وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعهد الوطني للصمم واضطرابات التواصل الأخرى المنح R21DC013915 وR01DC012502، العلوم الطبيعية والهندسة مجلس البحوث كندا ومجلس البحوث الأوروبي في إطار البرنامج الإطاري السابع للجماعة الأوروبية (FP7 / 2007-2013 اتفاقية المنحة رقم 339152 ).

بروتوكول تجريبي الحالي يتبع المبادئ التوجيهية للسلوك الأخلاقي وفقا للجنة التحقيق الإنسان جامعة ييل. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) إعداد <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس حجم الرأس لتحديد سقف EEG المناسب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد موقع قمة الرأس من خلال إيجاد نقطة المنتصف بين ناسيون وinion مع شريط القياس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع غطاء EEG على رأسه باستخدام قمة محددة مسبقا كما تشيكوسلوفاكيا. دراسة تشيكوسلوفاكيا مرة أخرى بعد وضع الغطاء باستخدام شريط القياس كما هو الحال في 1.2. لاحظ أنه تم تجهيز غطاء EEG مع أصحاب الكهربائي ويستند وضع الأقطاب 64 (أو أصحاب) على تعديل 10-20 النظام مع نظام إحداثيات محددة سلفا على أساس تشيكوسلوفاكيا 11. ملاحظة: يستخدم هذا التطبيق تمثيلي تكوين 64 القطب لتقييم التغيرات توزيع فروة الرأس وتحليل المصدر. لتطبيقات أبسط (التغيرات ذات الصلة بالحدث محتملة في السعة والكمون) باليودنانوغرام أقل الأقطاب ممكنة. هناك قطبين إضافية عن أرضية في نظام EEG المستخدمة هنا. يتم إدراج تلك حاملي الكهربائي أيضا في الحد الأقصى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تطبيق هلام الكهربائي في أصحاب الكهربائي باستخدام الحقنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نعلق الأقطاب الكهربائية EEG (بما في ذلك أقطاب الأرض) إلى أصحاب أقطاب مطابقة التسميات من الأقطاب وأصحاب الكهربائي على الغطاء الكهربائي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تنظيف سطح الجلد مع منصات الكحول. ملاحظة: للحصول على أقطاب للكشف عن حركة العين (تخطيط كهربية العين)، والمواقع الجلد هي أعلى وأسفل العين اليمنى (الرأسي حركة العين)، والجانبية لحاظ الخارجي للعيون على حد سواء (أفقيا حركة العين)؛ لتحفيز جسدي حسي يتم تنظيف الجلد الجانبي إلى زاوية الفم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ملء أربعة أقطاب تخطيط كهربية العين مع هلام الكهربائي وتأمين الأقطاب مع الشريط على الوجهين إلى المواقع لاحظت في 1.6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تأمين جميع الكابلات الكهربائي باستخدام حزام الفيلكرو. إذا ص<html> equired، الشريط الكابلات للجسم المشارك أو المواقع الأخرى التي لا يعرض أي ضجيج كهربائي أو ميكانيكي إضافية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع المشاركين أمام الشاشة والروبوت لتحفيز الحسية الجسدية. تأمين جميع الكابلات الكهربائي مرة أخرى كما هو الحال في 1.8. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ربط EEG وأقطاب تخطيط كهربية العين (بما في ذلك أقطاب الأرض) في الموصلات المناسبة (التسمية مطابقة وشكل اتصال) على مربع مكبر للصوت من نظام EEG. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحقق لمعرفة أن إشارات EEG هي خالية من القطع الأثرية وأن قيمة الإزاحة في نطاق مقبول (&lt;50 μV أو أصغر). إذا تم العثور على إشارات صاخبة أو إزاحة الكبيرة التي عادة ما تكون مؤشرا على مقاومة عالية، صحيح تلك الإشارات الكهربائي بإضافة هلام EEG إضافية و / أو اعادة تموضع الشعر الذي هو مباشرة تحت القطب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج سماعات EEG المتوافقة والتأكد من أن مستوى الصوت في مجموعة مريحة استنادا إلى تقرير الموضوع. </li></ol>الطبقة = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. الحسية الجسدية تحفيز ملاحظة: البروتوكول الحالي ينطبق الوجه امتداد الجلد لغرض تحفيز الحسية الجسدية. الإعداد التجريبية مع نظام EEG تتمثل في الشكل 1. وقد وصفت تفاصيل الجهاز التحفيز الحسية الجسدية في الدراسات السابقة 1،7،12-14. لفترة وجيزة، وترد اثنين من علامات التبويب بلاستيكية صغيرة (2 سم واسعة و 3 سم الارتفاع) مع الشريط على الوجهين لبشرة الوجه. ترتبط علامات التبويب إلى الجهاز الآلي باستخدام السلسلة. الروبوت يولد منهجية الأحمال امتداد الجلد وفقا لتصاميم تجريبية. بروتوكول الإعداد لتسجيل ERP هو على النحو التالي: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع رأس المشاركين في مسند الرأس من أجل تقليل حركة الرأس خلال التحفيز. إزالة بعناية الكابلات الكهربائي بين رأس المشاركين ومسند الرأس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اسأل المشاركين لعقد التبديل السلامة للروبوت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إرفاق علامات بلاستيكية لموقع الهدف الجلد باستخدام الشريط على الوجهين لتحفيز الحسية الجسدية. لممثل النتائج 12،13، حيث الهدف هو الجانبية الجلد إلى زاوية الفم، ضع وسط علامات على عماد القوقعة، وعدد قليل مم الوحشي لزاوية الفم مع المركز من علامات التبويب في حوالي نفس الارتفاع من زاوية الفم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضبط تكوين السلسلة، سلسلة الدعم والروبوت من أجل تجنب أقطاب EEG والكابلات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تطبيق بضع مساحات الجلد في الوجه (دورة واحدة في جيبي 3 هرتز مع قوة أقصاها 4 N) للتحقق من القطع الأثرية بسبب التحفيز (وعادة ما يلاحظ كما السعة الكبيرة نسبيا وانخفاض وتيرة مقارنة مع الاستجابة الكهربية). إذا لوحظ القطع الأثرية في إشارات EEG، نعود إلى 2.4. </li></ol> تسجيل 3. تخطيط موارد المؤسسات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> شرح مهمة تجريبية لهذا الموضوع، وتقديم تجارب الممارسة (كتلة واحدة = 10 المحاكمات أو أقل) لتأكيد ما اذا كان موضوع understands المهمة بشكل واضح. ملاحظة: مهمة تجريبية وعرض الحوافز لتسجيل ERP هي preprogramed في برنامج لعرض الحوافز. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في اختبار تمثيلي مع الحسية الجسدية مجتمعة والتحفيز السمعي 12، تطبيق التحفيز الحسية الجسدية المرتبطة تشوه الجلد إلى الجلد الجانبي إلى زاوية الفم. نمط تمتد هو جيبي دورة واحدة (3 هرتز) مع قوة أقصاها 4 N. A احد توليفها الكلام الكلام الذي هو في منتصف الطريق في الصوت متصلة 10 خطوة بين &quot;الرأس&quot; و &quot;قد&quot; يستخدم لتحفيز السمعي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تقديم كل من التحفيز على حدة أو مجتمعة. في التحفيز جنبا إلى جنب، واختبار ثلاثة توقيت الحدوث (90 مللي ثانية الرصاص وتأخر كثيرا، ومتزامنة في الحسية الجسدية والسمعية onsets: انظر الشكل 3A). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بطريقة عشوائية عرض خمسة التحفيز (الحسية وحدها والسمعية وحده، والثلاثة مجتمعة: الرصاص، simult ولAG). تختلف الفترة الفاصلة بين المحاكمة بين 1000 و 2000 مللي ثانية من أجل تجنب الترقب والتعود. مهمة تجريبية هي تحديد ما إذا كانت &quot;وكان&quot;، &quot;صوت خطاب المقدمة، وهو الصوت الذي هو وسيط سمعيا بين&quot; الرأس &quot;ورئيس&quot; عن طريق الضغط على مفتاح على لوحة المفاتيح. وفي الحسية وحدها الشرط، التي يوجد هو لا التحفيز السمعي، وأوعز المشاركين الإجابة لا &quot;الرأس&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الأحكام مشارك قياسية وفترة رد الفعل من بداية التحفيز للصحافة مفتاح باستخدام البرنامج لعرض الحوافز. اسأل المشاركين للتحديق نقطة التثبيت على شاشة العرض من أجل الحد من القطع الأثرية بسبب حركة العين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة نقطة تثبيت كل 10 التحفيز لقضاء عطلة قصيرة. (انظر مثال آخر أيضا من المهام والتحفيز العرض 12،13) </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بدء برنامج لتسجيل ERP في 512 هرتزأخذ العينات، والذي يسجل أيضا الوقت يصيب من التحفيز في الجدول الزمني للبيانات ERP. لاحظ أن الطوابع الزمنية من التحفيز، والذي يتضمن أيضا معلومات عن نوع من التحفيز، وترسل لكل التحفيز من البرنامج لعرض الحوافز. البرنامجين (لتسجيل ERP وللعرض الحوافز) تعمل على جهازي كمبيوتر منفصلة التي ترتبط من خلال المنفذ المتوازي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضبط البرنامج لتحفيز الحسية الجسدية إلى وضع الانتظار الزناد ومن ثم بدء عرض الحوافز من خلال تفعيل البرنامج للحصول على عرض الحوافز. لاحظ أن البرنامج لتحفيز الحسية الجسدية يعمل أيضا على جهاز كمبيوتر منفصل عن الأخرى اثنين من أجهزة الكمبيوتر. سجل 100 نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسات في الشرط. ملاحظة: تم تلقي إشارة الزناد لتحفيز الحسية الجسدية من خلال جهاز مدخلات تناظرية التي يتصل بها جهاز الإخراج الرقمي في جهاز الكمبيوتر لالحواس. يتم إنتاج تحفيز جسدي حسي واحد لكل الزناد واحدة. &lt;/ لى&gt; </ol>

