This research was supported by NIH R21CA183492, the Simons Foundation, the Wallace Research Foundation, and by CTSA award UL1TR000445 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

يصف المخطوطة عناصر مهمة البطارية النفسية التي تستخدم لتقييم المعالجة الزمني وحدة في البحث الحسي والنظم المتعددة الحواس. البطارية وتطبيق واسع لعدد من السكان، وقد تم استخدامها من قبل المختبر لدينا من أجل تميز الأداء الزمني السمعي البصري في نموذجي البالغين 18، 10،39</s...

وكثيرا ما اقترب بحوث علم الأعصاب التقليدي فهم الإدراك الحسي من خلال التركيز على طرائق الحسية الفردية. ومع ذلك، تتكون البيئة من مجموعة واسعة من المدخلات الحسية التي يتم دمجها في عرض موحد الإدراك الحسي للعالم بطريقة ما يبدو جهد. حقيقة أننا موجودة في مثل هذه البيئة الغنية المتعددة الحواس يتطلب منا فهم أفضل للطريقة التي الدماغ يجمع المعلومات عبر أنظمة حسية مختلفة. يتم تضخيمه الحاجة إلى هذا الفهم أيضا حقيقة أن وجود أجزاء متعددة من المعلومات الحسية غالبا ما يؤدي إلى تحسينات كبيرة في السلوك والإدراك 1-3. على سبيل المثال، هناك تحسن كبير (تصل إلى 15 ديسيبل في نسبة الإشارة إلى الضوضاء) في القدرة على فهم الكلام في بيئة صاخبة إذا كان يمكن للمراقب انظر أيضا الحركات المتحدث الشفة 4-7. واحدة من العوامل الرئيسية التييؤثر على كيفية يتم الجمع بين المدخلات الحسية المختلفة ودمجها هو القرب الزمني النسبي. في حالة حدوث اثنين من الاشارات الحسية قريبة من بعضها البعض في الوقت المناسب، هيكل الزمانية التي تشير إلى أصل مشترك، وأنها من المرجح للغاية أن تكون متكاملة كما يتضح من التغيرات في السلوك والإدراك 8-12. واحدة من الأدوات التجريبية أقوى لدراسة تأثير الهيكل الزمني متعدد الحواس على الاستجابات السلوكية والإدراكية هو الحكم التزامن (SJ) المهام 13-16. في مثل هذه المهمة، المقترنة متعدد الحواس (على سبيل المثال، البصرية والسمعية) المحفزات في مختلف asynchronies بداية التحفيز (SOAS) تتراوح ما بين وقت واحد موضوعية (أي.، والزمانية إزاحة 0 مللي ثانية) إلى غير متزامن للغاية (على سبيل المثال، 400 مللي ثانية). وطلب من المشاركين الحكم على المنبهات مثل وقت واحد أم لا عن طريق اضغط على زر بسيطة. في مثل هذه المهمة، حتى عندما يتم عرض المحفزات البصرية والسمعية في البنية الموجهة بالخدمات من 100 ميللي ثانية أو أكثر، تفيد الموضوعات التي الزوجوكان في وقت واحد على نسبة كبيرة من المحاكمات. نافذة الوقت الذي اثنين من المدخلات يمكن أن يحدث ويكون وجود احتمال كبير من أن ينظر إليها بأنها تحدث في وقت واحد يعرف باسم نافذة ملزمة الزمني (TBW) 17-19. وTBW هو بناء علم السلوك للغاية، لأنه يمثل الانتظام الإحصائية في العالم من حولنا (19). &quot;نافذة&quot; يوفر المرونة للمواصفات أحداث أصل مشترك. واحد الذي يسمح للمنبهات التي تحدث على مسافات مختلفة مع أوقات انتشار مختلفة (سواء الجسدية والعصبية) انه لا يزال &quot;ملزمة&quot; لبعضها البعض. ومع ذلك، على الرغم من أن TBW هي بنية احتمالي، والتغيرات التي توسع (أو العقد) حجم هذه النافذة من المرجح أن يكون المتتالية والآثار الضارة المحتملة على التصور 20،21. اضطراب طيف التوحد (ASD) هو اضطراب النمو العصبي التي تم تشخيصها كلاسيكي سن أساس العجز في التواصل الاجتماعي ووجود المصالح المقيدة والسلوكيات المتكررة 22. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، وكما هو مدون في الآونة الأخيرة في DSM-5، والأطفال مع ASD كثيرا ما تظهر تغييرات في ردودها على المحفزات الحسية. بدلا من أن يقتصر على شعور واحد، يشمل هذا العجز في كثير من الأحيان الحواس متعددة بما في ذلك السمع واللمس، التوازن، التذوق والرؤية. جنبا إلى جنب مع مثل هذا العرض &quot;متعدد الحواس&quot;، والأفراد مع ASD غالبا ما تظهر العجز في المجال الزمني. بشكل جماعي، وتشير هذه الملاحظات أن وظيفة الزمنية المتعددة الحواس يجوز تغيير تفضيلي في مرض التوحد 17،23-25. على الرغم من أن يلازم وجهة نظر ظيفة الحسية المتغيرة في ASD، قد تكون التغييرات في وظيفة الزمنية المتعددة الحواس أيضا مساهما هاما في العجز في التواصل الاجتماعي في ASD، نظرا لأهمية سريعة ودقيقة ملزمة من المحفزات المتعددة الحواس لحفلاتها والاتصالات. تأخذ باعتبارهان المثال تبادل الكلام المذكورة أعلاه التي ترد معلومات مهمة في كل من السمعية البصرية والطرائق. في الواقع، وقد استخدمت هذه المهام لإثبات اختلافات كبيرة في عرض TBW المتعددة الحواس لدى الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد أداء عال 26-28. نظرا لأهميته لوظيفة عادية الإدراك الحسي، والآثار المحتملة لعمليات أعلى النظام مثل التواصل الاجتماعي (والقدرات المعرفية الأخرى)، وأهميتها السريرية، وصفت بطارية من مهام صممت لتقييم وظيفة الزمنية المتعددة الحواس لدى الأطفال مع ASD.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photovoltaic cell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microphone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noise-cancelling headphones</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chin rest</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audiometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing sensory and multisensory function in children with autism spectrum disorder

