الكتاب يود أن يشكر الدكتور ديفيد رو يرجى توفير الفئران المحورة وراثيا وتشن لي لمساعدة النسيجي.
وأيد البحث عنها في هذا المنشور من المعهد الوطني لطب الأسنان والجمجمة البحثية "معاهد الصحة الوطنية في" إطار جائزة رقم K08DE025914، والرابطة الأمريكية لمؤسسة "تقويم الأسنان" إلى ياداف سوميت.

<ol>
	<li>LeResche, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+Temporomandibular+Disorders:+Implications+for+the+Investigation+of+Etiologic+Factors.">Epidemiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for the Investigation of Etiologic Factors.</a> Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 8 (3), 291-305 (1997).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+functional+loading+causes+differential+effects+in+the+subchondral+bone+and+condylar+cartilage+in+the+temporomandibular+joint+from+young+mice.">Altered functional loading causes differential effects in the subchondral bone and condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joint from young mice.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 17 (3), 354-361 (2009).</li><li>Pirttiniemi, P., Kantomaa, T., Sorsa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+decreased+loading+on+the+metabolic+activity+of+the+mandibular+condylar+cartilage+in+the+rat.">Effect of decreased loading on the metabolic activity of the mandibular condylar cartilage in the rat.</a> Eur J Orthod. 26 (1), 1-5 (2004).</li><li>Chavan, S. J., Bhad, W. A., Doshi, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+temporomandibular+joint+changes+in+Twin+Block+and+Bionator+appliance+therapy:+a+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study.">Comparison of temporomandibular joint changes in Twin Block and Bionator appliance therapy: a magnetic resonance imaging study.</a> Prog Orthod. 15 (57), (2014).</li><li>Dutra, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+Matrix+Response+of+the+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage+to+Botulinum+Toxin.">Cellular and Matrix Response of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage to Botulinum Toxin.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (10), 0164599 (2016).</li><li>Benjamin, M., Ralphs, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+fibrocartilage+cells.">Biology of fibrocartilage cells.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 233, 1-45 (2004).</li><li>Shen, G., Darendeliler, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Adaptive+Remodeling+of+Condylar+Cartilage-+A+Transition+from+Chondrogenesis+to+Osteogenesis.">The Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage- A Transition from Chondrogenesis to Osteogenesis.</a> J Dent Res. 84 (8), 691-699 (2005).</li><li>Utreja, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+matrix+response+of+temporomandibular+cartilage+to+mechanical+loading.">Cell and matrix response of temporomandibular cartilage to mechanical loading.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 24 (2), 335-344 (2016).</li><li>Kaul, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Altered+Loading+on+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage.">The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (7), 0160121 (2016).</li><li>Dyment, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Throughput,+Multi-Image+Cryohistology+of+Mineralized+Tissues.">High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. , e54468 (2016).</li><li>Kawamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+new+adhesive+film+for+the+preparation+of+multi-purpose+fresh-frozen+sections+from+hard+tissues,+whole-animals,+insects+and+plants.">Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.</a> Arch Histol Cytol. 66 (2), 123-143 (2003).</li><li>Hayman, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+(TRAP)+and+the+osteoclast/immune+cell+dichotomy.">Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the osteoclast/immune cell dichotomy.</a> Autoimmunity. 41 (3), 218-223 (2008).</li></ol>

المؤلفين قد لا تضارب المصالح المالية.

ووصف هذه المخطوطة أساليب لقياس شكلي والتحليل الخلوي مورين condyles الفك السفلي و mandibles. يمكن أيضا استخدام القياسات شكلي الشعاعي لتحليل العظام الأخرى من الحيوانات التجريبية الصغيرة. وباﻹضافة إلى ذلك، تحليل الخلوية (خلية القياس الكمي وتعيين المسافة الغضروف) لا تقتصر على اللقمة الفك السفلي الق...

