وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح GM68418.

الكتاب تعلن أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

في السنوات الأخيرة قد وضعت العديد من الدراسات المختلفة المقايسات المجهر الكمي للخلايا ثابتة. 42 التقدم في علم الأحياء السنترومير-الحيز الحركي وغالبا ما يتطلب فهم وظيفة السنترومير محددة أو الحيز الحركي محددة من البروتينات التي التحت خلوية تنظيم المكانية والزم?...

وحددت &quot;القسيم&quot; الكلاسيكي كما مناطق إعادة التركيب الانتصافي قمعت في مجال علم الوراثة واعترف فيما بعد انقباض الأساسي من الكروموسومات الإنقسامية، والتي تلعب دورا أساسيا في فصل كروموسوم دقيقة أثناء الانقسام. وصفت &quot;Kinetochores&quot; مثل الهياكل متعددة الطبقات التي ترتبط الأنابيب الدقيقة على سطح القسيم، كما يتضح من المجهر الإلكتروني. تم تعريف &quot;kinetochores&quot; فيما بعد باسم معقد جزيء أن يموضع في السنترومير من الكروموسومات الإنقسامية. وعلى الرغم من الاختلاف الكبير في تسلسل الحمض النووي القسيم المركزي بين الفقاريات، هيكل الحيز الحركي والتكوين يتم حفظها للغاية. مطلوب التفاعل الديناميكي بين ميكروتثبول المغزل والحيز الحركي للفصل المؤمنين من الصبغيات أثناء الانقسام، والعيوب في السنترومير-الحيز الحركي وظيفة يؤدي إلى عدم توازن الصبغيات وبالتالي السرطان. السنترومير في معظم حقيقيات النوىلا يوجد لديه تسلسل الحمض النووي محددة، ولكن يتكون من صفائف كبيرة (0،3-5 ميجا بايت) من الحمض النووي alphoid المتكررة التي تتكون من 171-BP الحمض النووي α قنوات فضائية. إلا في مهدها الخميرة، ويتحقق هوية السنترومير وليس عن طريق تسلسل الحمض النووي ولكن من خلال وجود جسيم نووي الخاصة التي تحتوي على هيستون H3 البديل CenH3 (السنترومير البروتين A [CENP-A] في البشر). 5 CENP-A جسيم نووي توطين ل لوحة الداخلية kinetochores الثدييات 7 و ربط على الحمض النووي α-الأقمار الصناعية 171-BP. تتطلب القسيم النشطة CENP المحتوية على وجسيم نووي لتوجيه توظيف شبكة التأسيسية المرتبطة السنترومير (CCAN) والبروتينات الحيز الحركي، التي تنظم معا المرفق من الكروموسومات إلى المغزل الإنقسامية وتقدم دورة لاحقة عبر حاجز المغزل. في ضوء الأدلة أعلاه، فقد اقترح CENP-A ليكون علامة جينية من السنترومير 8؛ ومع ذلك، فإن العملية التي يتم تضمينها CENP-A طn لالحمض النووي القسيم المركزي والعوامل المسؤولة عن هذا التأسيس حتى الآن لم يتم توصيفه جيدا. ونطاق استهداف السنترومير قصيرة (CATD) يقيم في هيستون أضعاف منطقة CENP-A، واستبدال المنطقة المقابلة من H3 مع CATD كافية لH3 المباشر إلى السنترومير، واقترحت 9 دراسات عدة أدوار وظيفية لمرحلة ما بعد متعدية تعديل (PTM) من CENP-A 12-16. ومع ذلك، لم يتم بعد إجمال الآليات الجزيئية لهذه PTMs من CENP-A في التوظيف لالقسيم. ذكرنا سابقا أن CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3 النشاط يغاز مطلوب للCENP-A K124 ubiquitylation وتوطين CENP-A إلى القسيم 17 وقد أدى اكتشاف وتوصيف البروتينات الحيز الحركي إلى رؤية جديدة بشأن العزل الصبغي. وقد تم تحديد 18 أكثر من 100 من عناصر الحيز الحركي في خلايا الفقاريات التي كتبها نهج مختلف. 19،20 وكيلمكانة كيفية تجميع kinetochores وظيفة تأتي أيضا من توصيف الوظائف الخلوية من كل شبكة البروتينات الحيز الحركي-السنترومير والبروتين البروتين داخل الخلايا. 19 التصور المباشر والتصوير المتقدمة الأساليب في مضان المجهري توفر قرار ملحوظا من مكونات السنترومير الحيز الحركي وتسمح الملاحظة المباشرة من مكونات جزيئية معينة من القسيم وkinetochores. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، أساليب مناعي غير مباشر (معهد التمويل الدولي) تلطيخ باستخدام أجسام مضادة محددة ذات أهمية حاسمة لهذه الملاحظات. ومع ذلك، على الرغم من العديد من التقارير حول بروتوكولات معهد التمويل الدولي، وعدد قليل مناقشتها في مشاكل التفاصيل بروتينات معينة، السنترومير الحيز الحركي 1-4 وهكذا، وتطوير وسائل معهد التمويل الدولي تلطيخ وفحص معهد التمويل الدولي الكمي التقارير إلى تحليل تحديدا كل من البروتين السنترومير الحيز الحركي أمر مهم للغاية. في معهد التمويل الدولي تلطيخ، ينبغي للمرء أن المضي قدما في بروتوكول تلطيخ لتجنب فقدان البروتين في المصالح أوبقية الخلية. ومع ذلك، تثبيت يدمر مواقع المستضدات في بعض الأحيان، ومختلف مجموعات الضد مستضد عمل سيئة مع تثبيتي واحد، ولكن بشكل جيد جدا مع آخر، 21 واختيار تثبيتي يعتمد إلى حد كبير على البروتين (ق) من الفائدة. لذلك، وأساليب مختلفة تثبيتي حاسمة في تلطيخ معهد التمويل الدولي من البروتينات السنترومير الحيز الحركي. وقد تم تطوير أساليب هنا الأمثل للمناعي غير مباشر (معهد التمويل الدولي) تلطيخ ومقايسة لمعالجة توطين البروتينات السنترومير الحيز الحركي الذاتية، بما في ذلك CENP-A والعلم الموسومة الخارجية البروتينات CENP-A، والكميات من هذه البروتينات في الخلايا البشرية. ويمكن تطبيق هذه الأساليب لتحليل البروتينات السنترومير الحيز الحركي في الأنواع الأخرى.