نحن ممتنون للدعم المالي من مؤسسة وايتهال. نود أن نشكر صموئيل ت. كيسنجر على التعليقات القيمة.

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	<li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+for+studying+ionic+channels+in+excitable+membranes.">Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 46, 455-472 (1984).</li><li>Collins, M. D., Gordon, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Giant+liposome+preparation+for+imaging+and+patch-clamp+electrophysiology.">Giant liposome preparation for imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology.</a> J Vis Exp. (76), (2013).</li><li>Kodandaramaiah, S. B., Franzesi, G. T., Chow, B. Y., Boyden, E. S., Forest, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+whole-cell+patch-clamp+electrophysiology+of+neurons+in+vivo.">Automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology of neurons in vivo.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (6), 585-587 (2012).</li><li>Desai, N. S., Siegel, J. J., Taylor, W., Chitwood, R. A., Johnston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MATLAB-based+automated+patch-clamp+system+for+awake+behaving+mice.">MATLAB-based automated patch-clamp system for awake behaving mice.</a> J Neurophysiol. 114 (2), 1331-1345 (2015).</li><li>Kodandaramaiah, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+and+operation+of+the+autopatcher+for+automated+intracellular+neural+recording+in+vivo.">Assembly and operation of the autopatcher for automated intracellular neural recording in vivo.</a> Nat Protocols. 11 (4), 634-654 (2016).</li><li>Wu, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+autopatching+with+automated+pipette+and+cell+detection+in+vitro.">Integration of autopatching with automated pipette and cell detection in vitro.</a> J Neurophysiol. 116 (4), 1564-1578 (2016).</li><li>Perin, R., Markram, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computer-assisted+multi-electrode+patch-clamp+system.">A computer-assisted multi-electrode patch-clamp system.</a> J Vis Exp. (80), e50630 (2013).</li><li>Fertig, N., Blick, R. H., Behrends, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+cell+patch+clamp+recording+performed+on+a+planar+glass+chip.">Whole cell patch clamp recording performed on a planar glass chip.</a> Biophys J. 82 (6), 3056-3062 (2002).</li><li>Brown, A. L., Johnson, B. E., Goodman, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+patch-pipettes+and+sharp+electrodes+with+a+programmable+puller.">Making patch-pipettes and sharp electrodes with a programmable puller.</a> J Vis Exp. (20), (2008).</li><li>Segev, A., Garcia-Oscos, F., Kourrich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+Patch-clamp+Recordings+in+Brain+Slices.">Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices.</a> J Vis Exp. (112), (2016).</li><li>Campagnola, L., Kratz, M. B., Manis, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACQ4:+an+open-source+software+platform+for+data+acquisition+and+analysis+in+neurophysiology+research.">ACQ4: an open-source software platform for data acquisition and analysis in neurophysiology research.</a> Front Neuroinform. 8 (3), (2014).</li><li>Kolb, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+patch-clamp+pipettes+for+immediate+reuse.">Cleaning patch-clamp pipettes for immediate reuse.</a> Sci Rep. 6, (2016).</li></ol>

تم تقديم طلب براءة غير مؤقت &quot;نظم وأساليب للتصوير الآلي للفيروسات المشعة المصور الكهربائي في فيترو&quot;، رقم المسلسل الأمريكي: 15 / 353،719، في 16 نوفمبر 2016، المرجع. نو .: برف 67270-02.

هنا، نحن تصف طريقة لتسجيل الصور التلقائي المشبك التصحيح الموجهة في المختبر . وتتلخص الخطوات الرئيسية في هذه العملية على النحو التالي. أولا، يتم استخدام رؤية الكمبيوتر لتعترف تلقائيا طرف ماصة باستخدام سلسلة من الصور المكتسبة عن طريق المجهر. ثم يتم استخدام هذه ال...