المفصل الفكي مشترك الحاملة فريد من نوعه يقع في منطقة الجمجمة ويتكون من فيبروكارتيلاجي. لجنة التنسيق الإداري المفصل الفكي ضروري لوظيفة مشتركة، بما في ذلك حركة الفك دون عوائق أثناء حديثة والمضغ، لكن عموما فإنه يتأثر بالأمراض التنكسية، بما في ذلك هشاشة العظام1. وقد المفصل الفكي القدرة على التكيف مع المؤثرات الخارجية وتحميل التغييرات، مما يؤدي إلى تغيرات هيكلية والخلوية للعناصر في لجنة التنسيق الإداري2،3،،من45. ويمكن تفسير الخصائص الحاملة من لجنة التنسيق الإداري بالتفاعلات بين مكوناته، بما في ذلك المياه، وشبكة الكولاجين، والمزدحمة بروتيوجليكانس. لجنة التنسيق الإداري قد المناطق الأربع الخلوية المميزة التي تعبر عن أنواع مختلفة من بروتينات الكولاجين وغير الكولاجين: 1) منطقة سطحية أو مفصلي؛ 2) منطقة التكاثري، تتألف من خلايا غير متمايزة الوسيطة، وأن يستجيب لتحميل الطلبات؛ 3) منطقة بريهايبرتروفيك، ويتألف من chondrocytes ناضجة معربا عن نوع الكولاجين 2؛ و 4) المنطقة، المنطقة حيث نوع chondrocytes الضخامي الإعراب عن الكولاجين يموت 10 الضخامي والخضوع تكلس. المنطقة غير المعادن غنية في بروتيوجليكانس التي توفر مقاومة لقوى ضاغطة6.
يوجد التمعدن مستمرة في منطقة الضخامي من لجنة التنسيق الإداري، حيث يحدث الانتقال من تشوندروجينيسيس إلى تكون العظم، تضمن هيكل عظم سوبتشوندرال اللقمة الفك السفلي7المعدنية قوية. التغيرات الخلوية في منطقتي أونمينيراليزيد وغضاريف تؤدي في نهاية المطاف إلى التغييرات البنيوية والهيكلية في اللقمة الفك السفلي والفك السفلي. الحفاظ على التوازن جميع المناطق الخلوية من لجنة التنسيق الإداري وتمعدن الجزء سوبتشوندرال ضرورية لصحة وقدرة الحاملة، وسلامة المفصل الفكي.
نموذج الفأر وراثيا الكولاجين متعددة (كما وصفها اتريا et al.) 8 أداة عظيمة لاستخدام لفهم التغيرات في التعبير الكولاجين لأنه يعبر عن جميع المتسلسلات في لجنة التنسيق الإداري. لإجراء تقييم متعمق النسيجي، تستخدم البقع النسيجي لدراسة ترسب مصفوفة، التمعدن، وتكاثر الخلايا، والمبرمج، فضلا عن التعبير البروتين في طبقات مختلفة من الخلية من لجنة التنسيق الإداري.
في هذه المخطوطة، غذائها وتحليلات شكلي تستخدم لتقييم التغيرات الخلوية والهيكلية في عظم لجنة التنسيق الإداري وسوبتشوندرال من اللقمة الفك السفلي من الفئران. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم وصف أسلوب القياس الكمي خلية، لتحليل الصور النسيجي الفلورسنت ورسم الخرائط شرائح المجهر الخفيفة،. ويتضح أيضا المفصل ثابت ضاغطة الفكي تحميل الأسلوب، الذي يسبب التغييرات الخلوية ومورفولوجي في لجنة التنسيق الإداري وسوبتشوندرال العظام9، للتحقق من صحة أساليب عملنا.
يمكن استخدام الأساليب المذكورة هنا لتحديد شكلي وتغييرات نسيجية في اللقمة الفك السفلي والفك السفلي من القوارض أو لتحليل مناطق أخرى من endochondral التحجر ومورفولوجية الأنسجة غضاريف إضافية.

<table><tbody><tr><td>MX20 Radiography System</td><td>Faxitron X-Ray LLC&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digimizer Image software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MedCalc Software</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shandon Cryomatrix embedding resin</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>6769006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual microscope Axio Imager Z1</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>208562</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>yellow fluorescent protein filter&amp;nbsp; - EYFP</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp</td><td>49003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cyan fluorescent protein filter - ECFP</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp</td><td>49001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>red fluoresecent protein filter - Cy5</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp</td><td>49009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium acetate anhydrous</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S2889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium L-tartrate dibasic dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>228729</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium nitrite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>237213</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ELF97 substrate</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>E6600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ClickiT EdU Alexa Fluor 594 HCS kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C10339&amp;nbsp;</td><td>includes EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#039;-deoxyuridine)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&#039;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate dibasic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S3264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71505</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluidine Blue O&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T3260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Photoshop&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Adobe Systems Incorporated</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline tablets (PBS)</td><td>Research Products International</td><td>P32080-100T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNA Beta III Nickel-Free Archwire</td><td>Ortho Organizers, Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a morphometric and cellular analysis method for the murine mandibular condyle