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lipofectamin 2000</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>11668</td><td>transfection reagent I</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamin RNAiMAX</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>13778</td><td>transfection reagent II</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM I</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>31985</td><td>Reduced serum media, warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>High-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s medium)</td><td>Life Technologies/BioWhittaker</td><td>12-604</td><td>high-glucose DMEM, warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin</td><td>Life Technologies/Gibco</td><td>10082</td><td>FBS (fetal bovine serum)</td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-Lysine SOLUTION</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>P 8920</td><td>Poly-L-Lysine, 0.1% w/v, in water</td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure Distilled Water</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Gibco</td><td>10977</td><td>Sterile tissue culture grade water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Surgipath</td><td>105</td><td>Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>6 Well Cell Culture Cluster</td><td>Fisher/Corning Incorporated</td><td>07-200-83</td><td>6-well polystyrene plate&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin, Streptomycin; Liquid</td><td>Fisher/Gibco</td><td>15-140</td><td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td></tr><tr><td>PAP PEN&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Binding Site</td><td>AD100.1</td><td>Hydrophobic barrier pen (for a water repellant barrier in immunofluorescent staining)</td></tr><tr><td>Paclitaxel (Taxol)</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>T7402</td><td>Taxol for mitotic cell analysis</td></tr><tr><td>TN-16, microtubule inhibitor (TN16)</td><td>Enzo Life Sciences</td><td>BML-T120</td><td>TN16 for mitotic cell analysis</td></tr><tr><td>BSA (bovine serum albumin)</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>A7906</td><td>Blocking reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>T8787</td><td>Detergent for permeabilization</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>P6148</td><td>Fixation reagant</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>D9542</td><td>For nuclear staining</td></tr><tr><td>p-phenylenediamine</td><td>SIGMA-SLDRICH</td><td>P6001</td><td>For mounting medium</td></tr><tr><td>VWR Micro Slides, Frosted</td><td>VWR International</td><td>48312-013</td><td>Micro slides&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-A antibody</td><td>Stressgen/Enzo Life Sciences</td><td>KAM-CC006</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-B antibody</td><td>Novus Biologicals</td><td>H00001059-B01P</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-B antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab25734</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-centromere antibody (ACA)</td><td>Fitzgerald Industries International, Inc.</td><td>90C-CS1058</td><td>Human centromere antiserum; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-H antibody</td><td>Bethyl Laboratories</td><td>BL1112 (A400-007A)</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-H antibody</td><td>BD</td><td>612142</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CENP-I antibody</td><td>N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa</td><td>N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF); Niikura et al., Oncogene, 4133-4146 (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-KNL1 antibody</td><td>Novus Biologicals</td><td>NBP1-89223</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Hec1 antibody</td><td>Novus Biologicals / GeneTex</td><td>NB 100-338 / GTX70268</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Hec1 antibody</td><td>GeneTex</td><td>GTX110735</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Ska1 antibody</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab46826</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Flag antibody</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>F3165</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Flag antibody</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>F7425</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CUL4A antibody</td><td>N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri</td><td>N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:3000 (WB); Shiyanov et al., The Journal of biological chemistry, 35309-35312 (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-RBX1 antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>4397</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (WB)</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-GAPDH antibody</td><td>Chemicon</td><td>MAB374</td><td>Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:5000 (WB)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>A11001</td><td>fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>A11005</td><td>fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>A11008</td><td>fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>Life