وقد وضعت تقنية التصحيح المشبك لأول مرة من قبل نهر وساكمان في 1970s لدراسة القنوات الأيونية من الأغشية المنشطة 1 . ومنذ ذلك الحين، تم تطبيق لقط التصحيح لدراسة العديد من المواضيع المختلفة على مستوى الخلوية، متشابك، ودائرة، سواء في المختبر وفي الجسم الحي في العديد من أنواع الخلايا المختلفة، بما في ذلك الخلايا العصبية، العضلية، البويضات القيطم، والليبوزومات الاصطناعية 2 . هذه العملية تنطوي على تحديد الصحيح واستهداف خلية من الفائدة، والتحكم ميكرومانيبولاتور معقدة لنقل ماصة التصحيح على مقربة من الخلية، وتطبيق الضغط الإيجابي والسلبي إلى ماصة في الوقت المناسب لإنشاء رقعة ضيقة ضيق، وكسر في إنشاء تكوين خلية كاملة التصحيح. وعادة ما يتم إجراء التصحيح اليدوي يدويا ويتطلب تدريبا مكثفا لإتقان. حتى بالنسبة للباحث من ذوي الخبرة مع التصحيحالمشبك، ونسبة نجاح منخفضة نسبيا. في الآونة الأخيرة، وقد بذلت عدة محاولات لأتمتة التجارب التصحيح المشبك. وقد تطورت استراتيجيتان رئيسيتان لتحقيق الأتمتة: زيادة معدات التصحيح القياسية المشبك لتوفير التحكم الآلي لعملية الترقيع وتصميم المعدات والتقنيات الجديدة من الألف إلى الياء. الاستراتيجية السابقة قابلة للتكيف مع الأجهزة الموجودة، ويمكن استخدامها في مجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات المشبك التصحيح، بما في ذلك في الجسم الحي التصحيح التصحيح أعمى 3 ، 4 ، 5 ، في المختبر التصحيح المشبك من شرائح الدماغ الحادة، الثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط، والخلايا العصبية فصلها المستزرعة 6 . فإنه يتيح استجواب الدوائر المحلية المعقدة باستخدام ميكرومانيبولاتورس متعددة في وقت واحد 7 . طريقة التصحيح مستو هو مثال على استراتيجية التنمية الجديدة، والتي يمكن تحقيق الإنتاجية العالية في وقت واحد صأتش المشبك من الخلايا في تعليق لأغراض فحص المخدرات 8 . ومع ذلك، فإن طريقة التصحيح مستو لا ينطبق على جميع أنواع الخلايا، وخاصة الخلايا العصبية مع عمليات طويلة أو الدوائر سليمة تحتوي على اتصالات واسعة. وهذا يحد من تطبيقه لرسم الخرائط الدوائر المعقدة من الجهاز العصبي، وهو ميزة رئيسية للتكنولوجيا المشبك التصحيح التقليدية. قمنا بتطوير نظام بأتمتة عملية التصحيح اليدوي المشبك في المختبر عن طريق زيادة الأجهزة التصحيح القياسية المشبك. نظامنا، أوتوباتشر إيغ، يوفر التلقائي ماصة المعايرة، وتحديد هوية الخلايا الفلورية، والتحكم الآلي للحركة ماصة، التلقائي كامل خلية الترقيع، وتسجيل البيانات. يمكن للنظام تلقائيا الحصول على صور متعددة من شرائح الدماغ في أعماق مختلفة. وتحليلها باستخدام رؤية الكمبيوتر. واستخراج المعلومات، بما في ذلك إحداثيات الخلايا فلورزنتلي المسمى. ويمكن أن تكون هذه المعلومات بعد ذلكتستخدم لاستهداف وتصحيح الخلايا تلقائيا من الفائدة. البرنامج مكتوب بلغة بيثون، وهي لغة برمجة حرة ومفتوحة المصدر، تستخدم عدة مكتبات مفتوحة المصدر. وهذا يضمن إمكانية الوصول إلى الباحثين الآخرين ويحسن استنساخ ودقة التجارب الكهربية. يحتوي النظام على تصميم وحدات، بحيث يمكن بسهولة أن تكون الأجهزة الإضافية متداخلة مع النظام الحالي أظهرت هنا.

