نشكر مانيل بوليفار لمساعدته في العمل الميداني. ونحن ممتنون لل&quot;بارك الطبيعية ديل مونتغري، ليه ميديس ط شرم BAIX تير&quot; على دعمهم لدينا أذونات البحوث وأخذ العينات. تم تصميم مناور تحت الماء عن طريق ايليت دادون-Pilosof وملفقة من قبل السيد Pilosof. وأيد هذا العمل من قبل مشروع الحكومة الاسبانية CSI-كورال [عدد المنح CGL2013-43106-R إلى الصليب الأحمر وMR] وزمالة فبو من &quot;MINISTERIO دي EDUCACION، ثقافة ذ ديبورتي (MECD)&quot; لTM. وهذه مساهمة من الكيمياء الحيوية البحرية ومجموعة التغيير الأبحاث العالمية التي تمولها الحكومة الكاتالانية [منحة عدد 2014SGR1029] وقوى الأمن الداخلي منحة 1280-1213 والبنك السعودي الفرنسي منحة 2012089 لG. ياهيل.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

الخطوات التحضيرية قارورة جامعي لDOM وتحليل المواد الغذائية منذ السفن جامع قد تتفاعل مع حل المكونات الدقيقة والجدران العينات قد تكون ركيزة لنمو البكتيريا 30-34، تم ?...

