaline buffer and incubated with nuclear proteins in nucleotide blocking buffer. Following extensive washing of the plates, specific primary antibody and secondary antibody incubations are followed by the addition of horseradish peroxidase substrate and development of the colorimetric reaction. Stop reaction mode or continuous kinetic monitoring were used to quantitatively measure protein interaction with DNA. We discuss appropriate specificity controls, including treatment with non-specific IgG or without protein or primary antibody. Applications of the assay are described including its utility in drug screening and representative positive and negative results are discussed.

We developed a quantitative DNA-binding, ELISA-based assay to measure transcription factor interactions with DNA. High specificity for the RUNX2 protein was achieved with a consensus DNA-recognition oligonucleotide and specific monoclonal antibody. Colorimetric detection with an enzyme-coupled antibody substrate reaction was monitored in real time.

A الكمي الفحص لدراسة البروتين: تفاعلات الحمض النووي، اكتشاف المنظمين الترانسكربتي التعبير الجيني، وتحديد رواية وكلاء المضادة للورم

Many DNA-binding assays such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), chemiluminescent assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based assays, ...

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as from eukaryotes. This increase has been largely driven by the successful push to obtain structural information on membrane proteins. However, the ability to functionally interrogate these proteins has not advanced at the same rate and is often limited to qualitative assays of limited quantitative value, thereby limiting the mechanistic insights that they can provide. An assay to quantitatively investigate the transport activity of reconstituted Cl- channels or transporters is described. The assay is based on the measure of the efflux rate of Cl- from proteoliposomes following the addition of the K+ ionophore valinomycin to shunt the membrane potential. An ion sensitive electrode is used to follow the time-course of ion efflux from proteoliposomes reconstituted with the desired protein. The method is highly suited for mechanistic studies, as it allows for the quantitative determination of key properties of the reconstituted protein, such as its unitary transport rate, the fraction of active protein and the molecular mass of the functional unit. The assay can also be utilized to determine the effect of small molecule compounds that directly inhibit/activate the reconstituted protein, as well as to test the modulatory effects of the membrane composition or lipid-modifying reagents. Where possible, direct comparison between results obtained using this method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using electrophysiological approaches. The technique is illustrated using CLC-ec1, a CLC-type H+/Cl- exchanger, as a model system. The efflux assay can be utilized to study any Cl- conducting channel/transporter and, with minimal changes, can be adapted to study any ion-transporting protein.

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

وProteoliposome القائم على الدفق الفحص تحديد خصائص جزيء واحدة من الكلور<sup&gt; -</sup&gt; القنوات وأنظمة نقل

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as ...

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually untranslated &#8212; first exons. Bcrp1 (Abcg2), the murine orthologue of the ABC transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2), has at least four alternative promoters that are designated by the corresponding four alternative first exons produced: E1U, E1A, E1B, and E1C. Herein, in-silico protocols are presented to predict alternative promoter usage for Bcrp1. Furthermore, reporter assay methods are described to produce reporter constructs for alternative promoters and to determine the functionality of putative promoters upstream of the alternative first exons that are identified.

With the murine ABC transporter Bcrp1 (Abcg2) as an example, in-silico protocols are presented to detect alternative promoter usage in genes expressed in mouse tissues, and to evaluate the functionality of the alternative promoters identified using reporter assays.

طرق لاكتشاف المروج البديل الاستخدام وتنظيم الترانسكربتي من الفئران Bcrp1

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

The intestinal barrier defends against pathogenic microorganism and microbial toxin. Its function is regulated by tight junction permeability and epithelial cell integrity, and disruption of the intestinal barrier function contributes to progression of gastrointestinal and systemic disease. Two simple methods are described here to measure the permeability of intestinal epithelium. In vitro, Caco-2BBe cells are plated in tissue culture wells as a monolayer and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) can be measured by an epithelial (volt/ohm) meter. This method is convincing because of its user-friendly operation and repeatability. In vivo, mice are gavaged with 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the FITC-dextran concentrations are measured in collected serum samples from mice to determine the epithelial permeability. Oral gavage provides an accurate dose, and therefore is the preferred method to measure the intestinal permeability in vivo. Taken together, these two methods can measure the permeability of the intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo, and hence be used to study the connection between diseases and barrier function.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

Two methods are presented here to determine intestinal barrier function. An epithelial meter (volt/ohm) is used for measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance of cultured epithelia directly in tissue culture wells. In mice, the FITC-dextran gavage method is used to determine the intestinal permeability in vivo.

في المختبر و في فيفو النهج لتحديد نفاذية الخلايا الظهارية المعوية

The intestinal barrier defends against pathogenic microorganism and microbial toxin. Its function is regulated by tight junction permeability and ...

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their recruited proteins, lead to temporal and spatial control of gene expression. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&#38;Tag) is an enzyme-tethering method in which the specific chromatin protein is firstly recognized by its specific antibody, and then the antibody tethers a protein A-transposase (pA-Tn5) fusion protein, which cleaves the targeted chromatin in situ by the activation of magnesium ions. Here, we provide our previously published CUT&#38;Tag protocol using intact nuclei isolated from allortetraploid cotton leaves with modification. This step-by-step protocol can be used for epigenomic research in plants. In addition, substantial modifications for plant nuclei isolation are provided with critical comments.

Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&amp;Tag) is an efficient chromatin epigenomic profiling strategy. This protocol presents a refined CUT&amp;Tag strategy for the profiling of histone modifications in plants.

توصيف تعديل H3K4me3 في النباتات باستخدام الانقسام تحت الأهداف والوسم

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their ...