الصدغي (المفصل الفكي) لديها القدرة على التكيف مع المؤثرات الخارجية، وتحميل التغييرات يمكن أن يؤثر على موقف condyles، فضلا عن المكونات الهيكلية والخلوية الغضروف اللقمة الفك السفلي (MCC). ويصف هذه المخطوطة أساليب لتحليل هذه التغيرات وأسلوب لتغيير تحميل المفصل الفكي في الفئران (أي الضغط ثابت المفصل الفكي تحميل). التقييم الهيكلي المبين هنا هو اتباع نهج شكلي بسيط يستخدم برنامج ديجيميزير ويتم إجراؤها في الصور الشعاعية للعظام الصغيرة. وباﻹضافة إلى ذلك، تحليل الخلوية التغييرات مما يؤدي إلى تغييرات في التعبير الكولاجين، يعيد البناء العظام، وانقسام الخلية، ويرد وصف لتوزيع بروتيوغليكان في لجنة التنسيق الإداري. التحديد الكمي لهذه التغييرات في الأقسام النسيجي-عن طريق العد بكسل الفلورسنت إيجابية باستخدام صورة البرامج وقياس المسافة التعيين والملون المنطقة مع ديجيميزير-ويتجلى أيضا. الأساليب الموضحة هنا لا تقتصر على المفصل الفكي مورين، ولكن يمكن أن تستخدم في عظام إضافية من الحيوانات التجريبية الصغيرة، وفي مناطق أخرى من التحجر endochondral.

إحصاءات وصفية أجريت لدراسة توزيع القياسات شكلي (طول الفك السفلي، طول اللقمة، عرض اللقمة) والتحليل النسيجي. وقورنت النتائج بين مجموعة المحمل (أي، الفئران تعرض لتحميل ضاغطة مع الربيع التيتانيوم بيتا) والسيطرة على المجموعة (أي، مطابقة مكافحة الفئران التي لم تتلق ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle at JoVE.com

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

ويعرض هذه المخطوطة أساليب لتحليل شكلي والتغييرات الخلوية داخل اللقمة الفك السفلي من القوارض.

شكلي وطريقة التحليل الخلوي للقمة الفك السفلي مورين

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the ...

a-morphometric-cellular-analysis-method-for-murine-mandibular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.2K Views.  University of Connecticut Health Center. ويعرض هذه المخطوطة أساليب لتحليل شكلي والتغييرات الخلوية داخل اللقمة الفك السفلي من القوارض.

Video: A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and molecular complexity of skeletal elements increases with development. Tissue heterogeneity, such as at the interface of cartilaginous and osseous elements with each other or with surrounding tissues, is one obstacle to the study of developing cartilage and bone. Our protocol provides a rapid method of tissue processing and isolation of cartilage and bone that yields high quality RNA for gene expression analysis. Fresh frozen tissues of mouse embryos are sectioned and brief cresyl violet staining is used to visualize cartilage and bone with colors distinct from surrounding tissues. Slides are then rapidly dehydrated, and cartilage and bone are isolated subsequently by LCM. The minimization of exposure to aqueous solutions during this process maintains RNA integrity. Mouse Meckel&rsquo;s cartilage and mandibular bone at E16.5 were successfully collected and gene expression analysis showed differential expression of marker genes for osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. High quality RNA was also isolated from a range of tissues and embryonic ages. This protocol details sample preparation for LCM including cryoembedding, sectioning, staining and dehydrating fresh frozen tissues, and precise isolation of cartilage and bone by LCM resulting in high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

This protocol describes laser capture microdissection for the isolation of cartilage and bone from fresh frozen sections of the mouse embryo. Cartilage and bone can be rapidly visualized by cresyl violet staining and collected precisely to yield high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

الليزر التقاط ميكروتشريح الغضروف الجنيني الماوس والعظام لتحليل التعبير الجيني

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and ...

Developmental Biology

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Modern morphometrics provides powerful methods to quantify size and shape variation. A basic requirement is a list of coordinates that define landmarks; however such coordinates must represent homologous structures across specimens. While many biological objects consist of easily identified landmarks to satisfy the assumption of homology, many lack such structures. One potential solution is to mathematically place semi-landmarks on an object that represent the same morphological region across specimens. Here, we illustrate a recently developed pipeline to mathematically define semi-landmarks from the mouse baculum (penis bone). Our methods should be applicable to a wide range of objects.

