<html> نشكر جميع الأطفال ومقدمي الرعاية الذين شاركوا في دراسات تتبع العين لدينا في مركز كاليير لاضطرابات التواصل في جامعة تكساس في دالاس، و في معهد كارولينا UNC للإعاقة في النمو. وأيد N. ساسون من حيث عدد المنح UL1RR024982، بعنوان &quot;الشمالية والوسطى تكساس مبادرة العلوم السريرية وبالحركة&quot; (ميلتون باكر، دكتوراه في الطب، PI) من المركز الوطني للبحوث الموارد (NCRR)، وهو مكون من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة (المعاهد الوطنية للصحة)، والمعاهد الوطنية للصحة خارطة الطريق للبحوث الطبية، ومحتوياته هي الجهة الوحيدة المسؤولة عن المؤلفين ولا تمثل بالضرورة وجهة النظر الرسمية للNCRR أو المعاهد الوطنية للصحة. معلومات عن NCRR يتوفر في <a href="http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/">http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/</a> . ويمكن الحصول على معلومات حول إعادة هندسة المؤسسة من البحوث السريريةranslational.asp &quot;&gt; http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp. كان مدعوما من قبل J. Elison على جائزة NRSA (5-T32-HD007376) من معاهد الصحة القومية لاتحاد ولاية كارولينا في التنمية البشرية في مركز علوم التنموي، UNC.

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الكتاب ليس لديهم ما تكشف عن وجود تضارب في المصالح.

وقد سهلت ظهور تتبع العين كأداة موضوعية ويمكن الوصول إليها لدراسة الخصائص الحسية من اضطرابات نفسية البحوث في الاهتمام البصري غير طبيعية وأنماط المحرك للعين التي تسهم في الخصائص السريرية لASD. وكان من تطبيق واعدة خاصة لهذا العمل لدراسة الأطفال الصغار مع ASD من أجل التقاط المبكر الناشئة الآليات التنموية للاضطراب. في حين أن التحقيقات مع هذه الفئة العمرية الحرجة لإلقاء الضوء على مسار في وقت مبكر وخصائص ASD، القيام بذلك مع نماذج السلوك التقليدية وكثيرا ما كانت صعبة نظرا لضعف التواصل الاجتماعي والتي توجد في هذه الفئة من السكان. ويمكن تتبع العين تخفيف بعض هذه المطالب مهمة من خلال توفير قدر مباشرة وقابلة للقياس الكمي من التفضيلات البصرية والتحديق السلوك. في النهاية، قد يكون هذا النهج يساعد في الكشف عن معلومات مهمة خلال فترة حرجة في تطوير ASD، وهي عملية ثاويمكن تي بدوره بإبلاغ الكشف المبكر وجهود التدخل. على الرغم من هذه الفوائد، ومعقد العين لتتبع الأطفال الصغار مع ASD من قبل عددا من التحديات المنهجية. التيار بروتوكول تفاصيل المبادئ التوجيهية لتنفيذ تتبع العين مع هذه الفئة من السكان. في حين أن الاقتراحات المذكورة هنا تقتصر على المشترك ومتاحة تجاريا نظم تتبع العين القرنية، انعكاس، ولا سيما تلك التي لا تقيد حركة المشاركين، ويمكن تصحيح لحركة الرأس، وأنها مصممة لتوفير التعليم العام للباحثين المهتمين. التصميم الأمثل هو دراسة في كثير من الأحيان محددة، ولكن توصيات عامة تشمل اختيار المعدات وخلق بيئة الاختبار التي تؤدي لدراسة هذه الفئة من السكان، وتنفيذ الإجراءات التي تقلل من العقبات والانحرافات المحتملة، والسعي إلى تحقيق الاستراتيجيات التحليلية المناسبة. قد يكون اعتماد هذه الممارسات تعجيل العين تتبع البحوثترمي إلى دراسة المظاهر أعراض في وقت مبكر من الأندلس، ولكنها قد تتصل أيضا إلى مجموعات بحثية مهتمة في العين تتبع الأطفال الصغار على نطاق أوسع، بما في ذلك الأطفال الرضع 22، وكذلك الأطفال ذوي العاهات الخلقية الأخرى من التوحد. علاوة على ذلك، يمكن للباحثين نريد أن نبني على هذه التوصيات من خلال دمج تتبع العين مع التدابير الفسيولوجية الأخرى، مثل التخطيط الدماغي، تصرف الجلد الجلفانية ورصد ضربات القلب، لتقديم لمحة أكثر شمولا للاستجابة بعلم النفس. وزيادة توفر أنظمة التعقب بالعين المتنقلة يعزز أيضا إمكانية لتوسيع نطاق دراسة السلوك نظرات في الأندلس في سياقات أكثر ايكولوجيا، صالح، بما في ذلك التفاعل الاجتماعي الحي. ومن المتوقع أن هذه التصاميم المبتكرة في الارتفاع في شعبية في السنوات المقبلة.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المادة </td><td> نوع </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليق </td></tr><tr><td> العين تعقب </td><td> وقائمة بذاتها نظام انعكاس القرنية القائم. تم دمج لافتة للتعقب إلى 24 &quot;TFT عريضة السجلات. مراقبة في 60HZ. </td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii 60XL </td><td> هو مبين في الشكل 2. هذه هي واحدة من العديد من النظم التي تسمح لرئيس الحركة (في هذه الحالة، ضمن مساحة مكعب من 40x20x27cm من مسافة 60cm، مع الحفاظ على دقة متوسط ​​~ 0.5 درجة من زاوية بصرية). </td></tr><tr><td> العين تعقب مراقبة البرامج </td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii استوديو ضد 2.1.14 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تثبيت برنامج التحليل </td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii استوديو ضد 2.1.14 </td><td> حلولدت تحليل أوجه في الشكل (3) استخدام هذا البرنامج. خرج في الشكل (4) ولدت في البرامج الخارجية. </td></tr></tbody></table>