Technologies/Invitrogen</td><td>A11012</td><td>fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)</td></tr><tr><td>Non fat powdered milk (approved substitution for carnation powdered milk)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9255871 (Reorder No. 190915; Lot# 90629)</td><td>Skim milk</td></tr><tr><td>Leica DM IRE2 motorized fluorescence microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>motorized fluorescence microscope&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>HCX PL APO 63x oil immersion lens</td><td>Leica</td><td>LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PH 3 CS</td><td>63X oil immersion lens</td></tr><tr><td>HCX PL APO 100x oil immersion lens</td><td>Leica</td><td>LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PHE</td><td>100X oil immersion lens</td></tr><tr><td>Leica EL6000 compact light source</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>External compact light source for fluorescent excitation</td></tr><tr><td>ORCA-R2 Digital CCD camera&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hamamatsu</td><td>C10600-10B</td><td>digital CCD camera&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Openlab version 5.5.2 Scientific Imaging Software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Perkin Elmer/Improvision</td><td></td><td>For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Velocity version 6.1.1 3D Image Analysis Software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Perkin Elmer/Improvision</td><td></td><td>For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail</td><td>Roche</td><td>11873580001/11836170001</td><td>Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td></tr><tr><td>PlusOne 2-D Quant Kit</td><td>Amersham Biosciences</td><td>80-6483-56</td><td>Commercial protein assay reagent I for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 2% SDS)</td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Rad Protein Assay</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>500-0006</td><td>Commercial protein assay reagent II for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 0.1% SDS)</td></tr><tr><td>Immobilon-FL</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>IPFL00010</td><td>PVDF membrane for transferring</td></tr><tr><td>IRDye 800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>LI-COR Biosciences</td><td>926-32210</td><td>IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>IRDye 680 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>LI-COR Biosciences</td><td>926-32221</td><td>IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-Mouse IgG DyLight 549</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PI35507</td><td>DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-Rabbit DyLight 649</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PI35565</td><td>DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>SC-2005</td><td>HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>SC-2004</td><td>HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)</td></tr><tr><td>Openlab version 5.5.2. Scientific Imaging Software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Improvision/PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>Software A</td></tr><tr><td>Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Acquisition)</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>Software B1</td></tr><tr><td>Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Quantification)</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>Software B2</td></tr><tr><td>Branson SONIFIER 450</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sonicator</td></tr><tr><td>Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Step, Solid, Threaded 9.5 mm</td><td>VWR Scientific Products Inc.</td><td>&amp;nbsp;33995-325</td><td>Disruptor horn for sonication</td></tr><tr><td>Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Tapered 6.5 mm</td><td>VWR Scientific Products Inc.</td><td>&amp;nbsp;33996-185</td><td>Microtip for sonication</td></tr><tr><td>Odyssey CLx Infrared imaging System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LI-COR Biosciences</td><td></td><td>Infrared imaging system for immunoblot detection</td></tr><tr><td>Image Studio Analysis Software Ver 4.0&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LI-COR Biosciences</td><td></td><td>Software C</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Imager Versadoc MP4000 System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td>Chemiluminescence imager for immunoblot detection</td></tr><tr><td>Quantity One 1-D analysis software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td>Software D</td></tr><tr><td>SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate</td><td>Thermo</td><td>34095</td><td>Ultra-sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate</td></tr></tbody></table>