مغذيات تعليق القاعية تلعب أدوارا أساسية في أداء النظم الإيكولوجية البحرية 1. من خلال تصفية كميات كبيرة من المياه 2،3، وإزالة وتفرز الجسيمات (العوالق والمخلفات) والمركبات الذائبة 1 (والمراجع فيها) والتي تشكل عاملا مهما من بين القاعية البحرية اقتران 4،5 والمغذيات الدراجات 6،7. قياس بدقة الجسيمات وحلت المركبات إزالتها والتي تفرز مغذيات تعليق القاعية (مثل الإسفنج، المزقييات، الأشواك، وذوات الصدفتين) هو أمر أساسي لفهم علم وظائف الأعضاء، والتمثيل الغذائي، والبيئة التغذية الخاصة بهم. جنبا إلى جنب مع ضخ قياسات معدل، فإنه يمكن أيضا تقدير حجم تدفقات المواد الغذائية بوساطة هذه الكائنات والتأثير البيئي على نوعية المياه فضلا عن العمليات على نطاق والنظام البيئي. اختيار الطريقة المناسبة لقياس إزالة والإنتاج معدلات الجسيمات وكوم المنحلجنيه فلتر مغذيات تعليق أمر حاسم للحصول على بيانات موثوق بها بشأن نشاط التغذية من 8. كما أشار Riisgård وغيرها، غير لائقة النتائج منهجيات التحيز وتشويه ظروف تجريبية، إنتاج تقديرات غير صحيحة من الابتلاع وإفراز مواد معينة، ويمكن أن يؤدي إلى تقدير خاطئ لتدفقات المواد الغذائية المصنعة من قبل هذه الكائنات. طريقتين المستخدمة في معظم الأحيان لقياس جسيمات وتدفقات المغذيات الذائبة في مغذيات الترشيح تنطوي إما حضانة (تقنيات غير المباشرة) أو جمع في وقت واحد من المحيط والمياه الزفير (تقنيات المباشرة). وتعتمد تقنيات الحضانة على قياس معدل التغير في تركيز الجسيمات والمواد الغذائية الذائبة في الماء المحتضنة، وتقدير معدلات الإنتاج أو إزالة مقارنة مع الضوابط الكافية 8. ومع ذلك، أرفق كائن حي في غرفة الحضانة يمكن أن يغير feedin لهاز وضخ السلوك نتيجة للتغيرات في النظام التدفق الطبيعي، وذلك بسبب انخفاض الأكسجين و / أو في تركيز المواد الغذائية، أو بسبب تراكم مركبات افرازه في 7،9 المياه الحضانة (والمراجع فيها). بالإضافة إلى آثار الولادة وإمدادات المياه المعدلة، وجود تحيز كبير من التقنيات حضانة ينبع من آثار إعادة الترشيح (انظر على سبيل المثال 10). على الرغم من أن بعض هذه المشاكل المنهجية التي تم التغلب عليها باستخدام حجم المناسب وشكل سفينة الحضانة 11 أو مع إدخال نظام جرس جرة إعادة تدوير في الموقع 12، هذا الأسلوب غالبا ما يقلل إزالة والإنتاج أسعار الفائدة. قياس استقلاب المركبات الذائبة مثل النيتروجين المذاب العضوية (DON) والكربون (DOC) أو المواد الغذائية غير العضوية، وقد ثبت أن تكون عرضة بشكل خاص لالتحيزات الناجمة عن تقنيات الحضانة 13. في أواخر 60s و 70s في وقت مبكر، هنري Reiswig9،14،15 رائدا في تطبيق تقنيات المباشرة لتحديد إزالة الجسيمات من الإسفنج العملاقة في منطقة البحر الكاريبي، عن طريق أخذ عينات بشكل منفصل الماء استنشاق والزفير من قبل الكائنات الحية في الموقع. نظرا لصعوبة تطبيق تقنية Reiswig على مغذيات تعليق أصغر وفي ظروف تحت الماء أكثر تحديا، واقتصر الجزء الأكبر من البحوث في هذا المجال إلى المختبر (في المختبر) استخدام تقنيات حضانة غير المباشرة في الغالب 16. أصلحت ياهيل وزملاؤه مباشرة في Reiswig في تقنية الموقع على العمل في ظروف نطاق أصغر. طريقتهم، وصف INEX 16، يقوم على أخذ العينات تحت الماء في وقت واحد من الماء استنشاقه (في) والزفير (خروج) من قبل الكائنات الحية دون عائق. وتراكيز مختلفة من مادة (على سبيل المثال، والبكتيريا) بين زوج من عينات (INEX) يوفر قدرا من الاحتفاظ (أو الإنتاج) من هذه المادة من قبل الحيوان. تقنية INEX توظف أنابيب مفتوحة وتعتمد على طائرة إفراغي التي تنتجها النشاط ضخ الكائن درس ليحل محل سلبي على المياه المحيطة في أنبوب جمع. في حين ياهيل وزملاؤه طبقت بنجاح هذه التقنية في دراسة شملت أكثر من 15 تعليق مختلف مغذيات الأصناف (على سبيل المثال، 17)، يتم تقييد طريقة من مستوى عال من الممارسة والخبرة اللازمة، حسب حجم ضئيلة من بعض فتحات إفراغي، و حالة البحر. للتغلب على هذه العقبات، قمنا بتطوير تقنية بديلة تقوم على شفط رقابة من الماء عينات من خلال أنابيب دقيقة (القطر الخارجي &lt;1.6 مم). وكان لدينا هدف إلى إنشاء جهاز بسيط وموثوق بها، وغير مكلفة من شأنها أن تسمح نظيفة وتسيطر عليها في عينات المياه خارج الوضع من وجهة نظر محددة جدا، مثل فتحة إفراغي من مغذيات تعليق القاعية. أن تكون فعالة، وطريقة يجب أن يكون غير تدخلية حتى لا تؤثر على نظام تدفق المحيطة أو تعديل بehavior من الكائنات التي شملتها الدراسة. ويطلق على الجهاز المعروضة هنا VacuSIP. هو تبسيط نظام SIP التي وضعتها ياهيل وآخرون. (2007) 18 لأخذ العينات نقطة أساس ROV في أعماق البحار. وVacuSIP هو أرخص بكثير من SIP الأصلي وتم تكييفه للعمل على أساس الغوص. وقد صمم هذا النظام وفقا للمبادئ التي قدمت واختبارها من قبل رايت وستيفنز (1978) 19 وMøhlenberg وRiisgård (1978) (20) لبيئة معملية. وعلى الرغم من تصميم نظام VacuSIP لفي دراسات الموقع من عملية التمثيل الغذائي للمغذيات تعليق القاعية، ويمكن أن تستخدم أيضا لدراسات مخبرية وحيثما هو مطلوب، عينة المياه نقطة مصدر التحكم ونظيفة. هذا النظام هو مفيد خصوصا عندما يطلب من التكامل على فترات طويلة (مين ساعة) أو في الفلترة الموقع. وقد استخدم VacuSIP بنجاح في المختبر ياهيل منذ عام 2011، ولديه أيضااستخدمت في اثنين من الدراسات التي أجريت مؤخرا من تدفقات المواد الغذائية بوساطة أنواع الإسفنج البحر الكاريبي والبحر الأبيض المتوسط ​​21 (مورجانتي آخرون المقدمة). استخدام عينات محددة، ومدة أخذ العينات لفترات طويلة، والظروف الميدانية، التي يتم تطبيقها VacuSIP، يستلزم بعض الانحرافات من بروتوكولات المحيطات القياسية لجمع وتصفية وتخزين العينات لمدة التحاليل الحساسة. للحد من مخاطر التلوث من قبل النظام VacuSIP أو احتمال تعديل المياه عينات من النشاط البكتيري بعد جمع، نحن اختبار مختلفة في إجراءات الترشيح وتخزين الموقع. تم فحص الأجهزة المختلفة الترشيح، والسفن جمع، وإجراءات تخزين من أجل تحقيق هذه التقنية الأكثر مناسبة لتحليل حل غير العضوية (PO 4 3-، أكاسيد النيتروجين - NH 4 +، شافي 4) والعضوية (DOC + DON) مركبات، وفائقة العوالق (&lt;1081؛ م) والجسيمات العضوية (POC + PON) أخذ العينات. لمزيد من خفض خطر التلوث، خاصة في ظل الظروف الميدانية، تم تخفيض عدد من الخطوات التعامل إلى الحد الأدنى. يتم توجيه شكل البصرية التي يتم عرضها في طريقة لتسهيل التكاثر ويقلل من الوقت اللازم لتطبيق كفاءة هذه التقنية. نبذة عن النظام لأخذ عينات من الماء في الموقع التي يتم ضخها من مغذيات تعليق مع فتحات زافر صغيرة مثل 2 مم، هو تصور النشاط ضخ كل عينة لأول مرة عن طريق الإفراج عن تصفيتها فلوريسئين مصبوغ مياه البحر بالقرب من فتحة المستنشق (ق) ومراقبة التدفق من إفراغي الفتحة 16 (انظر أيضا الشكل 2B في 18). الماء استنشاق والزفير من قبل عينة الدراسة (incurrent وإفراغي) ثم يتم أخذ عينات في وقت واحد باستخدام زوج من أنابيب دقيقة مثبتة على مناور مبنية خصيصا أو على اثنين من &quot;عالسيدة &quot;لترايبود المحمولة مرنة رأسا على عقب (الشكل 1 والتكميلية فيديو 1). ويتم جمع المياه استنشاقه من قبل كائن الدراسة عن طريق وضع بعناية نهاية القريبة من أنبوب واحد داخل أو بالقرب من فتحة المستنشق للكائن الحي الدراسة. متطابقة ثم يتم وضع أنبوب داخل فتحة إفراغي. وتتطلب هذه العملية رعاية جيدة لتجنب الاتصال أو اضطراب الحيوان، على سبيل المثال، من خلال إعادة تعليق الرواسب. للبدء في أخذ العينات، غطاس يخترق الحاجز في وعاء جمع بإبرة حقنة تعلق على النهاية البعيدة من كل أنبوب، والسماح للضغط المياه الخارجية لإجبار المياه عينات في الإناء من خلال أنبوب أخذ العينات. وتبدأ شفط من فراغ إنشاؤها مسبقا في قارورة واختلاف الضغط بين الماء الخارجي وعاء العينة إجلاء . لضمان جمع نظيفة من المياه الزفير وتجنب شفط عرضي AMBIوالأنف والحنجرة المياه 16، يحتاج معدل أخذ العينات الماء إلى أن يبقى على معدل أقل بكثير (&lt;10٪) من معدل تدفق إفراغي. يتم التحكم في معدل الامتصاص من طول الأنبوب وقطره الداخلي (ID). كما يضمن القطر الداخلي صغير حجم القتلى لا يكاد يذكر (&lt;200 ميكرولتر لكل متر من الأنابيب). أخذ العينات على فترات طويلة (دقائق إلى ساعات) يجعل من الممكن دمج patchiness المتأصل في معظم المواد المثيرة للاهتمام. للتأكد من أن العينات يتم الاحتفاظ بشكل كاف في جلسات أخذ العينات تحت الماء لفترات طويلة فضلا عن النقل إلى المختبر، وهو في الترشيح الموقع يستحب للالتحاليل الحساسة. وأملت اختيار السفن أخذ العينات، والتجمع، والترشيح، وأنابيب من الكائنات دراسة ومسألة بحثية محددة. البروتوكول هو موضح أدناه يفترض أن ملف تعريف التمثيل الغذائي الكامل هو من مصلحة (لمحة عامة انظر الشكل 2). ومع ذلك، فإن طبيعة وحدات من هذا البروتوكول يسمح وأو تعديل من السهل استيعاب مخططات أخذ العينات أبسط أو حتى مختلفة جدا. لمحة التمثيل الغذائي الكامل، ينبغي أن يتضمن بروتوكول أخذ العينات الخطوات التالية: (1) التصور التدفق. (2) التغذية أخذ العينات فائقة العوالق (العوالق &lt;10 ميكرون). (3) أخذ العينات غير العضوية المغذيات امتصاص وإفراز (باستخدام مرشحات في خط)؛ (4) أخذ العينات حل امتصاص العضوية وإفراز (باستخدام مرشحات في خط)؛ (5) التغذية الجسيمات وإفراز (باستخدام مرشحات في خط)؛ (6) كرر الخطوة 2 (فائقة العوالق التغذية كما فحص الجودة)؛ (7) تدفق التصور. عندما يكون ذلك ممكنا من الناحية اللوجستية، فمن المستحسن أن القياسات الشخصية الأيضية هي مجتمعة مع معدل الضخ (على سبيل المثال، الأسلوب سرعة صبغ الجبهة، في 16) وكذلك مع القياسات التنفس. من الأفضل أخذ هذه القياسات في بداية ونهاية الدورة أخذ العينات. لقياس التنفس، optodes تحت الماء أو الأقطاب الكهربائية الصغيرة هي الافضل.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GorillaPod, Original</td><td>Joby</td><td>GP000001</td><td>flexible portable tripod&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flangeless Ferrule</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-200X</td><td>1/16&quot; in Blue/pk</td></tr><tr><td>Male Nut</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science</td><td>P-205X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1/16&quot; in Green/10&amp;nbsp;pk</td></tr><tr><td>Female to Female Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female-Male Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peek Tubing (254&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m ID)</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1531</td><td>1/16&quot; OD x 0.01&amp;nbsp;in ID x 5&amp;nbsp;ft length. Alternative ID can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Two component resin epoxy</td><td>IVEGOR</td><td>9257</td><td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td></tr><tr><td>(TOC) EPA Vials</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>03756-20</td><td>40 ml glass vials. Manufactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09).</td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Vials</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>986701 (E78620)</td><td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuette Z no additive</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>455001</td><td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Sample Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1755C01</td><td>250 ml glass bottles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 1</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td><td>22-400 for HDPE vials&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 2</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td><td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42).</td></tr><tr><td>In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td><td>Pall</td><td>516-9067</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Seal Washer</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-8064</td><td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td></tr><tr><td>TCLP Glass Filters</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-9126</td><td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter Holders</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>17295</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Isopore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>GTTP01300</td><td>13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Contrad 70 Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Labs</td><td>1002</td><td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Syringe Filters</td><td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td><td>514-0061P</td><td>25&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter , pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescein</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G</td><td>100&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Holdex, disposable,sterile</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>450263</td><td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Needles</td><td>IcoGammaPlus</td><td>5160</td><td>0.7&amp;nbsp;mm x 30&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials Nalgene</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td><td>2&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cryobox carton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rubilabor</td><td>M-600</td><td>145x145x55&amp;nbsp;mm p/microtube 1.5&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>79617 or Alternatively use Ultra-Pure Hydrochloric acid, final concertation 0.1%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>500&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>8,206,031,000</td><td>25%, 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Vacuum Pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B&amp;uuml;rkle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5620-2181 or Alternatively use standard laboratory vacuum pump</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

