这项工作是由国立耳聋与其他交流障碍补助R21DC013915和R01DC012502，在加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会和欧盟第七框架计划（FP7 / 2007-2013赠款协议没有根据欧洲研究理事会的支持。339152 ）。

目前的实验方案如下根据耶鲁大学人权调查委员会的道德行为准则。 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy（EEG）的制备<ol><li>测量头的大小来确定合适的EEG帽。 </li><li>通过找到鼻根和INION之间的中点用卷尺识别顶点的位置。 </li><li>使用预先确定的顶点例如CZ放置在头上的EEG帽。用卷尺为已完成1.2放置盖后再次检查锆石。注意，EEG帽配有电极持有者和安置的64个电极（或持有者）是基于改性：10-20系统预先指定的坐标系统基于锆石11。 注：此代表应用程序使用64电极配置，以评估头皮分布的变化和来源分析。对于较简单的应用程序（在幅度和延迟事件关联电位的变化）USING少的电极是可能的。有对地面在这里使用的脑电图系统两个附加电极。那些电极夹头也包括在帽。 </li><li>在使用一次性注射器的电极持有者应用电极凝胶。 </li><li>附上EEG电极（包括接地电极）插入电极座匹配电极和电极帽的电极夹上的标签。 </li><li>清洁皮肤表面用酒精垫。 注意：对于用于检测眼运动（眼电图），皮肤位置是上方和​​下方的右眼（垂直眼运动），以及横向于双眼的外眦（水平眼运动）电极;对于躯体感觉刺激皮肤横向于口服角度被清洁。 </li><li>填与电极凝胶四眼电图电极和固定电极用双面胶带在1.6指出的地点。 </li><li>安全使用尼龙带所有电极电缆。若Required，用胶带将电缆参与者的身体或不引入任何额外的电气或机械噪声的其他位置。 </li><li>放置参与者显示器前，机器人的体感刺激。重新紧固所有电极线为1.8。 </li><li>连接脑电和眼电图电极（含接地电极）到相应的connecters（匹配的标签和连接器形状）的脑电图系统的功放盒。 </li><li>检查以查看所述EEG信号是工件自由并且该偏移值是在可接受的范围内（&lt;50微伏或更小）。如果发现有噪声的信号，或大偏移，通常是表明为高阻抗，正确通过添加额外的脑电图凝胶和/或重新定位的头发，其直接在电极下的那些电极的信号。 </li><li>将脑电图兼容的耳机和确认声级是在一个舒适的范围内基于主题报告。 </li></ol><p类=“jove_title”&gt; 2。体感刺激注：目前的协议适用于面部皮肤伸展躯体感觉刺激的目的。实验装置与脑电图系统示于图1。躯体感觉刺激装置的细节，在以前的研究1,7,12-14已经描述。简言之，将两个小塑料卡（宽2厘米和3厘米高度）附着用双面胶带贴到面部皮肤。该卡使用字符串连接到机器人设备。机器人根据实验设计产生系统性的皮肤拉伸负荷。为建立协议的ERP记录如下： <ol><li>将参与者的头部在头枕，以刺激过程中尽量减少头部运动。小心取出参与者的头部与头枕之间的电极线。 </li><li>请参与者持有机器人的安全开关。 </li><li>附加塑料把手，目标皮肤位置用双面胶带为躯体感觉刺激。为代表导致12,13，其中目标是皮肤横向于口服角度，放置在蜗轴的翼片的中心，有几个毫米横向于口腔角与中心翼片的在大致相同的高度的口服角度。 </li><li>调整，以避免EEG电极和电缆的串，串支撑和机器人的配置。 </li><li>由于刺激（通常观察到相对大的振幅和频率低的电响应比）申请几个面部皮肤伸展（一个循环正弦在3赫兹以4N的最大的力）来检查工件。如果文物在脑电信号观察，回到2.4。 </li></ol> 3. ERP记录<ol><li>解释了实验任务的主体和提供实践试验（1块= 10次试验或更少），以确认是否标的理解过程显然rstands任务。 注：该实验任务和刺激呈现的ERP记录在软件刺激呈现preprogramed。 <ol><li>在代表性的测试与综合体感和听觉刺激12，适用于皮肤变形关联到皮肤横向到口腔角度的体感刺激。舒展的模式是一个周期的正弦曲线（3赫兹）为4 N.单一的合成语音的就是中途“ 头 ”与一个10步声连续“ 已经”被用于听觉刺激最大力量。 </li><li>单独或组合呈现两个刺激。在组合的刺激下，测试3发病定时（90毫秒超前和滞后，和同时在体感和听觉声母： 参见图3A）。 </li><li>随机五个刺激的呈现（体感孤单，独自听觉和三个结合：铅，SIMULT和L股份公司）。有所不同，以避免预期和习惯化1000和2000毫秒之间的试验间隔。实验任务是通过按下键盘上的键，以确定所呈现的语言声音，其是介于“头”声学中间和声音是否“ 有&#39;，为”头“，在体感单独条件，其中有没有听觉刺激，参与者被指示回答不是“ 头”。 </li><li>记录参与者的判断，并使用该软件进行刺激呈现的刺激发病的按键反应时间。请参与者在注视显示屏上的固定点，以减少因眼球运动伪影。 </li><li>拆下固定点每10刺激了短暂的休息。 （见的任务和刺激呈现12,13的还有其他例子） </li></ol></li><li>启动软件，ERP记录在512赫兹抽样，其中还记录了刺激的起效时间ERP数据的时间轴。需要注意的是刺激，也包括有关的刺激的类型的信息的时间标记，发送用于从软件刺激呈现每刺激。这两个程序（ERP记录和刺激演示）都是对通过并​​行端口连接的两个独立的PC上运行。 </li><li>设置软件的体感刺激触发等待模式，然后通过激活软件刺激呈现开始刺激呈现。注意，该软件用于体感的刺激也单独的PC上运行，从其他两个电脑。每个条件记录100的ERP。 注意：一个触发信号的体感的刺激通过连接到数字输出装置中的PC进行感官刺激的模拟输入装置被接收。单体感刺激每一个触发产生。&lt;/ LI&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

