وأيد العمل الموصوف في هذه الورقة من خلال منحة من صندوق CII-HK / PolyU الابتكار. وقدمت المزيد من الدعم من قبل خطة شنتشن الطاووس (KQTD2015071616442225) والحكومة الصينية &quot;ألف المواهب&quot; برنامج (Y62HB31601). أيضا، وأعرب عن تقديره للمساعدة من قسم الأحياء التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا الكيميائية من جامعة هونغ كونغ للفنون التطبيقية ومعهد هونغ كونغ جامعة البوليتكنيك لبحوث التنمية الحضرية المستدامة (RISUD).

1. المعالجة المسبقة للHGM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع HGM في كوب 500 مل مع 200 مل من الكحول المطلق. كثافة منخفضة من دون انقطاع HGM يؤدي إلى تعليق في الكحول، ولكن لأن كثافة من كسر HGM أكبر من ذلك من الكحول، فإنه يترسب في الحل. بعد 30 دقيقة، وجمع HGM مع وقف التنفيذ باستخدام ملعقة نظيفة وجافة في 80 ° C في الفرن لمزيد من التطبيق. </li></ol> 2. تجميع MCHGM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع 5 غرام من دون انقطاع HGM، 47.5 مل من الايثانول، و 2.5 مل من الماء DI في قارورة ثلاثة العنق. يحرك باستخدام محرك خلط في 400 دورة / دقيقة لمدة 20 دقيقة (قبل الاختلاط). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خلط 15 غراما من TBT، 1 غرام من PFOTES، و 30 مل من الكحول المطلق في كوب 200 مل. صب الخليط في قمع الضغط المستمر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج قمع الضغط المستمر في واحدة من الثقوب القارورة ثلاثة العنق. إسقاط خليط الواردة في قمع الضغط المستمر في قارورة ثلاثة العنق، بسرعة1 قطرة في 7 ق، الذي يتحقق عن طريق ضبط صمام للقمع الضغط المستمر. تواصل التفاعل لمدة 3 ساعات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يصب الخليط من القارورة ثلاثة العنق، إلى مفاعل المائية. وضع مفاعل مختومة في كم الصلب مناسبة في C فرن 180 درجة لمدة 6 ساعات. ملاحظة: تأكد من أن المفاعل لديه غطاء مناسب. بعد تغطيتها، ووضع المفاعل في الأكمام الصلب. وينبغي أيضا أن تكون مختومة الأكمام مع غطاء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد رد الفعل هو أكثر، وجمع العينات علقت في المفاعل الحراري المائي باستخدام ملعقة كبيرة. تجفيف العينات في 80 درجة مئوية لمدة 4 ساعات للحصول على MCHGM. </li></ol> 3. توليف F-SCHGM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 5 غرام من دون انقطاع HGM، 47.5 مل من الايثانول المطلق، و 2.5 مل من الماء DI إلى قارورة ثلاثة العنق. يحرك باستخدام محرك خلط في 400 دورة / دقيقة لمدة 20 دقيقة (قبل الاختلاط). مزيج 1 غرام من PFOTES و 30 مل من الايثانول المطلق في كوب 200 مل. نقل PFOTES والبريد المطلقthanol الخليط لقمع الضغط المستمر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج قمع الضغط المستمر في قارورة ثلاثة العنق. إسقاط خليط الواردة في قمع الضغط المستمر في قارورة ثلاثة العنق، بسرعة 1 قطرة في 7 ق. دع رد فعل تشغيل لمدة 3 ساعات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل خليط من القارورة ثلاثة العنق لمفاعل المائية. وضع مفاعل مختومة في C فرن 180 درجة لمدة 6 ساعات. بعد رد الفعل هو أكثر، وجمع العينات علقت في المفاعل الحراري المائي باستخدام ملعقة كبيرة. تجفيف العينات في 80 درجة مئوية لمدة 4 ساعات للحصول F-SCHGM. </li></ol> 4. توليف تي SCHGM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع 5 غرام من دون انقطاع HGM، 47.5 مل من الايثانول المطلق، و 2.5 مل من الماء DI في قارورة ثلاثة العنق. إثارة في 400 دورة / دقيقة لمدة 20 دقيقة (قبل الاختلاط). خلط 15 غراما من TBT و 30 مل من الايثانول المطلق في كوب 200 مل. نقل TBT وخليط الايثانول المطلق لقمع الضغط المستمر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج-بريه ثابتةتأكد قمع في قارورة ثلاثة العنق. إسقاط الخليط في قمع الضغط المستمر في قارورة ثلاثة العنق، بسرعة 1 قطرة في 7 ق. دع رد فعل تشغيل لمدة 3 ساعات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل خليط من القارورة ثلاثة العنق لمفاعل المائية. وضع مفاعل مختومة في C فرن 180 درجة لمدة 6 ساعات. جمع العينات في المفاعل الحراري المائي بعد رد الفعل قد انتهى. تجفيف العينات في 80 درجة مئوية لمدة 4 ساعات للحصول على تي-SCHGM. </li></ol> 5.، توصيف <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إجراء الأوصاف XRD على جميع العينات. جمع البيانات باستخدام، متعددة الأغراض نظام حيود الأشعة السينية تنوعا للغاية مع الإشعاع النحاس Kα (λ = 0.15406 نانومتر) و2θ تتراوح بين 10 درجة إلى 80 درجة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصول على المسح المجهر 20، 21 الصور بعد رش العينات مع الذهب. وخلال الاختبارات SEM، إجراء EDS على منطقة معينة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياسزاوية الأتصال باستخدام مقياس الزوايا اتصال الزاوية 22؛ يجب أن يكون حجم قطرة الماء 10 ميكرولتر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس زاوية انزلاق 23 عن طريق تغيير زاوية ميل السطح. تقليل زاوية حتى قطرة الماء يمكن أن تنزلق للتو الى اسفل. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عصا الشريط على الوجهين على ورقة الزجاج (الحجم: 26 مم × 76 مم × 2 مم). باستخدام ملعقة، موحد وضع مساحيق (F-SCHGM أو MCHGM) على الشريط. باستخدام محقن، إضافة قطرة ماء (حجم: 0.05 مل) على سطح مسحوق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع ورقة الزجاج على منصة المحرك لمقياس الزوايا اتصال الزاوية. إمالة الورقة الزجاج بالانحناء منصة المحرك بمعدل 1 ° / ثانية. وقف المحرك عندما يبدأ قطرة الماء إلى الشريحة. زاوية الميل هي زاوية انزلاق. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس أطياف انعكاسية باستخدام مطياف 24. ملاحظة: الطول الموجي من 450 نانومتر إلى 2550 نانومتر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس التوصيل الحراري للجميع العيناتباستخدام متر الموصلية الحرارية 25. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