immunofluorescence analysis of endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins

"Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

التحليل المناعي من الذاتية CENP-A تدعم الفرضية القائلة بأن هناك حاجة CUL4A-E3 يغاز لتوطين CENP-A إلى القسيم وأظهرت لنا الدراسات الحديثة أن CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3 النشاط يغاز مطلوب للubiquitylation من ليسين 124 (K124) على CENP-A وتوطين CENP-A إلى القسيم. 17 في البداية، ت...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins at JoVE.com

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

البروتينات التحليل المناعي من الداخلية والخارجية السنترومير-الحيز الحركي

"Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of ...

immunofluorescence-analysis-endogenous-exogenous-centromere

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.1K Views.  Nationwide Children's Hospital. Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

Video: Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

For several decades, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has been thought to be the only DNA modification with a functional significance in metazoans. The discovery of enzymatic oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) as well as detection of N6-methyladenine (6mA) in the DNA of multicellular organisms provided additional degrees of complexity to the epigenetic research. According to a growing body of experimental evidence, these novel DNA modifications may play specific roles in different cellular and developmental processes. Importantly, as some of these marks (e. g. 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC) exhibit tissue- and developmental stage-specific occurrence in vertebrates, immunochemistry represents an important tool allowing assessment of spatial distribution of DNA modifications in different biological contexts. Here the methods for computational analysis of DNA modifications visualized by immunostaining followed by confocal microscopy are described. Specifically, the generation of 2.5 dimension (2.5D) signal intensity plots, signal intensity profiles, quantification of staining intensity in multiple cells and determination of signal colocalization coefficients are shown. Collectively, these techniques may be operational in evaluating the levels and localization of these DNA modifications in the nucleus, contributing to elucidating their biological roles in metazoans.

Newly discovered oxidized forms of 5-methylcytosine (oxi-mCs), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) may represent distinct DNA modifications with unique functional roles. Here a semi-quantitative workflow for visualization of oxi-mCs' spatial distribution, signal intensity profiling and colocalization is described.

إيمونوستينينج لإدخال تعديلات على الحمض النووي: التحليل الحسابي للصور [كنفوكل]

For several decades, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has been thought to be the only DNA modification with a functional significance in metazoans. The discovery of ...

Genetics

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; however, the number of identified targets for Cdk1, particularly in human cells is still low. The identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites is important, as they provide mechanistic insights into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation is critical for faithful chromosome segregation, and defects in this complicated process lead to chromosomal aberrations and cancer.
Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay that is used to identify Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites. In this assay, a purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by commercially available human Cdk1/cyclin B. Successful phosphorylation is confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation sites are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. We also describe purification protocols that yield highly pure and homogeneous protein preparations suitable for the kinase assay, and a binding assay for the functional verification of the identified phosphorylation sites, which probes the interaction between a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) and its nuclear transport receptor karyopherin &#945;. To aid with experimental design, we review approaches for the prediction of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites from protein sequences. Together these protocols present a very powerful approach that yields Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites and enables mechanistic studies into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Since this method relies on purified proteins, it can be applied to any model organism and yields reliable results, especially when combined with cell functional studies.

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is activated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and regulates many cellular pathways. Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, which allows the identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites for establishing cellular targets of this important kinase.