بالإضافة إلى ضعف في التواصل الاجتماعي ووجود المصالح المقيدة والسلوكيات المتكررة، يتم الاعتراف الآن عجز في معالجة الحسي كعرض الأساسية في اضطراب طيف التوحد (ASD). متجذر لدينا القدرة على إدراك والتفاعل مع العالم الخارجي في المعالجة الحسية. على سبيل المثال، والاستماع إلى محادثة يستلزم معالجة الاشارات السمعية القادمة من مكبر الصوت (محتوى الكلام، وعلم العروض، في بناء الجملة)، وكذلك المعلومات المرتبطة البصرية (تعابير الوجه والإيماءات). إجمالا، &quot;التكامل&quot; من هذه المتعددة الحواس (أي السمعية البصرية مجتمعة) قطعة من المعلومات في النتائج أفضل الفهم. وقد تبين هذا التكامل متعدد الحواس أن تعتمد بقوة على العلاقة الزمنية للمحفزات المقترنة. وهكذا، المثيرات التي تحدث في وثيقة القرب الزماني من المرجح جدا أن يؤدي إلى فوائد السلوكية والإدراكية - مكاسب يعتقد أن تكون عاكسة للالحكم جهاز الإدراك الحسي من احتمال أن هذه المحفزات اثنين جاء من نفس المصدر. ويتوقع تغييرات في هذا التكامل الزمني لتغيير بقوة عمليات الإدراك الحسي، ومن المرجح أن يقلل من القدرة على إدراك بدقة والتفاعل مع عالمنا. هنا، يتم وصف بطارية من مهام صممت لوصف مختلف جوانب معالجة الزمني الحسي ومتعدد الحواس في الأطفال الذين يعانون من التوحد. وبالإضافة إلى فائدتها في التوحد، وهذه البطارية لديها امكانات كبيرة لوصف التغييرات في وظيفة حسية في السكان السريرية الأخرى، وكذلك تستخدم لدراسة التغيرات في هذه العمليات عبر عمر.