في هذا المخطوط، وخطوة حاسمة في البروتوكول هي عملية الحرارية المائية. أنه يؤثر على تشكيل تيو 2، وانعكاسية النهائي، وsuperhydrophobicity. التحكم في درجة الحرارة وفترة رد الفعل هي أيضا كبيرة جدا. إذا تغيرت ظروف التفاعل، والمنتجات النهائية يمكن أن تكون معيبة. <p class="jove_content"...

المجهرية الزجاج جوفاء (HGM) هي مواد غير عضوية تتراوح في حجمها 10-100 ميكرون. أن تثبت العديد من الخصائص المفيدة، مثل تشتت ممتازة، والقدرة تدفق عالية، ومنخفض الكثافة، ومتفوقة خصائص العزل الحراري 1، 2، 3، 4. بسبب هيكلها جوفاء، HGM لها الموصلية الحرارية المنخفضة جدا 10 و 11. لهذه الأسباب، يتم تطبيقها في العديد من المجالات، بما في ذلك هندسة الطيران 5 والتنقيب في أعماق البحار 6 و 7 و تخزين الهيدروجين 8 و 9، وما إلى ذلك، فإنها لا تزال تثبت بعض العيوب، مثل قوة منخفضة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء غير قادرة على نقل خلال HGM وتسخين هذا الموضوع وراءها. لذلكه، والتعديلات على سطح HGM ضرورية للحد من النقل الحراري الإشعاعي. وسيلة فعالة هو معطف مادة حاجبة الأشعة تحت الحمراء على سطح HGM. كما أشباه الموصلات، وقد استخدمت تيو 2 في العديد من المجالات، مثل الصور الحفز 12 و 13، وتطوير الخلايا الشمسية، وأجهزة الاستشعار تصنيع 14، والتطبيقات البيئية 15، وتخزين الطاقة 16. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإنه يظهر أيضا الابتعاثية منخفضة في الضوء المرئي والأشعة تحت الحمراء الفرقة 17 و 18 و 19. لذلك، لأغراضنا، كان تيو 2 مجموعة الحكيمة نظرا لانخفاض الاسعار نسبيا والأداء العالي. ومع ذلك، وطلاء من السهل جدا للملوثات كريهة، والذي يؤثر بشكل خطير على انعكاسية تيو 2. انعكاسية يجب أن تقلل تدريجيا. ولذلك، فإن قانون حالة الطوارئو تنظيف طلاء ضروري لمنع طلاء من قاذورات وإطالة وقت العمل من هذا الطلاء. في هذه المخطوطة، تم استخدام طريقة لينة الكيمياء لتطوير superhydrophobic تيو 2 المغلفة HGM. وقد تم اختيار رباعي بيوتيل تيتانات (TBT) و1H، 1H، 2H، 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES) كمصدر تي وكيل superhydrophobic، على التوالي. وتحلل أنها وتترسب على سطح HGM. ثم، بعد عملية الحرارية المائية، والتيتانيوم Anatase تيو 2 تشكلت على سطح HGM، وظلت خصائص superhydrophobic. وعلى سبيل المقارنة، PFOTES واحد المغلفة HGM (F-SCHGM) وتيو 2 واحد المغلفة HGM (تي-SCHGM) تم تصنيعه أيضا. يظهر مخطط التوليف في الشكل 1.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HGM</td><td>Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>TBT</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 5593-70-4</td><td>Analytical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl Alcohol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 64-17-5</td><td>Analytical grade</td></tr><tr><td>PFOTES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS#: 51851-37-7</td><td>98%</td></tr></tbody></table>

tio2-coated hollow glass microspheres with superhydrophobic and high ir-reflective properties synthesized by a soft-chemistry method

وتقترح هذه المخطوطة طريقة لينة الكيمياء لتطوير المجهرية الزجاج جوفاء superhydrophobic ودرجة عالية من الأشعة تحت الحمراء للانعكاس (HGM). والمغلفة التيتانيوم Anatase تيو 2 وكيل superhydrophobic على سطح HGM في خطوة واحدة. وقد تم اختيار TBT وPFOTES كمصدر تي وكيل superhydrophobic، على التوالي. كانوا على حد سواء المغلفة على HGM، وبعد عملية الحرارية المائية، وتحول TBT إلى التيتانيوم Anatase تيو 2. في هذه الطريقة، PFOTES / تيو 2 المغلفة HGM (MCHGM) أعدت. وعلى سبيل المقارنة، PFOTES واحد المغلفة HGM (F-SCHGM) وتيو 2 واحد المغلفة HGM (تي-SCHGM) تم تصنيعه أيضا. وقد أظهرت PFOTES وتيو 2 الطلاء على السطح HGM من خلال حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD)، المجهر الإلكتروني (SEM)، وكاشف المشتتة للطاقة (EDS) الأوصاف. أظهرت MCHGM زاوية أعلى الاتصال (153 درجة) ولكن أقل انزلاق زاوية (16 درجة) من F-SCHGM، مع زاوية الاتصال 141.26؛ وانزلاق زاوية 67 درجة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، عرض كل من تي-SCHGM وMCHGM القيم IR انعكاسية مماثلة، والتي كانت أعلى نحو 5.8٪ من HGM الأصلي وF-SCHGM. أيضا، وطلاء PFOTES بالكاد تغيرت التوصيل الحراري. ولذلك، F-SCHGM، مع التوصيل الحراري من 0.0479 W / (م · K)، وكان تماما مثل HGM الأصلي، الذي كان 0.0475 W / (م · K). كانت مشابهة أيضا MCHGM وتي SCHGM. كانت قيمهم الموصلية الحرارية 0.0543 W / (م · K) و0.0543 W / (م · K)، على التوالي. طلاء تيو 2 زيادة طفيفة الموصلية الحرارية، ولكن مع زيادة انعكاسية، تم تعزيز الملكية العزل الحراري بشكل عام. وأخيرا، منذ يتم توفير الملكية التي تعكس الأشعة تحت الحمراء عن طريق طلاء HGM، إذا تم عرقلة طلاء، يقلل من انعكاسية. لذلك، مع طلاء superhydrophobic، وحماية السطح من قاذورات، والتي تستغرق من عمر البطارية أيضا.

الاختبارات في الخطوة 4.4 تكشف العديد من الميزات والخصائص من العينات. وXRD (الشكل 2) يعكس تشكيل التيتانيوم Anatase تيو 2. وSEM (الشكل 3) وEDS (الشكل 4) عرض تيو 2 و PFOTES التي المغلفة على سطح HGM. زاوية الاتصال (الشكل 5) وال?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method at JoVE.com

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

تيو<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; المغلفة زجاج مجوف الجزئي مع خصائص Superhydrophobic العالية والأشعة تحت الحمراء للانعكاس تجميعي بطريقة لينة الكيمياء

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 ...

tio2-coated-hollow-glass-microspheres-with-superhydrophobic-high-ir

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

10.0K Views.  City University of Hong Kong. This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

Video: TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

تلفيق من السيليكا عالية جدا Microresonators عامل الجودة

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Engineering

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

حصاد الطاقة الشمسية من وسائل البلورات النانوية المسؤول فصل المواد الصلبة وتلك

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique), make use of various surface modification techniques, that can, for example, prevent surface fouling, tune the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity of the surface, adapt to a variety of electronic environments, and most frequently, induce specificity towards a target of interest.1-5 These techniques extend the functionality of otherwise highly sensitive biosensors to real-world applications in complex environments, such as blood, urine, and wastewater analysis.2,6-7 While commercial biosensing platforms, such as Biacore, have well-understood, standard techniques for performing such surface modifications, these techniques have not been translated in a standardized fashion to other label-free biosensing platforms, such as Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) optical resonators.8-9
WGM optical resonators represent a promising technology for performing label-free detection of a wide variety of species at ultra-low concentrations.6,10-12 The high sensitivity of these platforms is a result of their unique geometric optics: WGM optical resonators confine circulating light at specific, integral resonance frequencies.13 Like the SPR platforms, the optical field is not totally confined to the sensor device, but evanesces; this "evanescent tail" can then interact with species in the surrounding environment. This interaction causes the effective refractive index of the optical field to change, resulting in a slight, but detectable, shift in the resonance frequency of the device. Because the optical field circulates, it can interact many times with the environment, resulting in an inherent amplification of the signal, and very high sensitivities to minor changes in the environment.2,14-15
To perform targeted detection in complex environments, these platforms must be paired with a probe molecule (usually one half of a binding pair, e.g. antibodies / antigens) through surface modification.2 Although WGM optical resonators can be fabricated in several geometries from a variety of material systems, the silica microsphere is the most common. These microspheres are generally fabricated on the end of an optical fiber, which provides a "stem" by which the microspheres can be handled during functionalization and detection experiments. Silica surface chemistries may be applied to attach probe molecules to their surfaces; however, traditional techniques generated for planar substrates are often not adequate for these three-dimensional structures, as any changes to the surface of the microspheres (dust, contamination, surface defects, and uneven coatings) can have severe, negative consequences on their detection capabilities. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach for the surface functionalization of silica microsphere WGM optical resonators using silane coupling agents to bridge the inorganic surface and the biological environment, by attaching biotin to the silica surface.8,16 Although we use silica microsphere WGM resonators as the sensor system in this report, the protocols are general and can be used to functionalize the surface of any silica device with biotin.

Biosensors interface with complex, biological environments and perform targeted detection by combining highly sensitive sensors with highly specific probes attached to the sensor via surface modification. Here, we demonstrate the surface functionalization of silica optical sensors with biotin using silane coupling agents to bridge the sensor and the biological environment.

ربط المسابر البيولوجي لأجهزة الاستشعار البصرية عن طريق وكلاء السيليكا اقتران silane

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...

Bioengineering

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

توليف وتوصيف المواد الغروية Supramolecular

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

تصنيع المجهرية البوليمر لمرنان البصرية وتطبيقات الليزر

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Synthesizing Sodium Tungstate and Sodium Molybdate Microcapsules via Bacterial Mineral Excretion

We present a method, the bacterial mineral excretion (BME), for synthesizing two kinds of microcapsules, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, and the two metal oxides&#39; corresponding nanoparticles&#8212;the former being as small as 22 nm and the latter 15 nm. We fed two strains of bacteria, Shewanella algae and Pandoraea sp., with various concentrations of tungstate or molybdate ions. The concentrations of tungstate and molybdate were adjusted to make microcapsules of different length-to-diameter ratios. We found that the higher the concentration the smaller the nanoparticles were. The nanoparticles came in with three length-to-diameter ratios: 10:1, 3:1 and 1:1, which were achieved by feeding the bacteria respectively with a low concentration, a medium concentration, and a high concentration. The images of the hollow microcapsules were taken via the scanning electron microsphere (SEM). Their crystal structures were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD)&#8212;the crystal structure of molybdate microcapsules is Na2MoO4 and that of tungstate microcapsules is Na2WO4 with Na2W2O7. These syntheses all were accomplished under a near ambient condition.

This work presents a protocol for manufacture sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate microcapsules via bacteria and their corresponding nanoparticles.

توليف تنغستات الصوديوم والصوديوم موليبدات كبسولات رقيقة جداً عن طريق إفراز المعدنية البكتيرية

We present a method, the bacterial mineral excretion (BME), for synthesizing two kinds of microcapsules, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, and the ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

تصنيع سوبيرهيدروفوبيك الأسطح المعدنية لتطبيقات مضادة للتجمد

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

Photopatterning البروتينات والخلايا في وسط مائي البيئة عن طريق تيو<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; ضوئي

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of materials is highly related to its photocatalytic performance, it is necessary to standardize the synthetic methods in order to obtain the most functional architectures and, thus, the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a reliable route to obtain BiOI microspheres via the solvothermal process, using Bi(NO3)3 and potassium iodide (KI) as precursors, and ethylene glycol as a template. The synthesis is standardized in a 150 mL autoclave, at 126 &#176;C for 18 h. This results in 2-3 &#181;m-sized mesoporous microspheres, with a relevant specific surface area (61.3 m2/g). Shortening the reaction times in the synthesis results in amorphous structures, while higher temperatures lead to a slight increase in the porosity of the microspheres, with no effect in the photocatalytic performance. The materials are photo-active under UV-A/visible light irradiation for the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water. This method has demonstrated to be effective in interlaboratory tests, obtaining similar BiOI microspheres in Mexican and Chilean research groups.

This article describes a synthetic method to obtain bismuth oxyiodide microspheres, which are highly functional to perform the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, such as ciprofloxacin, in water under UV-A/visible light irradiation.

أسلوب اصطناعية سهلة للحصول على البزموت أوكسييوديدي الجزئي المجالات الخرز الصغير وظيفية عالية على بهوتوكاتاليتيك عمليات التنقية المياه

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of ...