Many biological structures lack easily definable landmarks, making it difficult to apply modern morphometric methods. Here we illustrate methods to study the mouse baculum (a bone in the penis), including dissection and microCT scanning, followed by computational methods to define semi-landmarks that are used to quantify size and shape variation.

تشريح، المسح الضوئي MicroCT والمظهرية تحليلات من جذيل

Modern morphometrics provides powerful methods to quantify size and shape variation. A basic requirement is a list of coordinates that define landmarks; ...

Bioengineering

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

بسيطة الحرجة الحجم فخذي عيب النموذجي في الفئران

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Medicine

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

To model craniofacial malformations caused by vitamin A deficiency (VAD), we expressed a dominant-negative retinoid receptor mutation in osteoblasts to specifically inhibit RAR transcriptional activity in mice. This approach allowed us to investigate the effects of VAD on cranial hypomineralization, mandibular deformity, and clavicular hypoplasia in clinical cases. In this study, microcomputed tomography (microCT) scanning of the craniomaxillofacial region of mice represented a valuable tool for studying the growth and development of this animal model. The manual estimation of images is both time-consuming and inaccurate. Hence, here, we present a straightforward, efficient, and accurate approach for segmenting and quantifying the microCT images of each craniomaxillofacial bone. MicroCT software was used to slice the mandible, frontal bone, parietal bone, nasal bone, premaxilla, maxilla, interparietal bone, and occipital bone of mice and measure their corresponding lengths and widths. This segmentation method can be applied to study growth and development in developmental biology, biomedicine, and other related sciences and allows researchers to analyze the effects of genetic mutations on individual craniofacial bones.

Here, we describe in depth a method, which is based on microcomputed tomography, to segment and measure 3D models of craniomaxillofacial bones in mice, for better assessment of craniomaxillofacial bone development in mice than what is possible with current methods.

تحليل التشوهات القحفية الوجهية والفكينية في الفئران باستخدام التصوير المقطعي المحوسب الدقيق ثلاثي الأبعاد

To model craniofacial malformations caused by vitamin A deficiency (VAD), we expressed a dominant-negative retinoid receptor mutation in osteoblasts to ...

Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks

Fractures in the femoral neck are a common occurrence in individuals with osteoporosis. Many mouse models have been developed to assess disease states and therapies, with biomechanical testing as a primary outcome measure. However, traditional biomechanical testing focuses on torsion or bending tests applied to the midshaft of the long bones. This is not typically the site of high-risk fractures in osteoporotic individuals. Therefore, a biomechanical testing protocol was developed that tests the femoral necks of murine femurs in cantilever bending loading to replicate better the types of fractures experienced by osteoporosis patients. Since the biomechanical outcomes are highly dependent on the flexural loading direction relative to the femoral neck, 3D printed guides were created to maintain a femoral shaft at an angle of 20&#176; relative to the loading direction. The new protocol streamlined the testing by reducing variability in alignment (21.6&#176; &plusmn; 1.5&#176;, COV = 7.1%, n = 20) and improved reproducibility in the measured biomechanical outcomes (average COV = 26.7%). The new approach using the 3D printed guides for reliable specimen alignment improves rigor and reproducibility by reducing the measurement errors due to specimen misalignment, which should minimize sample sizes in mouse studies of osteoporosis.

The present protocol describes the development of a reproducible testing platform for murine femoral necks in a cantilever bending set-up. Custom 3D printed guides were used to consistently and rigidly fix the femurs in optimal alignment.

الانحناء الكابولي من الرقاب الفخذية Murine

Fractures in the femoral neck are a common occurrence in individuals with osteoporosis. Many mouse models have been developed to assess disease states and ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

تقييم قياسي للفزة الهيستومترية لهشاشة العظام في نموذج الماوس الجراحي

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...

3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model

Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex biological process of altered soft and hard tissue remodeling as a result of external forces. In order to understand these complex remodeling processes, it is critical to study the tooth and periodontal tissues within their 3D context and therefore minimize any sectioning and tissue artefacts. Mouse models are often utilized in developmental and structural biology, as well as in biomechanics due to their small size, high metabolic rate, genetics and ease of handling. In principle this also makes them excellent models for dental related studies. However, a major impediment is their small tooth size, the molars in particular. This paper is aimed at providing a step by step protocol for generating orthodontic tooth movement and two methods for 3D imaging of the periodontal ligament fibrous component of a mouse mandibular molar. The first method presented is based on a micro-CT setup enabling phase enhancement&#160;imaging of fresh collagen tissues. The second method is a bone clearing method using ethyl cinnamate that enables imaging through the bone without sectioning and preserves endogenous fluorescence. Combining this clearing method with reporter mice like Flk1-Cre;TdTomato provided a first of its kind opportunity to image the 3D vasculature in the PDL and alveolar bone.

We present a protocol for generating orthodontic tooth movement in mice and methods for 3D visualization of the collagen fibers and blood vessels of periodontal ligament without sectioning.

التصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد لألياف الكولاجين PDL أثناء حركة تقويم الأسنان في نموذج مورين الفك السفلي

Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex biological process of altered soft and hard tissue remodeling as a result of external forces. In order to ...

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in people over 45, leading to an increasing economic and societal cost. Animal models are used to mimic many aspects of the disease. The present protocol describes the destabilization and cartilage scratch model (DCS) of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Based on the widely used destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model, DCS introduces three scratches on the cartilage surface. The current article highlights the steps to destabilize the knee by transecting the medial meniscotibial ligament followed by three intentional superficial scratches on the articular cartilage. The possible analysis methods by dynamic weight-bearing, microcomputed tomography, and histology are also demonstrated. While the DCS model is not recommended for studies that focus on the effect of osteoarthritis on the cartilage, it enables the study of osteoarthritis development in a shorter time window, with special focus on (1) osteophyte formation, (2) osteoarthritic and injury pain, and (3) the effect of cartilage damage in the whole joint.

The present protocol describes the controlled microblade scratches on the surface of the articular cartilage after destabilizing the mouse knee by cutting the medial miniscotibial ligament. This animal model presents an accelerated form of osteoarthritis (OA) suitable for studying osteophyte formation, osteosclerosis, and early-stage pain.

زعزعة استقرار الغضروف المفصلي الإنسي والغضروف نموذج خدش الفئران من هشاشة العظام المتسارعة

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in people over 45, leading to an increasing economic and societal cost. Animal models are ...

دليل نموذج تقويم الأسنان الفكي الفكي للفأر لتحليل إعادة تشكيل العظام

The Establishment of a Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model

Due to the lack of reproducible protocols for establishing a murine maxillary orthodontic model, we present a reliable and reproducible protocol to provide researchers with a feasible tool to analyze mechanical loading-associated bone remodeling. This study presents a detailed flowchart in addition to different types of schematic diagrams, operation photos, and videos. We performed this protocol on 11 adult wide-type C57/B6J mice and harvested samples on postoperative days 3, 8, and 14. The micro-CT and histopathological data have proven the success of tooth movements coupled with bone remodeling using this protocol. Furthermore, according to the micro-CT results on days 3, 8, and 14, we have divided bone modeling into three stages: preparation stage, bone resorption stage, and bone formation stage. These stages are expected to help researchers concerned with different stages to set sample collection time reasonably. This protocol can equip researchers with a tool to carry out regenerative analysis of bone remodeling.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: رؤى حول بروتوكول نموذج تقويم الأسنان الفكي العلوي الفعال للفأر

Here we demonstrate step-by-step a manageable, orthodontic tooth movement protocol operated on a murine maxillary model. With the explicit explanation of each step and visual demonstration, researchers can master this model and apply it to their experimental needs with a few modifications.

إنشاء نموذج تقويم أسنان الفكين الفكي

Due to the lack of reproducible protocols for establishing a murine maxillary orthodontic model, we present a reliable and reproducible protocol to ...

شكلي وطريقة التحليل الخلوي للقمة الفك السفلي مورين

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الليزر التقاط ميكروتشريح الغضروف الجنيني الماوس والعظام لتحليل التعبير الجيني

تشريح، المسح الضوئي MicroCT والمظهرية تحليلات من جذيل

بسيطة الحرجة الحجم فخذي عيب النموذجي في الفئران

تحليل التشوهات القحفية الوجهية والفكينية في الفئران باستخدام التصوير المقطعي المحوسب الدقيق ثلاثي الأبعاد

الانحناء الكابولي من الرقاب الفخذية Murine

تقييم قياسي للفزة الهيستومترية لهشاشة العظام في نموذج الماوس الجراحي

التصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد لألياف الكولاجين PDL أثناء حركة تقويم الأسنان في نموذج مورين الفك السفلي

زعزعة استقرار الغضروف المفصلي الإنسي والغضروف نموذج خدش الفئران من هشاشة العظام المتسارعة

إنشاء نموذج تقويم أسنان الفكين الفكي

إنشاء نموذج تقويم أسنان الفكين الفكي