<table><tbody><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td>QImaging</td><td>Rolera Bolt</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrophysiology rig</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>SliceScope Pro 2000</td><td>Include microscope and manipulators. The manufacturer provided manipulator control software demonstrated in this manuscript is &amp;ldquo;Linlab2&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>MultiClamp 700B</td><td>computer-controlled microelectrode amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Digitizer</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Axon Digidata 1550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED light source</td><td>Cool LED</td><td>pE-100</td><td>488 nm wavelength</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition board</td><td>Measurement Computing</td><td>USB1208-FS</td><td>Secondary DAQ.&lt;br/&gt; See manual at : http://www.mccdaq.com/pdfs/manuals/USB-1208FS.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Solenoid valves</td><td>The Lee Co.</td><td>LHDA0531115H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air pump</td><td>Virtual industry</td><td>VMP1625MX-12-90-CH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air pressure sensor</td><td>Freescale semiconductor</td><td>MPXV7025G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slice hold-down</td><td>Warner instruments</td><td>64-1415 (SHD-40/2)</td><td>Slice Anchor Kit, Flat for RC-40 Chamber, 2.0 mm, 19.7 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Python</td><td>Anaconda</td><td>version 2.7 (32-bit for windows)</td><td>https://www.continuum.io/downloads</td></tr><tr><td>Screw Terminals</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT - 08084</td><td>Screw Terminals 3.5 mm Pitch (2-Pin)</td></tr><tr><td>(2-Pin)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-Channel MOSFET 60 V 30 A</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>COM - 10213</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIP Sockets Solder Tail - 8-Pin</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT-07937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED - Basic Red 5 mm</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>COM-09590</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED - Basic Green 5mm</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>COM-09592</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DC Barrel Power Jack/Connector (SMD)</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT-12748</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wall Adapter Power Supply - 12 V DC 600 mA</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>TOL-09442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hook-Up Wire - Assortment (Solid Core, 22 AWG)</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT-11367</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Locking Male x Female x Female Stopcock</td><td>ARK-PLAS</td><td>RCX10-GP0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Tygon S3 E-3603 Flexible Tubings</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>14-171-129</td><td>Outer Diameter: 1/8 in.&lt;br/&gt; Inner Diameter: 1/16 in.</td></tr><tr><td>BNC male to BNC male coaxial cable</td><td>Belkin Components</td><td>F3K101-06-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>560 Ohm Resistor (5% tolerance)</td><td>Radioshack</td><td>2711116</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picospritzer</td><td>General Valve</td><td>Picospritzer II</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

application of automated image-guided patch clamp for the study of neurons in brain slices

كله خلية التصحيح المشبك هو طريقة الذهب القياسية لقياس الخصائص الكهربائية للخلايا واحدة. ومع ذلك، يبقى في المختبر التصحيح المشبك تقنية صعبة وانخفاض الإنتاجية بسبب تعقيدها والاعتماد العالي على تشغيل المستخدم والسيطرة عليها. هذه المخطوطة يدل على نظام التوجيه التلقائي المشبك صورة موجهة لفي المختبر خلية كاملة التصحيح المشبك التجارب في شرائح الدماغ الحادة. يقوم نظامنا بتنفيذ خوارزمية تستند إلى رؤية الكمبيوتر للكشف عن الخلايا فلورزنتلي المسمى واستهدافها لتصحيح التلقائي بالكامل باستخدام ميكرومانيبولاتور والسيطرة على ضغط ماصة الداخلية. العملية بأكملها مؤتمتة للغاية، مع الحد الأدنى من متطلبات التدخل البشري. يتم توثيق المعلومات التجريبية في الوقت الحقيقي، بما في ذلك المقاومة الكهربائية والضغط الداخلي ماصة، إلكترونيا للتحليل في المستقبل ولتحسين أنواع الخلايا المختلفة. على الرغم من أن يتم وصف نظامنا في سياق البراي الحادن التسجيلات شريحة، ويمكن أيضا أن تطبق على المشبك التصحيح الآلي الموجهة الصورة من الخلايا العصبية فصلها، والثقافات شريحة عضوي النمط، وغيرها من أنواع الخلايا غير العصبية.

<html> وقد تم اختبار نظامنا على قدرته على التصحيح الخلايا في شرائح الدماغ الحادة، والماوس الناجم عن الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة (إيبسس) متباينة في الخلايا العصبية، و هيك 293 خلايا تعبير مصطنع القنوات ذات الاهتمام. ويبين الشكل 3 تجربة باستخدا...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

يصف هذا البروتوكول كيفية إجراء التلقائية الموجهة تصويرا التصحيح المشبك التجارب باستخدام نظام وضعت مؤخرا للمعايير في المختبر الكهربية المعدات.

تطبيق الآلي صورة موجهة المشبك التصحيح لدراسة الخلايا العصبية في شرائح الدماغ

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

application-automated-image-guided-patch-clamp-for-study-neurons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.5K Views.  Purdue University.  يصف هذا البروتوكول كيفية إجراء التلقائية الموجهة تصويرا التصحيح المشبك التجارب باستخدام نظام وضعت مؤخرا للمعايير في المختبر الكهربية المعدات. 

Video: Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that stems from the biophysical and cellular actions of nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the central nervous system. Understanding the various nAChR subtypes that exist in brain areas relevant to nicotine addiction is a major priority.
Experiments that employ electrophysiology techniques such as whole-cell patch clamp or two-electrode voltage clamp recordings are useful for pharmacological characterization of nAChRs of interest. Cells expressing nAChRs, such as mammalian tissue culture cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes, are physically isolated and are therefore easily studied using the tools of modern pharmacology. Much progress has been made using these techniques, particularly when the target receptor was already known and ectopic expression was easily achieved. Often, however, it is necessary to study nAChRs in their native environment: in neurons within brain slices acutely harvested from laboratory mice or rats. For example, mice expressing "hypersensitive" nAChR subunits such as &alpha;4 L9&prime;A mice 1 and &alpha;6 L9&prime;S mice 2, allow for unambiguous identification of neurons based on their functional expression of a specific nAChR subunit. Although whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices is routinely done by the skilled electrophysiologist, it is challenging to locally apply drugs such as acetylcholine or nicotine to the recorded cell within a brain slice. Dilution of drugs into the superfusate (bath application) is not rapidly reversible, and U-tube systems are not easily adapted to work with brain slices.
In this paper, we describe a method for rapidly applying nAChR-activating drugs to neurons recorded in adult mouse brain slices. Standard whole-cell recordings are made from neurons in slices, and a second micropipette filled with a drug of interest is maneuvered into position near the recorded cell. An injection of pressurized air or inert nitrogen into the drug-filled pipette causes a small amount of drug solution to be ejected from the pipette onto the recorded cell. Using this method, nAChR-mediated currents are able to be resolved with millisecond accuracy. Drug application times can easily be varied, and the drug-filled pipette can be retracted and replaced with a new pipette, allowing for concentration-response curves to be created for a single neuron. Although described in the context of nAChR neurobiology, this technique should be useful for studying many types of ligand-gated ion channels or receptors in neurons from brain slices.

In this paper, we describe a useful method to study ligand-gated ion channel function in neurons of acutely isolated brain slices. This method involves the use of a drug-filled micropipette for local application of drugs to neurons recorded using standard patch clamp techniques.

تطبيق أدوية المحلية لدراسة وظيفة مستقبلات أستيل النيكوتينيك في شرائح مخ الفأر

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

الكهربية والمورفولوجية توصيف العصبية الحادة رقائق في الدماغ عن طريق شرائح الموثوقة التصحيح، المشبك التسجيلات

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

إعداد شرائح الدماغ الحادة باستخدام محسن N-الميثيل-د-أسلوب استرداد واقية جلوكاميني

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

تسجيلات خلية كاملة التصحيح، المشبك في الدماغ شرائح

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze motor-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an accelerated rotor rod task. Rats performed the task 10 times at 30-s intervals for 1 or 2 days. Performance was significantly improved on the training days compared to the first trial. We then prepared acute brain slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) in untrained and trained rats. Current-clamp analysis showed dynamic changes in resting membrane potential, spike threshold, afterhyperpolarization, and membrane resistance in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. Current injection induced many more spikes in 2-day trained rats than in untrained controls.
To analyze contextual-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. After experiencing foot-shock in the dark side of a box, the rats learned to avoid it, staying in the lighted side. We prepared acute hippocampal slices from untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through rats. Voltage-clamp analysis was used to sequentially record miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) from the same CA1 neuron. We found different mean mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes in each CA1 neuron, suggesting that each neuron had different postsynaptic strengths at its excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, compared with untrained controls, IA-trained rats had higher mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes, with broad diversity. These results suggested that contextual learning creates postsynaptic diversity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses at each CA1 neuron.
AMPA or GABAA receptors seemed to mediate the postsynaptic currents, since bath treatment with CNQX or bicuculline blocked the mEPSC or mIPSC events, respectively. This technique can be used to study different types of learning in other regions, such as the sensory cortex and amygdala.

The slice patch clamp technique is an effective method for analyzing learning-induced changes in the intrinsic properties and plasticity of excitatory or inhibitory synapses.

تصحيح شريحة المشبك تقنية لتحليل اللدونة المستحثة بالتعلم

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze ...

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

In the central nervous system, a pair of neurons often form&#160;multiple synaptic contacts and/or functional neurotransmitter release sites (synaptic multiplicity). Synaptic multiplicity is plastic and changes throughout development and in different physiological conditions, being an important determinant for the efficacy of synaptic transmission. Here, we outline experiments for estimating the degree of multiplicity of synapses terminating onto a given postsynaptic neuron using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in acute brain slices. Specifically, voltage-clamp recording is used to compare the difference between the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The theory behind this method is that afferent inputs that exhibit multiplicity will show large, action potential-dependent sEPSCs due to the synchronous release that occurs at each synaptic contact. In contrast, action potential-independent release (which is asynchronous) will generate smaller amplitude mEPSCs. This article outlines a set of experiments and analyses to characterize the existence of synaptic multiplicity and discusses the requirements and limitations of the technique. This technique can be applied to investigate how different behavioral, pharmacological or environmental interventions in vivo affect the organization of synaptic contacts in different brain areas.

Here, we present a protocol for evaluating the functional synaptic multiplicity using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in acute brain slices.

تقييم متشابك تعدد استخدام المشبك تصحيح كامل الخلية الكهربية

In the central nervous system, a pair of neurons often form&#160;multiple synaptic contacts and/or functional neurotransmitter release sites (synaptic ...

Establishing a Whole-Cell Voltage-Clamp Configuration for Electrophysiological Recordings in Brain Slices

Source: Sunstrum, J. K., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/59461">Evaluation of synaptic multiplicity using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video demonstrates positioning a fine-pointed pipette near brain slices, forming a seal with a neuronal cell. Suction breaks the cell membrane, thereby creating a whole-cell patch clamp that enables current measurements for electrophysiology experiments.

إنشاء تكوين مشبك جهد خلية كاملة للتسجيلات الفيزيولوجية الكهربية في شرائح الدماغ

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Automated Image-Guided Patch Clamp Technique for Studying Neurons in Brain Slices

Source: Wu, Q., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56010">Application of automated image-guided patch clamp for the study of neurons in brain slices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
In this video, brain slices are immobilized in a recording chamber, and cells of interest are located and focused on using a computer-controlled microscope. The automated image processing system then precisely positions a patch pipette to seal the cell membrane and monitor electrical signals.

تقنية مشبك التصحيح الآلية الموجهة بالصور لدراسة الخلايا العصبية في شرائح الدماغ

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. System Setup

	Construct ...

Paired Patch Clamp Recording of the Neuronal Connections in Acute Brain Slices

Source: Qi, G., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52358">Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates the procedure to map synaptic connections by securing a brain slice, positioning pipettes to achieve whole-cell configurations, and stimulating presynaptic neurons to record postsynaptic responses, thereby elucidating neuronal connectivity.

تسجيل مشبك التصحيح المزدوج للوصلات العصبية في شرائح الدماغ الحادة

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Paired Patch-Clamp ...

Simultaneous Optical and Electrophysiological Monitoring of Neuronal Cells in Brain Slices

To place the multi-channel probe in the ex vivo brain tissue slide, perfuse bubbled experimental ACSF at three to six milliliters per minute, and transfer the brain slice containing the area of interest onto the mesh grid in the microscope perfusion chamber. Anchor the brain slice with a platinum harp. Rotate the mesh grid so that the line of electrode contacts on the distal end of the multichannel probe is approximately perpendicular to the PL surface.
Under broad-field illumination and fine control of the micromanipulator, lower the multichannel probe toward the surface of the slice. Engage the appropriate filter cube for visualization of the fluorescent reporter protein expressed in axon terminals of cortical afferents.
If necessary, rotate the slice to more precisely align the probe with the PL surface. Position the probe just above the plane of the slice, 200 micrometers short of the final target position along the x-axis, leaving at least one channel outside of the area of tissue being recorded. Slowly, insert the probe into the slice along its longitudinal axis.
To minimize damage to the tissue, only advance the probe to the extent that the sharp tips are just visible below the tissue surface. Switch experimental ACSF source to bagged control solution, and identify the fluorescently labeled cell for targeted patch-clamp recording. Restrict the aperture to the smallest diameter, and engage the high-power water-immersion objective, taking care to avoid contact between the multichannel probe and objective lens. Bring the tissue into focus.
Center the light over an area of tissue adjacent to, but not overlapping the multi-channel probe. Engage the appropriate filter set to allow imaging of cells expressing the Cre-dependent fluorescent marker. Raise the objective lens to create ample space for lowering a patch pipette.
Load a patch pipette with internal solution and mounted on the electrode holder. Use a one-milliliter syringe to apply positive pressure corresponding to approximately 0.1 milliliter air. Lower the patch pipette into the solution, bringing the tip into focus under visual guidance, and obtain whole-cell recording from the targeted cell.