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

We present microfabrication protocols for rendering intrinsically wetting materials repellent to liquids (omniphobic) by creating gas-entrapping microtextures (GEMs) on them comprising cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant features. Specifically, we use SiO2/Si as the model system and share protocols for two-dimensional (2D) designing, photolithography, isotropic/anisotropic etching techniques, thermal oxide growth, piranha cleaning, and storage towards achieving those microtextures. Even though the conventional wisdom indicates that roughening intrinsically wetting surfaces (&#952;o &#60; 90&#176;) renders them even more wetting (&#952;r &#60; &#952;o &#60; 90&#176;), GEMs demonstrate liquid repellence despite the intrinsic wettability of the substrate. For instance, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica &#952;o &#8776; 40&#176; for the water/air system, and &#952;o &#8776; 20&#176; for the hexadecane/air system, GEMs comprising cavities entrap air robustly on immersion in those liquids, and the apparent contact angles for the droplets are &#952;r &#62; 90&#176;. The reentrant and doubly reentrant features in the GEMs stabilize the intruding liquid meniscus thereby trapping the liquid-solid-vapor system in metastable air-filled states (Cassie states) and delaying wetting transitions to the thermodynamically-stable fully-filled state (Wenzel state) by, for instance, hours to months. Similarly, SiO2/Si surfaces with arrays of reentrant and doubly reentrant micropillars demonstrate extremely high contact angles (&#952;r &#8776; 150&#176;&#8211;160&#176;) and low contact angle hysteresis for the probe liquids, thus characterized as superomniphobic. However, on immersion in the same liquids, those surfaces dramatically lose their superomniphobicity and get fully-filled within &#60;1 s. To address this challenge, we present protocols for hybrid designs that comprise arrays of doubly reentrant pillars surrounded by walls with doubly reentrant profiles. Indeed, hybrid microtextures entrap air on immersion in the probe liquids. To summarize, the protocols described here should enable the investigation of GEMs in the context of achieving omniphobicity without chemical coatings, such as perfluorocarbons, which might unlock the scope of inexpensive common materials for applications as omniphobic materials. Silica microtextures could also serve as templates for soft materials.

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

This work presents microfabrication protocols for achieving cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant profiles on SiO2/Si wafers using photolithography and dry etching. Resulting microtextured surfaces demonstrate remarkable liquid repellence, characterized by robust long-term entrapment of air under wetting liquids, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica.

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تلفيق من السيليكا عالية جدا Microresonators عامل الجودة

حصاد الطاقة الشمسية من وسائل البلورات النانوية المسؤول فصل المواد الصلبة وتلك

ربط المسابر البيولوجي لأجهزة الاستشعار البصرية عن طريق وكلاء السيليكا اقتران silane

توليف وتوصيف المواد الغروية Supramolecular

تصنيع المجهرية البوليمر لمرنان البصرية وتطبيقات الليزر

توليف تنغستات الصوديوم والصوديوم موليبدات كبسولات رقيقة جداً عن طريق إفراز المعدنية البكتيرية

تصنيع سوبيرهيدروفوبيك الأسطح المعدنية لتطبيقات مضادة للتجمد

Photopatterning البروتينات والخلايا في وسط مائي البيئة عن طريق تيو

أسلوب اصطناعية سهلة للحصول على البزموت أوكسييوديدي الجزئي المجالات الخرز الصغير وظيفية عالية على بهوتوكاتاليتيك عمليات التنقية المياه

تقديم SiO₂/ Si Surfaces Omniphobic بواسطة نحت مواد دقيقة متشابكة بالغاز تتألف من Reentrant وDoubli Reentrant Cavities أو الأعمدة

تيو

Summary

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Chapters in this video

تلفيق من السيليكا عالية جدا Microresonators عامل الجودة

حصاد الطاقة الشمسية من وسائل البلورات النانوية المسؤول فصل المواد الصلبة وتلك

ربط المسابر البيولوجي لأجهزة الاستشعار البصرية عن طريق وكلاء السيليكا اقتران silane

توليف وتوصيف المواد الغروية Supramolecular

تصنيع المجهرية البوليمر لمرنان البصرية وتطبيقات الليزر

توليف تنغستات الصوديوم والصوديوم موليبدات كبسولات رقيقة جداً عن طريق إفراز المعدنية البكتيرية

تصنيع سوبيرهيدروفوبيك الأسطح المعدنية لتطبيقات مضادة للتجمد

Photopatterning البروتينات والخلايا في وسط مائي البيئة عن طريق تيو

أسلوب اصطناعية سهلة للحصول على البزموت أوكسييوديدي الجزئي المجالات الخرز الصغير وظيفية عالية على بهوتوكاتاليتيك عمليات التنقية المياه

تقديم SiO2/ Si Surfaces Omniphobic بواسطة نحت مواد دقيقة متشابكة بالغاز تتألف من Reentrant وDoubli Reentrant Cavities أو الأعمدة

تقديم SiO₂/ Si Surfaces Omniphobic بواسطة نحت مواد دقيقة متشابكة بالغاز تتألف من Reentrant وDoubli Reentrant Cavities أو الأعمدة