وقد أثبتت هذه البطارية مهمة ناجحة جدا في قياس الفروق الفردية في معالجة الزمني في الأفراد مع وبدون ASD 17،18،23،27. للقيام بهذه المهمة SJ، رسم البيانات الناتجة من كل موضوع على حدة عن طريق حساب لأول مرة نسبة الردود في كل SOA هذا الموضوع أجاب &quot;متزامن&quot;، ومن ثم تركيب منح...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

اختبار وظيفة الحسية ومتعدد الحواس في الأطفال الذين يعانون من اضطراب طيف التوحد

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

testing-sensory-multisensory-function-children-with-autism-spectrum

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

16.3K Views.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Video: Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

P50 Sensory Gating in Infants

Attentional deficits are common in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar mood disorder, and schizophrenia. There has been increasing interest in the neurodevelopmental components of these attentional deficits; neurodevelopmental meaning that while the deficits become clinically prominent in childhood or adulthood, the deficits are the results of problems in brain development that begin in infancy or even prenatally. Despite this interest, there are few methods for assessing attention very early in infancy. This report focuses on one method, infant auditory P50 sensory gating.
Attention has several components. One of the earliest components of attention, termed sensory gating, allows the brain to tune out repetitive, noninformative sensory information. Auditory P50 sensory gating refers to one task designed to measure sensory gating using changes in EEG. When identical auditory stimuli are presented 500 ms apart, the evoked response (change in the EEG associated with the processing of the click) to the second stimulus is generally reduced relative to the response to the first stimulus (i.e. the response is &#34;gated&#34;). When response to the second stimulus is not reduced, this is considered a poor sensory gating, is reflective of impaired cerebral inhibition, and is correlated with attentional deficits.
Because the auditory P50 sensory gating task is passive, it is of potential utility in the study of young infants and may provide a window into the developmental time course of attentional deficits in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this presentation is to describe the methodology for assessing infant auditory P50 sensory gating, a methodology adapted from those used in studies of adult populations.

Methods to record auditory P50 sensory gating, a physiological marker of cerebral inhibition which reflects early stages of attention, are described.

P50 الحسية المحاصرة في الرضع

Attentional deficits are common in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar mood ...

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

التقييم الكمي للمعالجة السمعية القشرية عن طريق اللمس لدى الأطفال ذوي الإعاقة

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

قياس النشاط الجبهي الحوفي باستخدام العاطفي غريب الاطوار العمل في الأطفال الذين يعانون من مخاطر عالية العائلي لمرض الفصام

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

قياس التحيزات سيكلوجية الإنتباه للخطر في الأطفال والبالغين

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

تتبع النفسية طريقة لقياس تفضيلات الذوق في الأطفال والبالغين

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

تقييم الذاكرة العاملة في الأطفال: التقييم الشامل بطارية للأطفال - الذاكرة العاملة (كابك-ويم)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

فتيلة دلالات المتصلة بالحدث محتملة (ERP) مهمة لدراسة معالجة ليكسيكو الدلالية وتجري الدلالية في اضطراب طيف التوحد

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

مهمة الاختيار القسري اثنين--الفاصل الزمني لمقارنات Multisensory

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

باستخدام نموذج العالم المرئي لدراسة الجملة الفهم في الناطقة بالفصحى الأطفال الذين يعانون من التوحد

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum disorders and associated developmental disabilities. Similarly, a verbal operant analysis carefully controls specific environmental factors that influence language, and measures strength of responding across four verbal operant classes: tact, mand, echoic, and sequelic. The frequency of each independent verbal operant is then measured against one another using the stimulus control ratio equation (SCoRE) to summarize the relative strength of the speaker&#8217;s repertoire. The verbal behavior SCoRE yields a statistic that can be compared against itself (e.g., for the purposes of pre/post testing) or against others (e.g., for the purposes of randomized controlled trials). The results of this evaluation provide an individualized hierarchy for diverging stimulus control across the verbal operants, from which a treatment plan for errorless language learning may be prescribed.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a verbal operant analysis (VOA), calculating the stimulus control ratio equation (SCoRE), and developing individualized verbal behavior treatment plans, specifically significant to address the deficits characteristic of autism.

نمذجة العجز في السلوك اللفظي مع معادلة نسبة التحكم في التحفيز، SCoRE

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum ...