אנו מודים Manel בוליבר עזרתו עבודת השדה. אנו מודים &quot;מונטרי דל טבעי Parc, les Illes ומדי i el Baix Ter&quot; על תמיכתם הרשאות מחקר ודגימה שלנו. המניפולטור מתחת למים תוכנן על ידי איילת דדון-פילוסוף מפוברק על ידי מר פילוסוף. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי פרוייקט ממשלת ספרד CSI-אלמוג [מספר מענק CGL2013-43106-R כדי RC ומר] ועל ידי המילגה FPU מ &quot;Ministerio דה Educacion, קולטורה y Deporte (MECD)&quot; כדי TM. זוהי תרומה מן Biogeochemistry הימי וקבוצת מחקר גלובל שינוי הממומנת על ידי ממשלת קטלאנית [מספר מענק 2014SGR1029] ומענק ISF 1280-1213 מענק ו BSF 2,012,089 ל G. יהל.

<ol>
	<li>Gili, J. M., Coma, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benthic+suspension+feeders:+their+paramount+role+in+littoral+marine+food+webs.">Benthic suspension feeders: their paramount role in littoral marine food webs.</a> Trends. Ecol. Evol. 13 (8), 316-321 (1998).</li><li>Reiswig, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+pumping+activities+of+tropical+Demospongiae.">In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae.</a> Mar. Bio. 9, 38-50 (1971).</li><li>McMurray, S., Pawlik, J., Finelli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trait-mediated+ecosystem+impacts:+how+morphology+and+size+affect+pumping+rates+of+the+Caribbean+giant+barrel+sponge.">Trait-mediated ecosystem impacts: how morphology and size affect pumping rates of the Caribbean giant barrel sponge.</a> Aquat. Bio. 23 (1), 1-13 (2014).</li><li>Pile, A. J., Young, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+natural+diet+of+a+hexactinellid+sponge:+benthic-pelagic+coupling+in+a+deep-sea+microbial+food+web.">The natural diet of a hexactinellid sponge: benthic-pelagic coupling in a deep-sea microbial food web.</a> Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I. 53 (7), 1148-1156 (2006).</li><li>Nielsen, T., Maar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+blue+mussel+Mytilus+edulis+bed+on+vertical+distribution+and+composition+of+the+pelagic+food+web.">Effects of a blue mussel Mytilus edulis bed on vertical distribution and composition of the pelagic food web.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 339, 185-198 (2007).</li><li>De Goeij, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surviving+in+a+marine+desert:+the+sponge+loop+retains+resources+within+coral+reefs.">Surviving in a marine desert: the sponge loop retains resources within coral reefs.</a> Science. 342, 108-110 (2013).</li><li>Maldonado, M., Ribes, M., van Duyl, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrient+Fluxes+Through+Sponges.+Biology,+Budgets,+and+Ecological+Implications.">Nutrient Fluxes Through Sponges. Biology, Budgets, and Ecological Implications.</a> Advances in Marine Biology. 62, (2012).</li><li>Riisg&#229;rd, H. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+measurement+of+filtration+rates+in+bivalves+-+the+stony+road+to+reliable+data:+review+and+interpretation.">On measurement of filtration rates in bivalves - the stony road to reliable data: review and interpretation.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 211, 275-291 (2001).</li><li>Reiswig, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+transport,+respiration+and+energetics+of+three+tropical+marine+sponges.">Water transport, respiration and energetics of three tropical marine sponges.</a> J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 14, 231-249 (1974).</li><li>Jim&#233;nez, E., Ribes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponges+as+a+source+of+dissolved+inorganic+nitrogen:+nitrification+mediated+by+temperate+sponges.">Sponges as a source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen: nitrification mediated by temperate sponges.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 52 (3), 948-958 (2007).</li><li>Diaz, M. C., Ward, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponge-mediated+nitrification+in+tropical+benthic+communities.">Sponge-mediated nitrification in tropical benthic communities.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 156, 97-107 (1997).</li><li>Ribes, M., Coma, R., Gili, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+diet+and+grazing+rate+of+the+temperate+sponge+Dysidea+avara+(Demospongiae,+Dendroceratida)+throughout+an+annual+cycle.">Natural diet and grazing rate of the temperate sponge Dysidea avara (Demospongiae, Dendroceratida) throughout an annual cycle.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 176, 179-190 (1999).</li><li>Jim&#233;nez, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nutrient fluxes in marine sponges: methodology, geographical variability and the role of associated microorganisms. , (2011).</li><li>Reiswig, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle+feeding+in+natural+populations+of+three+marine+demosponges.">Particle feeding in natural populations of three marine demosponges.</a> Biol. Bull. 141 (3), 568-591 (1971).</li><li>Reiswig, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+pumping+activities+of+tropical+Demospongiae.">In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae.</a> Mar. Biol. 9 (1), 38-50 (1971).</li><li>Yahel, G., Marie, D., Genin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=InEx+-+a+direct+in+situ+method+to+measure+filtration+rates,+nutrition,+and+metabolism+of+active+suspension+feeders.">InEx - a direct in situ method to measure filtration rates, nutrition, and metabolism of active suspension feeders.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr-meth. 3, 46-58 (2005).</li><li>Genin, A., Monismith, S. S. G., Reidenbach, M. A., Yahel, G., Koseff, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intense+benthic+grazing+of+phytoplankton+in+a+coral+reef.">Intense benthic grazing of phytoplankton in a coral reef.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 54 (2), 938-951 (2009).</li><li>Yahel, G., Whitney, F., Reiswig, H. M., Leys, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+feeding+and+metabolism+of+glass+sponges+(Hexactinellida+,+Porifera)+studied+in+a+deep+temperate+fjord+with+a+remotely+operated+submersible.">In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida , Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 52 (1), 428-440 (2007).</li><li>Wright, S. H., Stephens, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+amino+acid+during+a+single+passage+of+water+across+the+gill+of+marine+mussels.">Removal of amino acid during a single passage of water across the gill of marine mussels.</a> J. Exp. Zool. 205, 337-352 (1978).</li><li>M&#248;hlenberg, F., Riisg&#229;rd, H. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+particle+retention+in+13+species+of+suspension+feeding+bivalves.">Efficiency of particle retention in 13 species of suspension feeding bivalves.</a> Ophelia. 17 (2), 239-246 (1978).</li><li>Mueller, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+diet+of+coral-excavating+sponges+consists+mainly+of+dissolved+organic+carbon+(DOC).">Natural diet of coral-excavating sponges consists mainly of dissolved organic carbon (DOC).</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (2), e90152 (2014).</li><li>Gasol, J. M., Moran, X. A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+filtration+on+bacterial+activity+and+picoplankton+community+structure+as+assessed+by+flow+cytometry.">Effects of filtration on bacterial activity and picoplankton community structure as assessed by flow cytometry.</a> Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 16 (3), 251-264 (1999).</li><li>Koroleff, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+reactive+silicate.">Determination of reactive silicate.</a> New Baltic Manual, Cooperative Research Report Series A. 29, 87-90 (1972).</li><li>Murphy, J., Riley, J. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+single+solution+method+for+the+determination+of+phosphate+in+in+natural+waters.">Modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in in natural waters.</a> Anal. Chim. Acta. 27, 31-36 (1962).</li><li>Shin, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colorimetric+method+for+determination+of+nitrite.">Colorimetric method for determination of nitrite.</a> Ind.Eng.Chem. 13 (1), 33-35 (1941).</li><li>Wood, E. D., Armstrong, F. A. J., Richards, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+nitrate+in+sea+water+by+cadmium-copper+reduction+to+nitrite.">Determination of nitrate in sea water by cadmium-copper reduction to nitrite.</a> J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 47 (1), 23-31 (1967).</li><li>Sharp, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+preliminary+methods+comparison+for+measurement+of+dissolved+organic+nitrogen+in+seawater.">A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater.</a> Mar. Chem. 78 (4), 171-184 (2002).</li><li>Sharp, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+dissolved+organic+carbon:+Are+the+older+values+correct.">Marine dissolved organic carbon: Are the older values correct.</a> Mar. Chem. 56 (3-4), 265-277 (1997).</li><li>Holmes, R. M., Aminot, A., Kerouel, R., Hooker, B. A., Peterson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+precise+method+for+measuring+ammonium+in+marine+and+freshwater+ecosystems.">A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems.</a> Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 (10), 1801-1808 (1999).</li><li>Degobbis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+storage+of+seawater+samples+for+ammonia+determination.">On the storage of seawater samples for ammonia determination.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 18 (1), 146-150 (1973).</li><li>Tupas, L. M., Popp, B. N., Karl, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissolved+organic+carbon+in+oligotrophic+waters:+experiments+on+sample+preservation,+storage+and+analysis.">Dissolved organic carbon in oligotrophic waters: experiments on sample preservation, storage and analysis.</a> Mar. Chem. 45, 207-216 (1994).</li><li>Yoro, S. C., Panagiotopoulos, C., Semp&#233;r&#233;, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissolved+organic+carbon+contamination+induced+by+filters+and+storage+bottles.">Dissolved organic carbon contamination induced by filters and storage bottles.</a> Water Res. 33 (8), 1956-1959 (1999).</li><li>Zhang, J. Z., Fischer, C. J., Ortner, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+glassware+as+a+contaminant+in+silicate+analysis+of+natural+water+samples.">Laboratory glassware as a contaminant in silicate analysis of natural water samples.</a> Water Res. 33 (12), 2879-2883 (1999).</li><li>Yoshimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appropriate+bottles+for+storing+seawater+samples+for+dissolved+organic+phosphorus+(DOP)+analysis:+a+step+toward+the+development+of+DOP+reference+materials.">Appropriate bottles for storing seawater samples for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) analysis: a step toward the development of DOP reference materials.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr-meth. 11 (4), 239-246 (2013).</li><li>Strickland, J. D. H., Parsons, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A practical handbook of seawater analysis. , (1968).</li><li>Eaton, A. D., Grant, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Freshwater+sorption+of+ammonium+by+glass+frits+and+filters:+implications+for+analyses+of+brackish+and+freshwater.">Freshwater sorption of ammonium by glass frits and filters: implications for analyses of brackish and freshwater.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 24 (2), 397-399 (1979).</li><li>Norrman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filtration+of+water+samples+for+DOC+studies.">Filtration of water samples for DOC studies.</a> Mar. Chem. 41 (1-3), 239-242 (1993).</li><li>Carlson, C. A., Ducklow, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+bacterioplankton+and+consumption+of+dissolved+organic+carbon+in+the+Sargasso+Sea.">Growth of bacterioplankton and consumption of dissolved organic carbon in the Sargasso Sea.</a> Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10 (1), 69-85 (1996).</li><li>Grasshoff, K., Ehrhardt, M., Kremling, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods of Seawater Analysis. Second, Revised and Extended Edition. , (1999).</li><li>Perea-Bl&#225;zquez, A., Davy, S. K., Bell, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrient+utilisation+by+shallow+water+temperate+sponges+in+New+Zealand.">Nutrient utilisation by shallow water temperate sponges in New Zealand.</a> Hydrobiologia. 687 (1), 237-250 (2012).</li><li>Perea-Bl&#225;zquez, A., Davy, S. K., Bell, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimates+of+particulate+organic+carbon+flowing+from+the+pelagic+environment+to+the+benthos+through+sponge+assemblages.">Estimates of particulate organic carbon flowing from the pelagic environment to the benthos through sponge assemblages.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (1), e29569 (2012).</li><li>Pile, A. J., Patterson, M. R., Witman, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+grazing+on+plankton+&lt;10+&#181;m+by+the+boreal+sponge+Mycale+lingua.">In situ grazing on plankton &lt;10 &#181;m by the boreal sponge Mycale lingua.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 141, 95-102 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

פעולות הכנה אספן בקבוקונים עבור DOM וניתוח מזין מאז כלי אספן עשוי אינטראקציה עם המרכיבים מיקרו מומס והקירות סמפלר עשוי להיות מצע לחיידקים צמיחה 30-34, בקבוקונים שונ...

ניזונים ההשעיה benthic לשחק תפקידים חיוניים לתפקוד של מערכות אקולוגיות ימיות 1. על ידי סינון כמויות גדולות של מים 2,3, מסלקים ומפרישות חלקיקים (פלנקטון שאריות) ופזרו תרכובות 1 (והפניות בו) והם סוכן חשוב של צימוד benthic-פלגי 4,5 ו מזין אופניים 6,7. מדויק למדידת החלקיקים ותרכובות מומסות מוסר מופרש על ידי האכלת השעית benthic (כגון ספוגים, ascidians, ורב-שעירים, ו צדפות) היא יסוד להבין אקולוגית הפיסיולוגיה, מטבוליזם, ההאכלה שלהם. יחד עם שאיבת מדידות קצב, הוא גם מאפשר כימות של והנתיבים המזינים בתיווך אורגניזמים אלה ההשפעה האקולוגית שלהם על איכות מים וכן על תהליכים בקנה מידה אקולוגית. בחירת השיטה המתאימה של מדידת שיעורי הסרה וייצור של חלקיקי com מומספאונד על ידי ניזונים מסנן השעיה הוא חיוני להשגת נתונים אמינים בנוגע לפעילות ההאכלה שלהם 8. כפי שצוין על ידי Riisgård ואחרים, תוצאות הטית מתודולוגיות הולמות, לעוות תנאי ניסוי, לייצר הערכות שגויות של בליעה והפרשה של חומרים מסוימים, ויכול להוביל כימות המוטעית של והנתיבים המזינים מעובד על ידי אורגניזמים אלה. שתי השיטות הנפוצות ביותר למדוד חלקיקים ונתיבים מזינים מומסים ניזונים מסננים לכלול הן דגירה (טכניקות עקיפות) או אוסף סימולטני של סביבה ומי נשף (טכניקות ישירות). טכניקות דגירה מבוססות על מדידת קצב השינוי בריכוז החלקיקים וחומרים המזינים המומסים במים וטופחו, והערכת קצב ההפקה או הסרה בהשוואה לקבוצת ביקורת נאותה 8. עם זאת, מצרף אורגניזם בתא דגירה יכול לשנות feedin שלהg ושאיבת התנהגות עקב שינויים במשטר הזרימה הטבעי, בשל ירידת חמצן ו / או בריכוז מזון, או בשל הצטברות של תרכובות הפרשה ב 7,9 מי דגירה (והפניות בו). בנוסף להשפעות של כליאה ואספקת מים שונה, הטיה גדולה של טכניקות דגירה נובעת תופעות מחדש סינון (ראה למשל 10). למרות שחלק בעיות מתודולוגיות אלה הוכרעו באמצעות הנפח והצורה התקין של כלי הדגירה 11 או עם כניסתה של מערכת פעמון-צנצנת הסירקולציה המחודשת באתרו 12, טכניקה זו לעתים קרובות ממעיטה בערך שיעורי הסרה והפקה. כימות מטבוליזם של תרכובות מומסות כגון חנקן אורגני מומס (דון) ופחמן (DOC) או חומרים מזינים אורגניים, הוכיח להיות מועדים במיוחד להטיות נגרמות על ידי טכניקות דגירת 13. בשנות ה -60 המאוחרות וה -70 המוקדמות, הנרי Reiswig9,14,15 חלוץ ביישום של טכניקות ישירות לכמת הסרת חלקיק ידי ספוגי הקאריביים ענקים, על ידי בנפרד דגימת המים השואפים ונושפת ידי האורגניזמים באתרו. בשל הקושי ליישם את הטכניקה של Reiswig על ניזונים השעיה קטנים בתנאים תת מאתגרים יותר, את חלק הארי של מחקר בתחום זה הוגבל במעבדה (in vitro) שימוש בטכניקות דגירה עקיפות בעיקר 16. יהל ועמיתיו שהותאמו Reiswig של ישיר בטכניקה באתרו לעבוד בתנאים בקנה מידה קטן יותר. שיטתם, כינת INEX 16, מבוסס על דגימה מתחת למים סימולטני של המים בשאיפה (ב) ונשף (Ex) על ידי אורגניזמים באין מפריע. ריכוז שונה של חומר (למשל, חיידקים) בין זוג דגימות (INEX) מספק מדד של שימור (או ייצור) של החומר הזה על ידי החיה. טכניקת INEX מעסיקה צינורות פתוחיםמסתמך על סילון excurrent המיוצר על ידי פעילות השאיבה של האורגניזם למד כדי להחליף את מי הסביבה פסיבית בצינור האיסוף. בעוד יהל ועמיתיו בהצלחה יישמו טכניקה זו במחקר של מעל 15 השעיה שונה וקינון מינים (למשל, 17), השיטה מוגבלת על ידי הרמה הגבוהה של עשייה וניסיון הנדרשת, לפי הגודל הזעיר של כמה פתחי excurrent, ועל ידי תנאי ים. כדי להתגבר על המכשולים הללו, פיתחנו טכניקה חלופית המבוססת על שאיבה מבוקרת של מים שנדגמו דרך צינורות דקות (קוטר חיצוני &lt;1.6 מ&quot;מ). מטרתנו הייתה ליצור מכשיר פשוט, אמין, ולא יקר שיאפשר נקי ומבוקר דגימת מים באתרו מנקודת מבט ספציפי מאוד, כגון נקב excurrent של מתקני האכלת השעית benthic. כדי להיות יעיל, השיטה צריכה להיות בלתי פולשניות כדי לא להשפיע על משטר זרימת הסביבה או לשנות את behavior של היצורים שנחקרו. המכשיר המוצג כאן נקרא VacuSIP. זהו פישוט של מערכת SIP שפותח על ידי יהל et al. (2007) 18 לדגימה נקודה מבוססת ROV במעמקי הים. VacuSIP הוא הרבה יותר זול מאשר SIP המקורי וזה הותאם לעבודה מבוססת SCUBA. המערכת תוכננה על פי העקרונות המוצגים ונבדקו על ידי רייט סטיבנס (1978) 19 ו Møhlenberg ו Riisgård (1978) 20 עבור הגדרות במעבדה. למרות שמערכת VacuSIP תוכנן עבור במחקרים באתרו של חילוף החומרים של מתקני האכלה ההשעיה benthic, זה יכול לשמש גם עבור במחקרי מעבדה ובכל מקום מבוקר ונקי, דגימת מים-מקור הצבע נדרש. המערכת שימושית במיוחד כאשר