这里报道的研究提供的证据表明是受面部皮肤变形所产生精确控制的体感刺激诱导皮层的ERP。皮肤传入是被称为动觉信息3,4人体肢体运动5,6和言语运动7,8,21的丰富来源。拉伸面部皮肤中反映讲话时的实际运动方向的方式诱导肌肉感觉类似于相应的动作。目前相结合的方法精确控制皮肤的拉伸和ERP录音可以用于在广泛讲话的行为进行调查颜面部功能的神经基础。 <p class="j...

言语生产是依赖于听觉和体感的信息。听觉和体感反馈的组合出现由婴儿产生的最早发声并且都参与了言语运动学习。最近的研究结果表明，体感过程有助于感知以及生产。例如，语音识别，当机器人装置拉伸面部皮肤作为参与者听听觉刺激1声音被改变。空气喷到与听觉言语刺激相一致的脸颊改变参与者的感性判断2。 这些体感效果涉及响应于皮肤变形皮肤机械性的激活。运动期间，皮肤变形以各种方式，和皮肤机械性是已知的促进肌肉感觉3,4。皮肤机械感受器的动觉作用是妖由最近的调查结果5-7，该运动相关的皮肤的菌株被适当地视为屈曲或伸展运动取决于皮肤伸展6的图 ​​案strated。在言语动作训练，这是伴面部皮肤弹力语音特定语音的重复过程中，关节模式的改变以自适应方式7。这些研究表明，行动期间调节皮肤伸展提供了评价皮肤传入到感觉系统的动觉功能的贡献的方法。 对颜面部皮肤机械性的运动知觉功能使用心理生理的方法7,8和微电极由感觉神经9,10重新编写了研究居多。这里，当前协议着重于与面部皮肤变形和事件相关电位（ERP）的记录相关联的口面体感刺激的结合。钍是程序有精确的实验控制面部皮肤变形的使用计算机控制的机器人装置的方向和定时。这使我们可以由双方讲话运动学习期间在广泛取向选择性和精确地变形的面部皮肤测试即将语音产生和感知躯体感觉贡献特定假说，并直接在语音生成和感知。 ERP系统记录用于无创地感评价刺激对口颌面行为的影响的时间模式和定时。目前的协议，然后可以评估动觉功能的神经关联和评估体感系统这两个语音处理，言语产生和言语感知的贡献。 要显示的皮肤伸展刺激的ERP记录应用程序的用途，下列方案着重于躯体感觉和听觉输入的语音P上的相互作用erception。结果突出显示，以评估语音体感听觉相互作用提供了新思路。

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

本节介绍针对体感刺激的面部皮肤变形产生的代表性事件相关电位。实验装置示于图1。正弦刺激施加到面部皮肤横向于口服角度（参见图3A作为参考）。录每个参与者与12名参加者在总测试一百拉伸试验。除去脱机上的水平和垂直眼电图信号的基础上加上闪烁和眼球运动伪影的试验后（超过±150μV），试验超过85％的平均?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

从口面皮肤牵拉刺激体感事件相关电位

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

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Neuroscience

13.1K 次观看.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.