تحسين أساليب جمع مياه البحر اختيار قارورة جامع وإجراء التنظيف يجب أن يكون السفن جمع VacuSIP المتوافقة مع الحاجز الذ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP، وتحسين أسلوب INEX ل<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; قياس الجسيمات والمذاب المركبات التي تتم معالجتها بواسطة مغذيات تعليق النشطة

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

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VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K Views.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

Video: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

قياس الكمي في الموقع التدفقات باستخدام جهاز قائم بذاته Velocimetry تحت الماء (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

Bioengineering

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

نظيفة أخذ العينات وتحليل نهر ومصبات الأنهار المياه للدراسات المعدنية تتبع

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

رصد مائي مستمر للمغذيات والرواسب في مستجمعات المياه الزراعية

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

الالتقاط مرجح تدفق الماء والجسيمات العالقة من القنوات الزراعية خلال أحداث الصرف

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

المستمر الهيدرولوجية والمياه مراقبة جودة الأحواض ربيعي

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

جهاز متعدد الطبقات نظيفة جداً لجمع العوالق البحرية الحجم مجزأ والجسيمات المعلقة

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

تصميم واستخدام جهاز لتحديد كمية التغذية تعليق ذات الصدفتين في البحر

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

في الموقع Chemotaxis اختبار لفحص السلوك الميكروبي في النظم الإيكولوجية المائية

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

يمثل التلاعب بالموجات الصوتية السطحية مع الجسيمات التردد المزدوج الدائمة

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

Engineering

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

أخذ عينات من المذاب المذاب عبر واجهة التربة والمياه الأكسجينية واللاأكسجينية باستخدام أجهزة تحليل الكلى الدقيقة

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

VacuSIP، وتحسين أسلوب INEX ل

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