שילוב לאורך תקופות ממושכות (דקות שעות) או filtrations באתרו נדרש. VacuSIP שימש בהצלחה במעבדה יהל מאז 2011, ויש לו גםהועסק בשני מחקרים אחרונים של ונתיבים מזינים בתיווך מינים ספוגים הקאריביים והים תיכוניים 21 (Morganti et al.) שנמסר. שימוש דוגמים ספציפיים, משך הדגימה הממושך, ותנאי השטח, שבו VacuSIP מוחל, כרוך סטיות כמה מן הפרוטוקולים האוקיינוגרפי תקן לאיסוף, סינון, ואחסון דגימות עבור analytes הרגיש. כדי להפחית את הסיכון של זיהום על ידי מערכת VacuSIP או את הסיכון של שינוי של מים שנדגמו על ידי פעילות חיידקית לאחר איסוף, בדקנו שונים הליכי סינון ואחסון באתרו. התקני סינון שונים, כלי איסוף, ונהלים לאחסון נבחנו על מנת להשיג את הטכניקה המתאימה ביותר לניתוח אורגני המומס (PO 4 3, NO x -, NH 4 +, SiO 4) ואורגני (DOC + DON) תרכובות, ואת-פלנקטון אולטרה (&lt;1081; מ &#39;) ו- (POC האורגני חלקיקים + דגימת PON). כדי לצמצם עוד יותר את הסיכון של זיהום, במיוחד בתנאי שדה, את מספר צעדי טיפול צומצם למינימום ההכרחי. הפורמט החזותי, שבו שיטת המוצג מכוון להקל שחזור כדי לצמצם את הזמן הדרוש כדי ליישם את הטכניקה בצורה יעילה. סקירת מערכת כדי לדגום במים הנשאבים באתרו מן ניזונים השעיה עם נקבי exhalant קטנים כמו 2 מ&quot;מ, פעילות השאיבה כל דגימה היא מדמיינת ראשונה על ידי שחרור מסונן צבוע והעמסה מי ים ליד פתח נשימתית (הים) והתבוננות זרימתו מ פתח excurrent 16 (ראה גם איור 2b ב 18). המים שהיא שואפת ונושפים על ידי דגימת המחקר (incurrent ו excurrent) אז הם שנדגמו בד בבד עם השימוש של זוג צינורות דקות מותקנים על מניפולטור שהותקן או על שתיים &quot;The ARms &quot;של חצובה ניידת גמישה הפוכה (איור 1 משלים וידאו 1). המים שאנו נושמים האורגניזם המחקר נאספו על ידי מיצוב הקצה הפרוקסימלי בקפידה של צינור אחד בתוך או ליד הצמצם נשימתית של האורגניזם המחקר. זהה צינור ממוקם אז בתוך פתח excurrent. פעולה זו דורשת טיפול טוב כדי להימנע ממגע או הפרעה של החיה, למשל, על ידי resuspension משקעים. כדי להתחיל את הדגימה, צוללן מפלח מחצה בתוך כלי איסוף עם מחט מזרק מצורף קצה הדיסטלי של צינור אחד, המאפשרים לחץ החיצוני של המים כדי להוציא את המים שנדגמו לתוך הכלי דרך צינור הדגימה. היניקה היא שיזמה את הריק שנוצר בעבר הצלוחיות ידי פרש לחצים בין המים החיצוניים ואת מכל המדגם פונה . כדי להבטיח אוסף נקי של מי נשף וכדי למנוע שאיבה בשוגג של Ambiמים אף אוזן גרון 16, קצב הדגימה מים צריך להיות כל הזמן בקצב נמוך משמעותית (&lt;10%) משיעור זרימת excurrent. שיעור היניקה נשלט על ידי האורך של הצינור וקוטרו הפנימי שלה (ID). הקוטר הפנימי הקטן גם מבטיח נפח מת זניח (&lt;200 μl למטר של צינורות). דגימה לאורך תקופות ממושכות (דקות עד שעות) עושה את זה אפשרי לשלב את מעשה הטלאים הטבועים של רוב החומרים של עניין. כדי להבטיח כי דגימות נשמרות כראוי בפגישות דגימה מתחת למים ממושכות וכן לתחבורה למעבדה, גידול סינון באתרו מומלץ עבור analytes הרגיש. הבחירה של כלי דגימה, הרכבת סינון, צינורות מוכתבים על ידי אורגניזמים מחקר ושאל המחקר הספציפי. הפרוטוקול המתואר להלן מניח כי הפרופיל המטבולי מלא הוא בעל עניין (עבור סקירה ראה איור 2). עם זאת, האופי מודולרי של הפרוטוקול מאפשר fאו שינוי קל להכיל פשוטות או אפילו מאוד תוכניות דגימה שונות. במשך פרופיל המטבולי מלא, פרוטוקול הדגימה צריך לכלול את הצעדים הבאים: (1) הצגת נתוני זרימה; (2) הזנה אולטרה-פלנקטון דגימה (פלנקטון &lt;10 מיקרומטר); (3) דגימה ספיגת חומרים מזינים אורגניים הפרשה (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (4) דגימה מומסת ספיג והפרשה אורגניות (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (5) חלקיקי האכלה והפרשה (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (6) חזור על שלב 2 (האכלה אולטרה-פלנקטון כמו בדיקת איכות); (7) זרימה ויזואליזציה. כאשר מבחינה לוגיסטית ריאלי, מומלץ כי מדידות הפרופיל המטבולי משולבות עם שאיבת שיעור (למשל, שיטת המהירות מול לצבוע, ב 16) וכן עם מדידות נשימה. מדידות אלה נלקחות טובים ביותר בתחילה בסוף פגישת הדגימה. למדידת נשימה, optodes מתחת למים או-אלקטרודות מיקרו עדיפים.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1096">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">GorillaPod, Original</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Joby</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">GP000001</td>
			<td style="width:459px;">flexible portable tripod&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flangeless Ferrule</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science&#160;</td>
			<td>P-200X</td>
			<td>1/16&#34; in Blue/pk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Male Nut</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science&#160;</td>
			<td>P-205X&#160;</td>
			<td>1/16&#34; in Green/10pk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Female to Female Luer</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science&#160;</td>
			<td>P-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Female-Male Luer</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science&#160;</td>
			<td>P-655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peek Tubing (250&#181;m ID)</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science&#160;</td>
			<td>1531</td>
			<td>1/16&#34; OD x 0.01in ID x 5ft lenght. Alternative ID can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two component resin epoxy</td>
			<td>IVEGOR</td>
			<td>9257</td>
			<td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">(TOC) EPA VIALS</td>
			<td>Cole -Parmer&#160;</td>
			<td>03756-20</td>
			<td>40 ml glass vials. Manifactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HDPE VIALS</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>986701 (E78620)</td>
			<td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vacuette Z no additive</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>455001</td>
			<td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Septum Sample Bottles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1755C01</td>
			<td>250 ml glass bottles&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Septum Cap 1</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td>
			<td>22-400 for HDPE vials&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Septum Cap 2&#160;</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td>
			<td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;">In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td>
			<td>Pall&#160;</td>
			<td>516-9067</td>
			<td>13mm of diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PTFE Seal Washer</td>
			<td>Pall&#160;</td>
			<td>516-8064</td>
			<td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TCLP Glass Filters</td>
			<td>Pall&#160;</td>
			<td>516-9126</td>
			<td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13mm of diameter,&#160; pore size 0.7&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polycarbonate Filter Holders&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole -Parmer&#160;</td>
			<td>17295</td>
			<td>13mm of diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopore Membrane Filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>GTTP01300</td>
			<td>13mm of diameter, pore size 0.2 &#181;m&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Contrad 2000 Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>E123FH</td>
			<td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td>
			<td>514-0061P</td>
			<td>25mm of diameter , pore size 0.2 &#181;m&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G&#160;</td>
			<td>100g&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Holdex, disposable,sterile</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>450263</td>
			<td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Needles</td>
			<td>IcoGammaPlus</td>
			<td>5160</td>
			<td>0.7mm x 30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cryovials Nalgene</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td>
			<td>2ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cryobox carton&#160;</td>
			<td>Rubilabor</td>
			<td>M-600</td>
			<td>145x145x55mm p/microtube 1.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Orthophosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>79617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>500g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8,206,031,000</td>
			<td>25%, 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hand Vacuum Pump&#160;</td>
			<td>B&#252;rkle&#160;</td>
			<td>5620-2181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

אופטימיזציה של שיטות איסוף מי ים מבחר צלוחיות אספן הליך הניקוי VacuSIP תואמים כלי איסוף צריכים מחצה המאפשר דגימה שא?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, שיטת INEX משופרת<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; מדידה של חלקיקים מומס תרכובות מעובד על ידי האכלת השעית Active

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

vacusip-an-improved-inex-method-for-situ-measurement-particulate

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K Views.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

Video: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American lobsters. Recent work in exploited crustacean populations (crabs and lobsters) suggests that there are circumstances where mature females are unable to achieve their full reproductive potential due to sperm limitation. To examine this possibility in different regions of the American lobster fishery, a reliable and noninvasive method was developed for sampling large numbers of female lobsters at sea. This method involves inserting a blunt-tipped needle into the female&#39;s seminal receptacle to determine the presence or absence of a sperm plug and to withdraw a sample that can be examined for the presence of sperm. A series of control studies were conducted at the dock and in the laboratory to test the reliability of this technique. These efforts entailed sampling 294 female lobsters to confirm that the presence of a sperm plug was a reliable indicator of sperm within the receptacle and thus, mating. This paper details the methodology and the results obtained from a subset of the total females sampled. Of the 230 female lobsters sampled from George&#39;s Bank and Cape Ann, MA (size range = 71-145 mm in carapace length), 90.3% were positive for sperm. Potential explanations for the absence of sperm in some females include: immaturity (lack of physiological maturity), breakdown of the sperm plug after being used to fertilize a clutch of eggs, and lack of mating activity. The surveys indicate that this technique for examining the mating success of female lobsters is a reliable proxy that can be used in the field to document reproductive activity in natural populations.

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters Homarus americanus

Fishery-induced changes to exploited crustacean fisheries, such as the American lobster fishery, could potentially influence their reproductive dynamics, leading to a reduction in mating success. This study&#39;s goal was to develop a noninvasive method for ascertaining the mating success of female lobsters that may be physiologically or functionally mature.

שיטה לא פולשנית ל<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; קביעת ההצלחה זיווג בלובסטרים אמריקאים נקבה (<em&gt; Americanus Homarus</em&gt;)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. I. איסוף דגימות וירוסים

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency&#8217;s (USEPA) Method 1615 was developed with the goal of providing such a standard for measuring Enterovirus and Norovirus in these waters. Virus is concentrated from water using an electropositive filter, eluted from the filter surface with beef extract, and then concentrated further using organic flocculation. Herein we present the protocol from Method 1615 for filter elution, secondary concentration, and measurement of total culturable viruses. A portion of the concentrated eluate from each sample is inoculated onto ten replicate flasks of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cells. The number of flasks demonstrating cytopathic effects is used to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of infectious units per liter. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. Laboratories must meet defined performance standards. Method 1615 was evaluated by examining virus recovery from reagent-grade and ground waters seeded with Sabin poliovirus type 3. Mean poliovirus recoveries with the total culturable assay were 111% in reagent grade water and 58% in groundwaters.

Here we present a procedure to measure total culturable viruses using the Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cell line. The procedure provides a standardized tool for measuring the occurrence of infectious viruses in environmental and drinking waters.

מדידת שיטת EPA 1615. של enterovirus ואת מופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות RT-qPCR. II. Assay וירוס culturable סה&quot;כ

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

EPA שיטת המדידה של 1615. Enterovirus ומופע norovirus במים על ידי תרבות וRT-qPCR. חלק שלישי. איתור וירוסים על ידי RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges widely over sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East. Cheetah conservationists face two major challenges, conflict with landowners over the killing of domestic livestock, and concern over range contraction. Understanding of the latter remains particularly poor2. Namibia is believed to support the largest number of cheetahs of any range country, around 30%, but estimates range from 2,9053 to 13,5204. The disparity is likely a result of the different techniques used in monitoring.
Current techniques, including invasive tagging with VHF or satellite/GPS collars, can be costly and unreliable. The footprint identification technique5 is a new tool accessible to both field scientists and also citizens with smartphones, who could potentially augment data collection. The footprint identification technique analyzes digital images of footprints captured according to a standardized protocol. Images are optimized and measured in data visualization software. Measurements of distances, angles, and areas of the footprint images are analyzed using a robust cross-validated pairwise discriminant analysis based on a customized model. The final output is in the form of a Ward's cluster dendrogram. A user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user immediate access and clear interpretation of classification results.
The footprint identification technique algorithms are species specific because each species has a unique anatomy. The technique runs in a data visualization software, using its own scripting language (jsl) that can be customized for the footprint anatomy of any species. An initial classification algorithm is built from a training database of footprints from that species, collected from individuals of known identity. An algorithm derived from a cheetah of known identity is then able to classify free-ranging cheetahs of unknown identity. The footprint identification technique predicts individual cheetah identity with an accuracy of &gt;90%.

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an iconic, endangered species, but conservation efforts are challenged by habitat shrinkage and conflict with commercial farmers. The footprint identification technique, a robust, accurate and cost-effective image classification system, is a new approach to monitoring cheetahs.

בחינת ברדלסים: אנשי זיהוי על ידי עקביהם

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

Benthic Exchange של O<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; וחומרים מזינים מומסים באמצעות קטנים Core incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal behavior questions. The protocol described here provides a simple, reproducible, and controlled method to manipulate DO to study behavioral response in aquatic organisms resulting from hypoxic and anoxic conditions. While performing degasification of water with nitrogen is commonly used in laboratory settings, no explicit method for ecological (aquatic) application exists in the literature, and this protocol is the first to describe a protocol to degasify water to observe organismal response. This technique and protocol were developed for direct application for aquatic macroinvertebrates; however, small fish, amphibians, and other aquatic vertebrates could be easily substituted. It allows for easy manipulation of DO levels ranging from 2 mg/L to 11 mg/L with stability for up to a 5 min animal-observation period. Beyond a 5 min observation period water temperatures began to rise, and at 10 min DO levels became too unstable to maintain. The protocol is scalable to the study organism, reproducible, and reliable, allowing for rapid implementation into introductory teaching labs and high-level research applications. The expected results of this technique should relate dissolved oxygen changes to behavioral responses of organisms.

This article describes a simple and reproducible protocol to manipulate dissolved oxygen conditions in a laboratory setting for animal behavior studies. This protocol may be used in both teaching and research laboratory settings to evaluate organismal response of macroinvertebrates, fishes, or amphibians to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.

גישה פשוטה מניפולציות חמצן מומס לתצפיות התנהגות בעלי החיים

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

הבנה מומס אורגני Biogeochemistry דרך<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; מניפולציות מזינות במערכות אקולוגיות זרמו

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

ייצור, מדידה של החומר חלקיקים אורגניים כור צינור זרימה

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

ייצור, מדידה של חלקיקים אורגניים בבית הבליעה סביבתיים הרווארד

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...