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L., Basirat, A., Menard, L., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Perception-for-Action-Control+Theory+(PACT):+A+perceptuo-motor+theory+of+speech+perception.">The Perception-for-Action-Control Theory (PACT): A perceptuo-motor theory of speech perception.</a> J Neurolinguist. 25, 336-354 (2012).</li><li>Rizzolatti, G., Craighero, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mirror-neuron+system.">The mirror-neuron system.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 27, 169-192 (2004).</li><li>Rizzolatti, G., Fabbri-Destro, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mirror+system+and+its+role+in+social+cognition.">The mirror system and its role in social cognition.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 18, 179-184 (2008).</li><li>D'Ausilio, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motor+somatotopy+of+speech+perception.">The motor somatotopy of speech perception.</a> Curr Biol. 19, 381-385 (2009).</li><li>Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., Buccino, G., Rizzolatti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speech+listening+specifically+modulates+the+excitability+of+tongue+muscles:+a+TMS+study.">Speech listening specifically modulates the excitability of tongue muscles: a TMS study.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 15, 399-402 (2002).</li><li>Meister, I. G., Wilson, S. M., Deblieck, C., Wu, A. D., Iacoboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+essential+role+of+premotor+cortex+in+speech+perception.">The essential role of premotor cortex in speech perception.</a> Curr Biol. 17, 1692-1696 (2007).</li><li>M&#246;tt&#246;nen, R., Watkins, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+representations+of+articulators+contribute+to+categorical+perception+of+speech+sounds.">Motor representations of articulators contribute to categorical perception of speech sounds.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 9819-9825 (2009).</li><li>Watkins, K. E., Strafella, A. P., Paus, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+and+hearing+speech+excites+the+motor+system+involved+in+speech+production.">Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production.</a> Neuropsychologia. 41, 989-994 (2003).</li><li>Wilson, S. M., Saygin, A. P., Sereno, M. I., Iacoboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Listening+to+speech+activates+motor+areas+involved+in+speech+production.">Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7, 701-702 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

في دراسات نشرت هنا توفر أدلة على أن التحفيز جسدي حسي تسيطر على وجه التحديد التي تم إنتاجها من الوجه تشوه الجلد يدفع نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسات القشرية. ومن المعروف afferents الجلدية كمصدر غني للمعلومات حركي 3،4 في حركة الأطراف الإنسان 5،6 وخطاب الحركة 7،8،21. ...

إنتاج الكلام يعتمد على كل المعلومات السمعية والحسية الجسدية. السمعية وردود الفعل جسدي حسي تحدث في تركيبة من أقرب الالفاظ التي ينتجها الرضع وتشارك على حد سواء في تعلم الكلام الحركية. النتائج الأخيرة تشير إلى أن تسهم العمليات الحسية الجسدية للتصور وكذلك الإنتاج. على سبيل المثال، والتعرف على أصوات الكلام عندما يتم تبديل جهاز الروبوتية تمتد على بشرة الوجه كما يستمع المشاركون للمؤثرات السمعية 1. نفث الهواء إلى الخد التي تتزامن مع المثيرات السمعية خطاب تغير الأحكام المشاركين الإدراك الحسي 2. هذه الآثار الحسية الجسدية تشمل تفعيل mechanoreceptors الجلدي ردا على تشوه الجلد. ومشوه الجلد بطرق مختلفة أثناء الحركة، ومعروفة mechanoreceptors الجلدي للمساهمة في حس حركي 3،4. دور حركي من mechanoreceptors الجلدي هو شيطانstrated التي كتبها النتائج الأخيرة 5-7 أن سلالات الجلد ذات الصلة الحركة وينظر بشكل مناسب كما انثناء أو تمديد الحركة تبعا لنمط تمتد الجلد 6. على مدى التدريب على الكلام المحرك، وهو تكرار للكلام خطاب معين مع ما يصاحب ذلك الوجه خطاب امتداد الجلد، وتغير أنماط تلفظي بطريقة تكيفية 7. وتشير هذه الدراسات إلى أن تحوير امتداد الجلد أثناء العمل يوفر طريقة لتقييم مساهمة afferents الجلدية إلى وظيفة حركي للنظام الحسية. وقد درس وظيفة حركي من mechanoreceptors الجلدي فموي وجهي معظمها باستخدام الأساليب النفسية ل7،8 ومسرى مكروي إعادة ترميز من الأعصاب الحسية 9،10. هنا، يركز البروتوكول الحالي على الجمع بين التحفيز الحسية الجسدية فموي وجهي المرتبطة الوجه تشوه الجلد وحدث ذات الصلة المحتملة (ERP) تسجيل. عشرهو الإجراء لديه سيطرة التجريبية دقيقة على اتجاه وتوقيت الوجه تشوه الجلد باستخدام جهاز الروبوت الكمبيوتر التي تسيطر عليها. وهذا يسمح لنا لاختبار فرضيات محددة حول مساهمة الحسية الجسدية لإنتاج الكلام والإدراك من قبل بشكل انتقائي وعلى وجه التحديد تشويه بشرة الوجه في مجموعة واسعة من التوجهات خلال كل من تعلم الكلام السيارات ومباشرة في إنتاج الكلام والإدراك. تستخدم تسجيل ERP لتقييم noninvasively النمط الزمني وتوقيت تأثير التحفيز الحسية الجسدية على السلوكيات فموي وجهي. البروتوكول الحالي ثم يمكن تقييم يرتبط العصبية وظيفة حركي وتقييم مساهمة منظومة الحسية الجسدية على حد سواء معالجة الكلام، إنتاج الكلام والكلام التصور. لإظهار فائدة تطبيق التحفيز امتداد الجلد لتسجيل تخطيط موارد المؤسسات، ويركز البروتوكول التالي على تفاعل الحسية الجسدية والمدخلات السمعية في خطاب صerception. النتائج تسلط الضوء على الطرق المحتملة لتقييم تفاعل الحسية السمعية في الكلام.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

يعرض هذا القسم إمكانات ذات الصلة بالحدث تمثيلية ردا على التحفيز الحسية الجسدية الناتجة عن الوجه تشوه الجلد. ويمثل الإعداد التجريبية في الشكل 1. تم تطبيق التحفيز الجيبية إلى جانبي جلد الوجه لزاوية الفم (انظر الشكل 3A</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

الحسية الجسدية الإمكانيات المتعلقة الحدث من الجلد فموي وجهي تمتد تحفيز

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

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13.1K Views.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Video: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

الحدث عالية الكثافة ذات الصلة الحصول على البيانات المحتملة في علم الأعصاب الإدراكي

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

الجمع بين التنشيط المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة والرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي لدراسة وضع الشبكة الافتراضية

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS : استخدام بروتوكول ثيتا المتفجر لاستكشاف Mechasnism من المرونة في الأشخاص الذين يعانون من متلازمة X الهشة والتوحد

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

وضعية القطب والمونتاج في تحفيز الحالية عبر الجمجمة مباشرة

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

تطبيقات EEG البيانات تصوير الأعصاب: الإمكانيات ذات الصلة بالحدث، والسلطة، الطيفية، ومتعددة النطاقات الانتروبيا

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

Optogenetic تنشيط الخلايا العصبية الحسية الجسدية اسماك الزرد باستخدام الشيف-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

استخراج الإمكانيات البصرية مستدعى من EEG البيانات المسجلة أثناء الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي الموجهة عبر الجمجمة التحفيز المغناطيسي

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

تسجيل إمكانات العمل احدة الخلايا العصبية &#39;من التنقل بحرية في جميع أنحاء الحمام ثلاث مراحل التعلم

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

تحليل وضع الأسنان جرثومة تعصيب استخدام أجهزة ميكروفلويديك المشارك الثقافة

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

كيفية "العثور على آثار للتحفيز تجهيز" على "الأحداث المتصلة الدماغ إمكانيات الوثيق الغير" عند "الشركاء هايبرسكانينج"

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...