تحديد كيناز Cyclin تعتمد على 1 مواقع الفسفرة محددة من قبل كيناز في المختبر الاعتداء

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; ...

Biochemistry

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes

Aneuploidy is the leading genetic abnormality causing early miscarriage and pregnancy failure in humans. Most errors in chromosome segregation that give rise to aneuploidy occur during meiosis in oocytes, but why oocyte meiosis is error-prone is still not fully understood. During cell division, cells prevent errors in chromosome segregation by activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). This control mechanism relies on detecting kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachments and sensing tension generated by spindle fibers. When KTs are unattached, the SAC is activated and prevents cell-cycle progression. The SAC is activated first by MPS1 kinase, which triggers the recruitment and formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), composed of MAD1, MAD2, BUB3, and BUBR1. Then, the MCC diffuses into the cytoplasm and sequesters CDC20, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activator. Once KTs become attached to microtubules and chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, the SAC is silenced, CDC20 is released, and the APC/C is activated, triggering the degradation of Cyclin B and Securin, thereby allowing anaphase onset. Compared to somatic cells, the SAC in oocytes is not as effective because cells can undergo anaphase despite having unattached KTs. Understanding why the SAC is more permissive and if this permissiveness is one of the causes of chromosome segregation errors in oocytes still needs further investigation. The present protocol describes the three techniques to comprehensively evaluate SAC integrity in mouse oocytes. These techniques include using nocodazole to depolymerize MTs to evaluate the SAC response, tracking SAC silencing by following the kinetics of Securin destruction, and evaluating the recruitment of MAD2 to KTs by immunofluorescence. Together these techniques probe mechanisms needed to produce healthy eggs by providing a complete evaluation of SAC integrity.

Error in chromosome segregation is a common feature in oocytes. Therefore, studying the spindle assembly checkpoint gives important clues about the mechanisms needed to produce healthy eggs. The present protocol describes three complementary assays to evaluate spindle assembly checkpoint integrity in mouse oocytes.

تقييم سلامة نقطة تفتيش تجميع المغزل في بويضات الفأر

Aneuploidy is the leading genetic abnormality causing early miscarriage and pregnancy failure in humans. Most errors in chromosome segregation that give ...

Developmental Biology

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA FISH) represents the most direct way to visualize the location of gene loci, chromosomal sub-regions or entire territories in individual cells. This type of analysis provides insight into the global architecture of the nucleus as well as the behavior of specific genomic loci and regions within the nuclear space. Immunofluorescence, on the other hand, permits the detection of nuclear proteins (modified histones, histone variants and modifiers, transcription machinery and factors, nuclear sub-compartments, etc). The major challenge in combining immunofluorescence and 3D DNA FISH is, on the one hand to preserve the epitope detected by the antibody as well as the 3D architecture of the nucleus, and on the other hand, to allow the penetration of the DNA probe to detect gene loci or chromosome territories 1-5. Here we provide a protocol that combines visualization of chromatin modifications with genomic loci in 3D preserved nuclei.

Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous detection of histone modifications by immunofluorescence and DNA sequences by DNA FISH followed by 3D microscopy and analyses (3D immuno-DNA FISH).

الجمع بين المناعي وFISH DNA على الحفاظ على النواة 3D-الطور البيني لدراسة التغيرات في منظمة النووية 3D

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Centrosomes are essential to determine the cell division axis during mitosis and to nucleate cilia during interphase. The identity of the proteins that mediate these dynamic changes remains only partially known, and the function of many of the proteins that have been implicated in these processes is still rudimentary. Recent work has shown that Drosophila spermatogenesis provides a powerful system to identify new proteins critical for centrosome function and formation as well as to gain insight into the particular function of known players in centrosome-related processes. Drosophila is an established genetic model organism where mutants in centrosomal genes can be readily obtained and easily analyzed. Furthermore, recent advances in the sensitivity and resolution of light microscopy and the development of robust genetically tagged centrosomal markers have transformed the ability to use Drosophila testes as a simple and accessible model system to study centrosomes. This paper describes the use of genetically-tagged centrosomal markers to perform genetic screens for new centrosomal mutants and to gain insight into the specific function of newly identified genes.