eye tracking young children with autism

وأثار صعود للوصول أنظمة التعقب بالعين التجارية زيادة سريعة في استخدامها في البحوث النفسية والنفسية. من خلال توفير مباشرة، وقياس مفصلة وموضوعية من سلوك النظرة، وأصبح العين تتبع أداة قيمة لدراسة استراتيجيات الإدراك الحسي غير طبيعية في السكان السريرية، واستخدمت لتحديد خلل محدد الخصائص 1، تشجيع التعرف المبكر 2، ويبلغ العلاج 3 . على وجه الخصوص، وقد استفاد الباحثون من اضطرابات طيف التوحد (ASD) من دمج تتبع العين إلى نماذج أبحاثهم 4-7. تم إلى حد كبير تتبع العين المستخدمة في هذه الدراسات للكشف عن الآليات الكامنة وراء ضعف أداء المهمة 8 و 9 وظائف المخ غير طبيعية، وخصوصا أثناء معالجة المعلومات الاجتماعية 1،10-11. بينما الأطفال الأكبر سنا والبالغين الذين يعانون من التوحد تشمل كثرة البحوث في هذا المجال، تتبع العينقد يكون مفيدا بشكل خاص لدراسة الأطفال الصغار المصابين بهذا الاضطراب، حيث أنها توفر وسيلة غير الغازية لتقييم وقياس في وقت مبكر لنشوء حالات الشذوذ في النمو 2،12-13. تنفيذ العين تتبع مع الأطفال الصغار مع أي إس دي، ومع ذلك، ويرتبط مع عدد من التحديات الفريدة من نوعها، بما في ذلك القضايا مع السلوك متوافقة الناتجة عن مطالب مهمة محددة، واضطراب الاعتبارات ذات الصلة النفسية والاجتماعية. في هذا البروتوكول، ونحن بالتفصيل الاعتبارات المنهجية لتحسين تصميم البحوث، والحصول على البيانات والتحليل النفسي بينما العين تتبع الأطفال الصغار مع أي إس دي. وتهدف أيضا إلى التوصيات المقدمة إلى أن تكون أكثر على نطاق واسع ينطبق على العين لتتبع الأطفال ذوي العاهات الخلقية الأخرى. من خلال تقديم مبادئ توجيهية لأفضل الممارسات في هذه المجالات على أساس الدروس المستفادة من عملنا، ونأمل في مساعدة المحققين الآخرين جعل الصوت تصميم البحوث وتحليل الخيارات وفي الوقت نفسه تجنب المخاطر المشتركة التي يمكن أن تعرض البياناتاكتساب بينما العين تتبع الأطفال الصغار يعانون من صعوبات تنموية ASD أو غيرها.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism at JoVE.com

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

منذ فترة طويلة تتبع العين تستخدم لدراسة أنماط البصر لدى الأفراد، وعادة ما النامية، ولكن التطورات التكنولوجية الحديثة جعلت استخدامه مع السكان السريرية، بما في ذلك مرض التوحد، أكثر جدوى. في حين تتبع العين، الأطفال الصغار المصابين بالتوحد يمكن أن تقدم نظرة ثاقبة مظاهر أعراض في وقت مبكر، انه ينطوي على تحديات منهجية. وتقدم اقتراحات لأفضل الممارسات.

العين تتبع الأطفال الصغار المصابين بالتوحد

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

45.1K Views.  University of Texas at Dallas. منذ فترة طويلة تتبع العين تستخدم لدراسة أنماط البصر لدى الأفراد، وعادة ما النامية، ولكن التطورات التكنولوجية الحديثة جعلت استخدامه مع السكان السريرية، بما في ذلك مرض التوحد، أكثر جدوى. في حين تتبع العين، الأطفال الصغار المصابين بالتوحد يمكن أن تقدم نظرة ثاقبة ...