Imaging of centrosomal proteins during Drosophila spermatogenesis is a powerful method to identify new proteins critical for centrosome biology as well as to elucidate the particular function of known players in this process.

Centrosomes التصوير في يطير الخصية

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell ...

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to facilitate sensory functions in cells. The level of a protein may be regulated differently at centrosomes than at other .cellular locations, and the variation in the centrosomal level of several proteins at different points of the cell cycle appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of centriole assembly. We developed a quantitative fluorescence microscopy assay that measures relative changes in the level of a protein at centrosomes in fixed cells from different samples, such as at different phases of the cell cycle or after treatment with various reagents. The principle of this assay lies in measuring the background corrected fluorescent intensity corresponding to a protein at a small region, and normalize that measurement against the same for another protein that does not vary under the chosen experimental condition. Utilizing this assay in combination with BrdU pulse and chase strategy to study unperturbed cell cycles, we have quantitatively validated our recent observation that the centrosomal pool of VDAC3 is regulated at centrosomes during the cell cycle, likely by proteasome-mediated degradation specifically at centrosomes.

Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein&#8217;s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard.

الكمية المناعي الفحص لقياس التفاوت في مستويات البروتين في Centrosomes

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to ...

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological approach to analyzing protein kinetics at DNA lesions over time or protein-protein interactions on locally microirradiated chromatin. We also show how to recognize individual phases of the cell cycle using the Fucci cellular system to study cell-cycle-dependent protein kinetics at DNA lesions. A methodological description of the use of two UV lasers (355 nm and 405 nm) to induce different types of DNA damage is also presented. Only the cells microirradiated by the 405-nm diode laser proceeded through mitosis normally and were devoid of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We also show how microirradiated cells can be fixed at a given time point to perform immunodetection of the endogenous proteins of interest. For the DNA repair studies, we additionally describe the use of biophysical methods including FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) and FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) in cells with spontaneously occurring DNA damage foci. We also show an application of FLIM-FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) in experimental studies of protein-protein interactions.

Laser microirradiation is a useful tool for studies of DNA repair in living cells. A methodological approach for the use of UVA lasers to induce various DNA lesions is shown. We have optimized a method for local microirradiation that maintains the normal cell cycle; thus, irradiated cells proceed through mitosis.

تقنيات الفحص المجهري [كنفوكل] لدراسة تفاعلات البروتين البروتين وحركية في الحمض النووي آفات متقدمة

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

Centrioles are large macromolecular assemblies important for the proper execution of fundamental cell biological processes such as cell division, cell motility, or cell signaling. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has proven to be an insightful model in the study of centriole architecture, function, and protein composition. Despite great advances toward understanding centriolar architecture, one of the current challenges is to determine the precise localization of centriolar components within structural regions of the centriole in order to better understand their role in centriole biogenesis. A major limitation lies in the resolution of fluorescence microscopy, which complicates the interpretation of protein localization in this organelle with dimensions close to the diffraction limit. To tackle this question, we are providing a method to purify and image a large number of C. reinhardtii centrioles with different orientations using super-resolution microscopy. This technique allows further processing of data through fluorescent single-particle averaging (Fluo-SPA) owing to the large number of centrioles acquired. Fluo-SPA generates averages of stained C. reinhardtii centrioles in different orientations, thus facilitating the localization of distinct proteins in centriolar sub-regions. Importantly, this method can be applied to image centrioles from other species or other large macromolecular assemblies.

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

We have developed a strategy to purify and image a large number of centrioles in different orientations amenable for super-resolution microscopy and single-particle averaging.

والعزلة وتصوير الأسفار لتعمير واحد-الجسيمات Chlamydomonas Centrioles

Centrioles are large macromolecular assemblies important for the proper execution of fundamental cell biological processes such as cell division, cell ...

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.

Here, we present live-cell imaging which is a non-toxic microscopy method that allows researchers to study protein behavior and nuclear dynamics in living fission yeast cells during mitosis and meiosis.

فحص الديناميات النووية الخميرة الانشطارية الميتومية وMeiotic عن طريق الفلورة الخلية الحية المجهرية

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.