Video: Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

الرنين المغناطيسي المشتقة عضلة القلب عن طريق تقييم سلالة ميزة تتبع

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

تحقق في الدماغ باستخدام الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في التوحد وإنتشار العضلة الشادة التصوير

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

محمول المتعدد الوسائط التفضيلية يبحث (IPL): فهم اللغة التحقيق في النمو النموذجي للأطفال وصغار الأطفال الذين يعانون من التوحد

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal model to investigate bladder remodeling in pBOO are female rodents undergoing partial obstruction at the proximal urethra. Variability in the degree of obstruction and animal mortality are major concerns with proximal obstruction. Furthermore, dissecting around the proximal urethra and bladder neck jeopardizes bladder innervation.
We developed a nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (NeMO) model for pBOO avoiding the disadvantages of the traditional model. We approached the urethra just inferior to the pubic symphysis, which obviated the need for laparotomy as well as for dissection in this area; also, the striated urethral sphincter remained untouched. We performed NeMO in female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 obstructions, 6 sham animals) as well as in female C57/bl6 mice (20 obstructions, 18 sham animals). After two weeks, we evaluated bladder function, bladder mass, and body mass.
We had no mortalities among obstructed- or sham-operated female rats; as described for the traditional proximal pBOO-method, we tied the suture around the proximal urethra and a temporarily placed 0.9 mm metal rod. NeMO induced an 85% increase in bladder mass after two weeks, average residual urine volume was 0.4 mL in partially obstructed rats while only 0.03 mL in sham animals. In mice, we tested 3 sizes of cannulas that we placed along the urethra when tying the suture. We found that using a 27-gauge cannula resulted in over 50% animal mortality; placing the 25-gauge cannula did not yield the desired response in increasing bladder mass; utilizing a 26-gauge cannula yielded favorable results with minimal animal mortality (1/8) yet a significant 2-fold increase in bladder mass.

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Traditional modeling of partial bladder outlet obstruction in rodents is fraught with animal mortality. A denervation injury from dissection around the proximal urethra and bladder neck is also of major concern. We developed and evaluated a safe and reliable mid-urethral obstruction model, avoiding the shortcomings of the traditional model.

التي تقتصد في العصب منتصف الإحليلية إعاقة (نيمو) في أنثى القوارض الصغيرة

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most reliable assessments regarding therapeutic efficacy. We present clinical and radiological outcome measures used in ambulatory patients participating in our trial &#34;Treatment with L-citrulline and metformin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#34;. The motor function measure is a validated test in patients with neuromuscular disorders that consists of 32 items and assesses all three dimensions of motor performance including standing and transfer (D1 subscore), axial and proximal motor function (D2 subscore), and distal motor function (D3 subscore). The test shows high intra- and inter-rater variability but only when strictly following guidelines of the materials, examination steps, and calculation of scores. The 6-minute walk test, timed 10-meter walk/run test, and supine-up time are commonly used timed functional tests that also sufficiently monitor changes in muscle function; however, they strongly depend on patient collaboration. Quantitative MRI is an objective and sensitive biomarker to detect subclinical changes, though the examination costs may be a reason for its limited use. In this study, a high correlation between all clinical assessments and quantitative MRI scans was found. The combinational use of these methods provides a better understanding about disease progression; however, longitudinal studies are needed to validate their reliability.

The aim of this study is to present the most reliable clinical outcome measures and their correlations with quantitative muscle MRI in ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

قياسات للوظيفة الحركية وغيرها من المعالم النتائج السريرية في الأطفال حركيا مع ضمور العضلات دوشين

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most ...

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and cone photoreceptor function as well as inner retinal function and is an important measure in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases as well as inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional retinopathies. Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid and reliable dark-adapted (scotopic) and light-adapted (photopic) ffERG responses. Performing ffERG in infants and children is challenging and often requires general anesthesia in the operating room. However, maintaining retinal dark adaptation in the operating room is becoming increasingly difficult given the numerous light sources from anesthesiology monitoring systems and other equipment. A practical and widely applicable method for ffERG testing is described in the operating room that optimizes retinal dark adaptation. The method reduces operating room time by dark-adapting the patient before general anesthesiology is instituted. The operating room is modified for dark adaptation and any remaining light source in the darkened operating room is minimized with the use of a modified portable foldable darkroom that encloses the patient&#8217;s head and the ERG examiner during ffERG scotopic recordings. The simple method adheres to ffERG international standards and provides valid reliable scotopic and photopic ffERG recordings that are critical to assess objective retinal function in this young age group where subjective assessment of visual function such as visual acuity and visual fields are not possible. Furthermore, the ffERG is the gold standard clinical test in detecting early onset inherited retinal diseases including Leber congenital amaurosis where approved gene therapy has become available. In sedated conditions, very low amplitude ffERG signals can be detected due to minimal orbicularis muscle activity interference, which is particularly relevant in patients after gene therapy to detect improved amplitude responses.

Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid full-field electroretinogram responses in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases. A practical protocol using a portable darkroom is provided to obtain full-field&#160;electroretinogram for infants and children under sedation or general anesthesia in the operating room setting.

تسجيل تخطيط كهربائي للرضع والأطفال تحت التخدير لتحقيق التكيف الأمثل الظلام والمعايير الدولية

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and ...

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the recognized standard-of-care for blood flow quantification based on phase contrast MRI. While such measurement of blood flow has been possible in adults for decades, methods to extend this capability to fetal blood flow have only recently been developed.
Fetal blood flow quantification in major vessels is important for monitoring fetal pathologies such as congenital heart disease (CHD) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). CHD causes alterations in the cardiac structure and vasculature that change the course of blood in the fetus. In FGR, the path of blood flow is altered through the dilation of shunts such that the oxygenated blood supply to the brain is increased. Blood flow quantification enables assessment of the severity of the fetal pathology, which in turn allows for suitable&#160;in utero&#160;patient management and planning for postnatal care.
The primary challenges of applying phase contrast MRI to the human fetus include small blood vessel size, high fetal heart rate, potential MRI data corruption due to maternal respiration, unpredictable fetal movements, and lack of conventional cardiac gating methods to synchronize data acquisition. Here, we describe recent technical developments from our lab that have enabled the quantification of fetal blood flow using phase contrast MRI, including advances in accelerated imaging, motion compensation, and cardiac gating.

Here we present a protocol for measuring fetal blood flow rapidly with MRI and retrospectively performing motion correction and cardiac gating.

القياس الكمي لتدفق دم الجنين البشري مع التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي وتعويض الحركة

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) Test

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a reliable measure of sweet, salty, and umami taste detection thresholds from childhood to adulthood. Advantages of the method include procedures that are identical for children and adults, thus allowing the determination of age-related and individual differences in taste perception, if any, and tasks that can be completed in a relatively short time frame, do not rely on continuous attention or require memorization, control for subjective response biases, and minimize the impact of language development. After a 1 hour fast, participants are presented with pairs of solutions; in each pair, one solution is water, and the other solution contains varying concentrations of the tastant.
Using a whole-mouth tasting method, participants taste each solution (without swallowing and with rinsing between tastings) and then point to the solution with a taste or that tastes different from water. The concentration of the stimulus in the subsequent pair increases after a single incorrect response and decreases after two consecutive correct responses. A reversal occurs when the concentration sequence changes direction. The task is deemed completed after the occurrence of four reversals, provided there are a maximum of two dilution steps between two successive reversals, and the series of reversals do not form an ascending pattern. These additional criteria ensure greater reliability in outcomes. The TDT is then calculated as the geometric mean of the concentrations of the four reversals. This method has real-world relevance as it provides information on a dimension of taste perception that is independent of hedonics, and that can change with aging and certain disease states, making it a valuable psychophysical test.

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold TDT Test

Psychophysical tools measure the functionality of the taste system for both research and health assessment purposes. This paper describes a method to measure taste detection thresholds that can determine the lowest concentration of sucrose, sodium chloride, or monosodium glutamate that can be tasted by individuals as young as 6 years.

طريقة التتبع النفسية الفيزيائية لتقييم عتبات اكتشاف الذوق لدى الأطفال والمراهقين والبالغين: اختبار عتبة اكتشاف الطعم (TDT)

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a ...

خلل الغدة الدمعية الناجم عن سكوبولامين في الفئران

A Rat Dry Eye Model with Lacrimal Gland Dysfunction Induced by Scopolamine

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal tear production can lead to a disturbance in the ocular surface environment, including corneal damage and inflammation. In severe cases, ADDE can cause vision loss or even blindness. Currently, dry eye treatment is limited to eye drops or physical therapy, which can only alleviate eye discomfort symptoms and cannot fundamentally cure dry eye syndrome. To restore the function of the lacrimal gland in dry eye, we have created an animal model of lacrimal gland dysfunction in rats induced by scopolamine. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the lacrimal gland, corneas, conjunctivas, and other factors, we aim to provide a full understanding of the pathological changes of ADDE. Compared with the current dry eye mouse model, this ADDE animal model includes a functional evaluation of the lacrimal gland, providing a better platform for studying lacrimal gland dysfunction in ADDE.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: التحديات في تطوير نماذج جفاف العين واتجاهات البحث المستقبلية

Here, we establish a rat model of lacrimal gland dysfunction to provide a basis for the study of aqueous-deficient dry eye.

نموذج جفاف العين للفئران مع خلل في الغدة الدمعية الناجم عن سكوبولامين

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal ...